Compliance Testing Research Articles

Evaluation of Mechanical Performance of Asphalt Emulsion Stabilized Base Course Composed of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement and Asphaltenes

Abstract Reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) is a material that is produced by milling old asphalt pavement that can be mixed with virgin asphalt binder and aggregates to fabricate a recycled asphalt mixture. Using RAP in pavement structure can promote sustainability and reduce construction costs. In this study, asphaltenes, which is a waste material derived from oil sands deasphalting operation, was added as a modifier to recycled mixtures composed of different contents of RAP. A proctor test was conducted to determine the optimum fluid contents. Mix designs were performed for mixtures with 50 %, 75 %, and 100 % RAP with asphalt emulsion and different asphaltenes contents. Mechanical properties of the modified mixtures were evaluated by conducting the indirect tensile strength (ITS) test, creep compliance and strength test, indirect tensile asphalt cracking test (IDEAL-CT), and Hamburg wheel tracking test. The optimum emulsion content was determined to be 1.5 % based on sample performance using the ITS test. The results indicate that asphaltenes improves the strength up to the design-specified limits. The asphaltenes-modified samples show lower creep compliance and fracture energy (FE) values than the unmodified sample, indicating these samples are potentially more prone to cracking. Further, statistical analysis shows the difference in FE is significant at the lowest testing temperatures (−20°C). Asphaltenes-modified mixtures have greater cracking resistance at the intermediate temperature (25°C) and rutting performance at high temperature (40°C) than the unmodified mixture. However, based on FE and rutting resistance index, the improvements are not significant. Overall, the 100 % RAP mix with 1 % asphaltenes had the best tensile strength, cracking resistance, rutting resistance, and low temperature properties compared to other modified mixes.

Results of Compliance Test for Determining the Mongolian Script Knowledge and Skills of Civil Servants

In the framework of conducting the preparatory work for the implementation of the medium and long-term planning of the official transition to the use of the Mongolian script, the results of the analysis of the test used to determine the level of knowledge and ability of government employees in the Mongolian script are reflected in this article. The study will determine the level of knowledge and skills of the government employees in Mongolian script, and based on that, the directions and forms of activities will be determined. Also, this study is academically and practically important on the following points. Contribute to the development of Mongolian literacy education theory and methodology. Ideas and understanding of adult literacy (Mongolian script) education will develop. Contribute to the creation of systematic knowledge about the research methods of Mongolian script. It will be possible to put research materials on Mongolian literacy education into academic circulation. It is possible to use the programs, manuals, training materials, and methods developed during the pilot study. Once the comprehensive and systematic procedure of Mongolian script for adults (programs, manuals, trainers, electronic and paper materials) is tested and ready, the target groups (public servants) will be upskilled and human resources will be increased in the field. As a result of the study, a database, standardized test database, and research database will be created. Төрийн албан хаагчдын монгол бичгийн мэдлэг, чадварыг тодорхойлох сорилын нийцлийн шинжилгээний үр дүн Хураангуй: Монгол бичгийн хэрэглээнд албан ёсоор шилжих дунд болон урт хугацааны төлөвлөлтийг хэрэгжүүлэх бэлтгэл ажлын хүрээнд төрийн албан хаагчдын монгол бичгийн мэдлэг, чадварын түвшнийг тогтооход ашиглах сорилын нийцлийг шинжлэх судалгааны үр дүнг энэхүү өгүүлэлд тусгав. Төрийн албан хаагчдын монгол бичгийн мэдлэг, чадвар ямар түвшинд байгааг судалгаагаар тогтоож, түүнд тулгуурлан дэмжих чиглэл, үйл ажиллагааны арга хэлбэрийг тодорхойлох юм. Мөн энэхүү судалгааны эрдэм шинжилгээний болон практик ач холбогдлыг бид дараах байдлаар тодорхойлж байна. Монгол бичиг үсгийн боловсролын онол, арга зүйг хөгжүүлэхэд хувь нэмэр оруулна. Насанд хүрэгчдийн бичиг үсгийн (монгол бичгийн) боловсролын үзэл санаа, ойлголт төлөвшинө. Монгол бичгийн эрдэм шинжилгээний арга хандлагын талаар системтэй мэдлэг бий болоход хувь нэмэр оруулна. Монгол бичиг үсгийн боловсролын талаарх судалгааны материалыг эрдэм шинжилгээний эргэлтэд оруулах боломж бүрдэнэ. Турших судалгааны явцад боловсруулсан хөтөлбөр, гарын авлага, сургалтын хэрэглэгдэхүүн, ашиглах арга аргачлалыг ашиглах боломжтой. Монгол бичгийн насанд хүрэгчдийн сургалтын нэгдсэн системчилсэн (хөтөлбөр, гарын авлага, сургагч багш, цахим болон цаасан хэрэглэгдэхүүн) багц туршигдаж бэлэн болсноор зорилтот бүлгүүд чадавхжиж хүний нөөц бий болно. Мэдээллийн сан, түвшинчилсэн сорилын сан, судалгааны өгөгдлийн сантай болно. Түлхүүр үг: монгол бичиг, түвшин, даалгавар, шинжилгээ, арга, хүчин зүйлс

Pelaksanaan Quality Control Pesawat Sinar X di Pelayanan Radiodiagnostik

Background: Quality Control can be used as a monitoring of the reliability of X-Ray Unit during the validity period of the Conformity Test Certificate. During the use of X-ray Unit, there is the potential for damage to components during the validity period of the certificate of passing the Compliance Test. If the X-Ray Unit Reliability Test is only carried out during the Compliance Test, then if there is a decrease in the quality and safety of the X-ray Unit it cannot be immediately known. This has the potential to endanger patients, radiation workers and the public. In Banyumas Regency, there are 80 Radiation Source Utilization Permits spread across 34 radiodiagnostic installation. Preliminary studies show that not all radiodiagnostic installation carry out routine X-ray machine reliability tests according to the Keputusan Menteri Kesehatan Republik Indonesia Nomor 1250/Menkes/SK/XII/2009 Tentang Pedoman Kendali Mutu (Quality Control) Peralatan Radiodiagnostik.
 Method: This research type is qualitative with survey of 20 radiodiagnostic installation using a questionnaire instrument. Quality control conducted periodically includes kVp accuracy test, linearity and reproducibility mA, exposure time accuracy test, tube leak test, collimator beam suitability test, collimator shutter efficiency test, collimator light strength test, HVL measurement, implementation of reject analysis program and availability and qualifications of quality control officers and availability of quality control equipment. Then the data will be grouped based on research objectives and presented descriptively.
 Result: From the results of data collection, 1 hospital did not have a quality control officer and 4 hospitals had a quality control officer with an educational background of Diploma IV in Radiology Engineering without any Radiology Equipment Quality Control training. Meanwhile, 15 hospitals have quality control officers with an educational background in the Medical Physics Undergraduate Program and have attended training in Quality Control of Radiology Equipment. Of the 20 hospital radiology installations, there were 7 hospitals that did not carry out the Reject Analysis Program. This was done with the assumption that Digital Radiography had been used in both the CR and DR modalities. A number of 13 hospitals continued to carry out the Reject Analysis Program even though they had used Digital Radiography. Of the 20 hospital radiology installations, there are 6 hospitals that independently carry out X-ray unit testing within the framework of a quality control program. However, only 1 hospital conducts regular testing. Testing is also limited to the accuracy of the collimator field and the strong light of the collimator. Fourteen hospitals did not carry out a quality control program independently but only carried out an X-ray unit calibration test once a year which was carried out by BPFK and an X-ray unit distributor company.
 Conclusion: The implementation of quality control of x-ray machines on a regular basis has not been carried out by all radiodiagnostic services, even though they already have quality control officers. One of the reasons is the availability of quality control equipment needed for testing and supervision of radiodiagnostic service management. The role of management of radiodiagnostic services is needed to overcome these problems.
 
 Keyword : Quality Control Programe, Compliance Test, X-Ray Unit

Performance evaluation of stationary and mobile radiography systems in Indonesia.

An analysis and evaluation has been carried out on each test parameter contained in the compliance test of 1016 stationary and 480 mobile radiography devices compiled by the Indonesian Nuclear Energy Regulatory Agency (Badan Pengawas Tenaga Nuklir, BAPETEN) from 2019 to 2020. The data were categorised and analysed based on the devices' age to observe the correlation of performance with the age of the X-ray machine. In addition, the implementation level of the Automatic Exposure Control (AEC) system test of the stationary radiography X-ray modality is also reviewed. The results of the evaluation showed that 89.9% of the stationary radiography devices unconditionally pass the test, 5.2% are in the status of 'conditional pass' and 4.9% fail the test. On the other hand, 84.8% of mobile radiography devices unconditionally pass the test, 2.1% are in the status of 'conditional pass' and 13.1% fail the test. From the evaluation conducted, there is no observable correlation between the age of the modality and the results of the compliance test. Overall, only 9.2% of stationary radiography X-ray compliance test reports have included the AEC test since it is not a mandatory requirement of the national protocol.

Improving the precision of light weight deflectometers through annual correlation trials

Light weight deflectometers (LWDs) are portable and cost-effective devices that play a vital role in checking the quality of highway foundations and base installations for sports facilities such as football pitches and athletics tracks. As LWDs are accepted for use as part of compliance testing, it is essential that the results produced are reliable. This paper summarises the results of two UK-wide correlation trials carried out in 2021 and 2022. Machines and operators from 42 organisations attended the trials, in which the performance of 175 LWDs was assessed against the larger falling weight deflectometer (FWD). This paper provides some background to the use of LWDs and the design of the trial, including the collection and analysis of data. The relationship between the LWD and the FWD, including data variability and the influence of different testing regimes, was examined. The main findings of the trials are summarised and recommendations are made to maintain the precision of LWD devices.

Novel insights into the NOx emissions characteristics in PEMS tests of a heavy-duty vehicle under different payloads

Real Drive Emission (RDE) test with Portable Emission Measurement System (PEMS) is a widely adopted way to assess vehicle emission compliance. However, the current NOx emissions calculation method stipulated in the China VI emission standard easily ignores the NOx emissions during cold start and low-power operation. To study the effect of cold start and low-power operation on the calculation of NOx emissions in the PEMS test, in this study, a China VI Heavy-Duty Vehicle (HDV) for urban use was used to conduct PEMS tests under various vehicle payload conditions. The data analysis results show that the increase in vehicle payload is beneficial to reducing the specific NOx emissions and passing the NOx emission compliance test because the increased payload improves the NOx conversion efficiency of the SCR system. Cold start duration has no obvious relationship with vehicle payload, accounting for only about 4∼6% in each test, but contributing more than 30% of NOx emissions. Due to the effect of the power threshold and the 90th cumulative percentile, the cold start data has little influence on the result of the NOx emissions assessment and the maximum variation of the NOx emissions result in this study is an 8% rise. For the HDV for urban use, the variation of the power threshold resulting from vehicle payload is small, no more than 2% in this study. The presence of the power threshold makes almost only the low-power operation in the second half of urban driving have an impact on the NOx emissions calculation, which may make more than 50% of NOx emissions in the PEMS test be neglected. The impact of the low-power operation on NOx emissions calculation result will be significantly enhanced if all windows are considered in the Moving Average Window (MAW) method. In the meantime, the degree of variation is closely related to the NOx emissions level during the first half of urban driving. The maximum deterioration of NOx emission assessment result can be more than 90% in this study.

DYNAMIC LOADING EFFECTS ON CAR SUSPENSION COMPONENTS DURING ROAD DRIVING

Suspension system plays a vital role in providing a pleasure and safe driving experience. Because of that, studying the behaviour of suspension system during road driving is crucial. This paper describes the work carried out to investigate the dynamic loading effects on suspension components during rough road driving and analyse based on safety factor and fatigue life. A multibody simulation using SolidWorks software is conducted. Von Mises stress, strain, and displacement distribution plots are generated to visualize stress and deformation patterns. Fatigue life distribution plots indicate infinite fatigue life strength for the majority of components. Kinematic and compliance test examines roll centre, vertical movement of the wheel centre, toe angle and camber angle. This comprehensive analysis contributes to suspension system design and optimization, improving vehicle safety and durability.

Topology optimization of periodic structures for crash and static load cases using the evolutionary level set method

Assembly complexity and manufacturing costs of engineering structures can be significantly reduced by using periodic mechanical components, which are defined by combining multiple identical unit cells into a global topology. Additionally, the superior energy-absorbing properties of lattice-based periodic structures can potentially enhance the overall performance in crash-related applications. Recent research developments in periodic topology optimization (PTO) have shown its efficacy for tackling new design problems and finding advanced novel structures. However, most of these methods rely on gradient information in the optimization process, which poses difficulties for crash problems where analytical sensitivities are usually not directly applicable. In this paper, we present an effective periodic evolutionary level set method (P-EA-LSM) for the optimization of periodic structures. P-EA-LSM uses a low-dimensional level-set representation based on moving morphable components to parametrize a single unit cell, which is replicated in the design domain according to a predefined pattern. The unit cell is optimized using an evolutionary algorithm and the structural responses are calculated for the entire system. We initially assess the performance of P-EA-LSM using three 2D minimum compliance test cases with varying periodicities. Our results demonstrate that our approach produces solutions comparable to other state-of-the-art methods for PTO while keeping a low dimensionality of the optimization problem. Subsequently, we effectively evaluate the capabilities of P-EA-LSM in a crashworthiness scenario. This particular application highlights the significant potential of the method, which does not rely on analytical sensitivities.

QUALITY CONTROL CT SCAN (ANALISIS DAN EVALUASI KUALITAS CITRA)

Producing high-quality CT scans is crucial for accurately interpreting images and obtaining maximum diagnostic information. However, it usually comes at the cost of increased radiation exposure for the patient. Therefore, it's essential to evaluate CT scan image quality to ensure that it provides maximum information for diagnostic purposes while keeping the radiation dose received by the patient as low as possible. Several parameters can be used to evaluate the quality of CT scan images, such as accuracy, linearity, uniformity of the CT number, and high contrast resolution (spatial resolution). A phantom scan is carried out routinely once a week to test the quality of CT scan images. In this study, the image quality phantom was scanned using a Philips MX Evo 16 slice CT Scan over three months, which resulted in twelve CT scan image quality phantom image scan data. The CT scan data was processed and analyzed automatically using the IndoQCT application to determine the image quality. The value obtained was then compared with the test pass value stipulated in the Regulation of the Nuclear Energy Regulatory Agency (BAPETEN) Number 2 of 2018 concerning Compliance Tests for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology X-ray. The average CT number accuracy value obtained was 0.6 HU, with a maximum value of 0.9 HU and a minimum value of 0.2 HU. The average CT number uniformity value obtained was 0.55 HU with a maximum value of 0.8 HU. The average CT number linearity value obtained was 0.9957 HU with a minimum of 0.9956. Meanwhile, the average MTF value obtained was 0.65, with a maximum value of 0.72. This study concludes that the values obtained still meet the CT Scan image quality test set by BAPETEN. Therefore, the CT Scan can still be considered reliable and used for service. Keywords: CT Scan, image quality, CT number, spatial resolution, IndoQCT.

Effects of asphalt binder type, aggregate type, and gradation characteristics on fracture properties and performance of asphalt mixtures at intermediate temperatures

This study aimed to design and evaluate asphalt mixtures by considering various factors including different binders, aggregate types, and gradation characteristics of the fine portion of mixtures, referred to as the interstitial component (IC). The mixtures were compacted to 93% of maximum theoretical density to prepare specimens for Superpave IDT tests, which included resilient modulus, creep compliance, and fracture tests. Parameters such as failure limit (fracture energy), damage rate (dissipated creep strain energy per cycle), and the relative cracking performance indicator (number of cycles to failure) were assessed for test specimens subjected to the long-term oven aging and the cyclic pore pressure conditioning. The results showed that mixtures with styrene–butadiene–styrene modified binders exhibited slightly higher failure limits but significantly lower damage rates compared to mixtures with unmodified binders, indicating improved cracking performance. Similarly, the limestone mixtures demonstrated equivalent failure limit but much lower damage rate to the granite mixtures, attributed to the porous surface morphology and inherent weakness of limestone aggregates. Notably, even small changes in the IC characteristics of the mixtures yielded substantial differences in fracture properties and performance, a phenomenon believed to be linked to the distribution of asphalt binder and the structure of air voids within the mixture. In conclusion, a thorough examination confirmed the impact of polymer modification and aggregate type on fracture properties and, notably, highlighted the pivotal role of the fine portion's characteristics in determining mixture cracking performance.

A study of ductile crack corrections for elastic-plastic fracture toughness tests

This paper critically examines existing ductile crack growth (DCG) corrections for J-integral values calculated with the multi-specimen and elastic compliance approaches, as well as two novel/alternative DCG corrections. The benchmark is represented by the incremental DCG correction prescribed by ASTM E1820-23a for Elastic Compliance tests. Considering calculations performed at both end-of-test and intermediate conditions, most of the existing and proposed approaches tend to under-correct J values, by an amount proportional to the percent of initial cracked ligament. For one of the proposed novel approaches (Pseudo-Resistance Curve Procedure), a tendency to overcorrection was observed. Nevertheless, when values of critical toughness (JQ, JIc) and ductile crack resistance (expressed in terms of tearing modulus, TM) are considered, differences are smaller than the typical uncertainties associated with elastic–plastic fracture toughness test results. Therefore, it does not appear necessary to modify the DCG corrections currently prescribed in the two most widely used fracture toughness test standards (ASTM E1820 and ISO 12135).

A Benford’s law-based framework to determine the threshold of occurrence sites for species distribution modelling from ecological monitoring databases

The use of data-based species distribution models (SDMs) has increased significantly in recent years. However, studies of determining the minimum requirements of occurrence sites from ecological monitoring datasets used in species distribution modelling remain insufficient. Therefore, this study proposed a framework to determine the threshold of minimum occurrence sites for SDMs by assessing compliance with Benford’s law. The compliance test verified that the national-scale freshwater fish monitoring dataset was natural and reliable. Results derived from true skill statistics (TSS) determined the minimum number of occurrence sites for reliable species distribution modelling was 20 with a TSS value of 0.793 and an overall accuracy of 0.804. The Benford compliance test has shown to be a useful tool for swift and efficient evaluation of the reliability of species occurrence datasets, or the determination of the threshold of occurrence sites before species distribution modelling. Further studies regarding the evaluation of this method’s transferability to other species and validation using SDM performance are required. Overall, the framework proposed in this study demonstrates that Benford compliance test applied to species monitoring datasets can be used to derive a universal and model-independent minimum occurrence threshold for SDMs.

New Era of ST 2110 Compliance Testing With PICS and RP 2110-25

New Era of ST 2110 Compliance Testing With PICS and RP 2110-25

Identification of Characteristic Tire Parameters for the Virtual Steering System Design

ABSTRACT The virtual design of steering systems requires suitable premises for predicting realistic steering rack forces. This includes the proper tire used for the parking maneuver. It is important to select the tire from a portfolio that generates the highest rack forces at the vehicle, so that the electro-mechanical dimensioning of the steering system can be safeguarded for all tires of a vehicle. To avoid time-consuming and expensive full vehicle measurements, drilling torques of tires are measured on a Flat-Trac to determine the so-called worst-case tire. However, the determined drilling torques do not correlate with the measured rack forces. This work therefore investigates the suitability of a Kinematics & Compliance test rig converted to a tire test rig. First, it is investigated whether the wheel movements from the parking maneuver can be decomposed into their individual elements on the test bench. In addition, reproducibility studies are carried out and three different methods for determining the aligning torque under camber are presented. Furthermore, measurements for static and dynamic friction values, as well as stiffnesses and the contact patch, are integrated into the new measurement procedure. It becomes apparent that temperature and wear level of the tire play a major role in the reproducibility of the measurements. If the measurement procedure described in this paper is followed exactly, the scatter of the drilling torque can be reduced by up to 24% compared to the old procedure. For the dynamic and the static friction values, the scatter is reduced by about 17% and 22%, respectively. Stiffness scatter can be reduced by up to 16%. With the new measurement procedure, the worst-case tire can be reliably determined. The drilling torques correlate with the rack forces and the additional tire characteristics permit finer resolution. After evaluation and interpretation, recommendations for future developments are discussed.

Recent developments in flexible printed electronics and their use in food quality monitoring and intelligent food packaging

The field of flexible printed electronics has undergone significant advancements, promising transformative applications across various industries. This comprehensive review explores the integration of flexible printed electronics into the domain of food quality monitoring and intelligent food packaging. The importance of maintaining food product quality throughout the supply chain is paramount, and flexible electronics offer innovative solutions to address this challenge. Regulatory compliance and standardized testing protocols are emphasized to facilitate adoption. Real-world implementation studies assess cost-effectiveness, reliability, and impact within practical food supply chains. Understanding consumer acceptance and education is crucial for successful adoption. Ensuring data security and privacy is addressed to maintain trust and compliance. The review underscores research gaps, including integrating multiple sensors, ensuring long-term reliability, cost-effective manufacturing, and enhancing wireless communication capabilities. The methodology section outlines a structured approach to research, including material selection, printing optimization, quality control, environmental testing, and scalability assessments. The results and discussion section presents insights from data analysis, including scatter plots, histograms, bar charts, box plots, and a line chart depicting sensor reliability over time. The correlation matrix heatmap reveals relationships between variables, and hypothesis testing confirms significant differences in material and production costs. The review concludes with future research and application recommendations, highlighting the potential for flexible printed electronics to revolutionize food quality assurance and intelligent packaging. This comprehensive review serves as a valuable resource for researchers, practitioners, and policymakers interested in the intersection of flexible electronics and food industry applications, offering insights, challenges, and opportunities in this rapidly evolving field.

Capillary electrophoresis in the analysis of therapeutic peptides-A review.

Therapeutic peptides are a growing class of innovative drugs with high efficiency and a low risk of adverse effects. These biomolecules fall within the molecular mass range between that of small molecules and proteins. However, their inherent instability and potential for degradation underscore the importance of reliable and effective analytical methods for pharmaceutical quality control, therapeutic drug monitoring, and compliance testing. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) has long time been the "gold standard" conventional method for peptide analysis, but capillary electrophoresis (CE) is increasingly being recognized as a complementary and, in some cases, superior, highly efficient, green, and cost-effective alternative technique. CE can separate peptides composed of different amino acids owing to differences in their net charge and size, determining their migration behavior in an electric field. This review provides a comprehensive overview of therapeutic peptides that have been used in the clinical environment for the last 25 years. It describes the properties, classification, current trends in development, and clinical use of therapeutic peptides. From the analytical point of view, it discusses the challenges associated with the analysis of therapeutic peptides in pharmaceutical and biological matrices, as well as the evaluation of CE as a whole and the comparison with LC methods. The article also highlights the use of microchip electrophoresis, nonaqueous CE, and nonconventional hydrodynamically closed CE systems and their applications. Overall, the article emphasizes the importance of developing new CE-based analytical methods to ensure the high quality, safety, and efficacy of therapeutic peptides in clinical practice.

Automatic transparency evaluation for open knowledge extraction systems

BackgroundThis paper proposes Cyrus, a new transparency evaluation framework, for Open Knowledge Extraction (OKE) systems. Cyrus is based on the state-of-the-art transparency models and linked data quality assessment dimensions. It brings together a comprehensive view of transparency dimensions for OKE systems. The Cyrus framework is used to evaluate the transparency of three linked datasets, which are built from the same corpus by three state-of-the-art OKE systems. The evaluation is automatically performed using a combination of three state-of-the-art FAIRness (Findability, Accessibility, Interoperability, Reusability) assessment tools and a linked data quality evaluation framework, called Luzzu. This evaluation includes six Cyrus data transparency dimensions for which existing assessment tools could be identified. OKE systems extract structured knowledge from unstructured or semi-structured text in the form of linked data. These systems are fundamental components of advanced knowledge services. However, due to the lack of a transparency framework for OKE, most OKE systems are not transparent. This means that their processes and outcomes are not understandable and interpretable. A comprehensive framework sheds light on different aspects of transparency, allows comparison between the transparency of different systems by supporting the development of transparency scores, gives insight into the transparency weaknesses of the system, and ways to improve them. Automatic transparency evaluation helps with scalability and facilitates transparency assessment. The transparency problem has been identified as critical by the European Union Trustworthy Artificial Intelligence (AI) guidelines. In this paper, Cyrus provides the first comprehensive view of transparency dimensions for OKE systems by merging the perspectives of the FAccT (Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency), FAIR, and linked data quality research communities.ResultsIn Cyrus, data transparency includes ten dimensions which are grouped in two categories. In this paper, six of these dimensions, i.e., provenance, interpretability, understandability, licensing, availability, interlinking have been evaluated automatically for three state-of-the-art OKE systems, using the state-of-the-art metrics and tools. Covid-on-the-Web is identified to have the highest mean transparency.ConclusionsThis is the first research to study the transparency of OKE systems that provides a comprehensive set of transparency dimensions spanning ethics, trustworthy AI, and data quality approaches to transparency. It also demonstrates how to perform automated transparency evaluation that combines existing FAIRness and linked data quality assessment tools for the first time. We show that state-of-the-art OKE systems vary in the transparency of the linked data generated and that these differences can be automatically quantified leading to potential applications in trustworthy AI, compliance, data protection, data governance, and future OKE system design and testing.

Compliance Test of Percentage Depth Dose (PDD) Using LINAC Machine Brand Electa Precise against American Association of Physicists in Medicine (AAPM) PDD with Electron Beam Energy Variation at Radiotherapy Installation RSUP Prof. Ngoerah in Denpasar

The purpose of the study was to determine the value of PDD against energy variations in the electron beam using the Elekta Precise Brand LINAC aircraft, and to determine the suitability of the PDD value against energy variations in the electron beam with the standards set by AAPM. PDD value data obtained from the results of research using Sun Nuclear Dosimetry Software (SNC Dosimetry). The results of the study will then be compared with the standard Tolerance value set by AAPM of a maximum of 2%. From the deviation value of each 4 MeV energy is 1.1% - 1.8%, 6 MeV energy is 1.1% - 1.6%, and 8 MeV energy is 1.0% - 1.2%, the deviation error at 4, 6, and 8 MeV energy is in accordance with the tolerance limit set by AAPM which is 2%. So that the Elekta Precise LINAC machine at the Radiotherapy Installation of Prof. Ngoerah Denpasar Hospital is feasible to operate to receive patients.

Evolution of Safety Behavior of High-Power and High-Energy Commercial Li-Ion Cells after Electric Vehicle Aging

The Li-ion battery is one of the key components in electric car development due to its performance in terms of energy density, power density and cyclability. However, this technology is likely to present safety problems with the appearance of cell thermal runaway, which can cause a car fire in the case of propagation in the battery pack. Today, standards describing safety compliance tests, which are a prerequisite for marketing Li-ion cells, are carried out on fresh cells only. It is therefore important to carry out research into the impact of cell aging on battery safety behavior in order to ensure security throughout the life of the battery, from manufacturing to recycling. In this article, the impact of Li-ion cell aging on safety is studied. Three commercial 18,650 cells with high-power and high-energy designs were aged using a Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV) aging profile in accordance with the International Electrotechnical Commission standard IEC 62-660. Several thermal (Accelerating Rate Calorimetry—ARC) and standardized safety (short-circuit, overcharge) tests were performed on fresh and aged cells. This study highlights the impact of aging on safety by comparing the safety behavior of fresh and aged cells with their aging conditions and the degradation mechanisms involved.

Proposals for Updated EMC Standards and Requirements (9–500 kHz) for DC Microgrids and New Compliance Verification Methods

This paper is aimed at making new proposals for developing future Electro-Magnetic Compatibility (EMC) standards tailored to DC microgrids in a frequency range between 9 and 500 kHz. In particular, new EMC proposals are made to reduce Electro-Magnetic Interference (EMI) with arc hazard detection and narrowband power line communication (PLC). To achieve this, first, arc detection requirements, PLC standards and existing EMC standards are reviewed. Next, new proposals are made to specify EMC requirements for equipment in DC microgrids in terms of conducted emission, immunity (9–500 kHz) and minimum impedance requirement (>40 kHz). The minimum impedance requirement is a new type of requirement and the relevant compliance testing method is developed. The new EMC proposals also distribute frequency bands to support arc detection and narrowband PLC. Then, to show the feasibility and advantage of proposed EMC codes, this paper develops a new arc detection method, which relies on only measuring the arc noise voltage (40–100 kHz) in a single point of the grid and does not need one or more current measurements. A total of three test cases are presented to show the feasibility of the arc detection method and the significance of having an EMC minimum impedance requirement. The executed tests for this paper also show that new EMC proposals are feasible and promising for DC microgrids. This concept and approach are the major novelties of this paper. The specific EMC threshold levels for conducted noise, immunity, and impedance within a frequency range between 9 and 500 kHz will need to be further fine-tuned based on the microgrid application parameters and further gathering of experimental data.