Flavonoid Complex Research Articles

Silymarin as a Therapeutic Agent for Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Multi-Approach Computational Study.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a prevalent and lethal form of liver cancer with limited treatment options. Silymarin, a flavonoid complex derived from milk thistle, has shown promise in liver disease treatment due to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties. This study aims to explore the therapeutic potential of silymarin in HCC through a comprehensive in silico approach. This study employed a network pharmacology approach to identify key molecular targets of silymarin in HCC. The Genecards and Metascape databases were used for target identification and functional annotation. Molecular docking analysis was conducted on the primary silymarin components against VEGFA and SRC proteins, which are critical in HCC progression. MD simulations followed to assess the stability and interactions of the docked complexes. Network pharmacology analysis identified several key molecular targets and pathways implicated in HCC. The molecular docking results revealed strong binding affinities of silymarin components to VEGFA and SRC, with Silybin A and Isosilybin B showing the highest affinities. MD simulations confirmed the stability of these interactions, indicating potential inhibitory effects on HCC progression. This study provides a comprehensive in silico evaluation of silymarin's therapeutic potential in HCC. The findings suggest that silymarin, particularly its components Silybin A and Isosilybin B, may effectively target VEGFA and SRC proteins, offering a promising avenue for HCC treatment. Further experimental validation is warranted to confirm these findings and facilitate the development of silymarin-based therapeutics for HCC.

Graphene oxide and silymarin combination: A novel approach to improving post-cryopreservation quality of ram sperm.

Graphene oxide (GO) has been extensively studied for its diverse biomedical applications, including drug delivery, imaging, and tissue engineering. Silymarin, as a flavonoid complex derived from the milk thistle plant, has recently shown potential health benefits, particularly concerning reproductive health. This study aims to evaluate the effects of GO and silymarin supplementation, both individually and in combination, on the characteristics of frozen-thawed ram sperm. Semen samples were collected using standard artificial insemination (AI) techniques with an artificial vagina. The collected semen was evaluated and cryopreserved in a tris-based extender containing varying concentrations of silymarin and GO (0, 10, or 20 μg/mL) or their combination. Post-thaw assessments evaluated sperm motility, viability, morphological abnormalities, DNA integrity, membrane integrity, malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and total antioxidant capacity (TAC). Our findings revealed that the combination of 20 μg/mL silymarin and 20 μg/mL GO significantly enhanced total motility, viability, membrane integrity, and DNA integrity of sperm. Additionally, this treatment effectively reduced morphological abnormalities and MDA levels post-thawing. Notably, SOD and TAC activities were improved following the freeze-thaw compared to other treatment groups. In conclusion, the combination of silymarin and GO significantly improves the quality of frozen-thawed ram sperm by enhancing sperm parameters while reducing oxidative stress markers. The results suggest their potential as effective additives in cryopreservation protocols, providing a promising avenue for improving reproductive outcomes in rams and potentially other livestock species.

Characterization of pea protein-different types of glycoside flavonoid complex interactions and functional properties

Characterization of pea protein-different types of glycoside flavonoid complex interactions and functional properties

Investigation of the Effects of Silymarin on Ovarian Ischemia Reperfusion via Nrf-2/HO-1/NQO1, Ki-67 and Wnt Signaling Pathways.

Ovarian ischemia is a pathological condition that usually occurs due to ovarian torsion, resulting in the interruption of blood supply to the ovaries and oxygen deficiency. Silymarin (SLM) is a flavonoid complex of plant origin with pharmacological properties such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic effects. In this study, we investigated the effects of SLM through different pathways in rats subjected to experimental ovarian ischemia/reperfusion (I/R). Female Wistar rats were divided into five groups: Control, SLM (50 mg/kg), I/R, I/R + SLM25 (25 mg/kg), and I/R + SLM50 (50 mg/kg). SLM was given orally for 7 days, followed by ischemia (2 h) and reperfusion (2 h) on day 8. Biochemical (MDA, GSH, SOD, CAT, GPx) and histological (H&E, Ki-67 IHC) analyses were performed. Also, molecular (qRT-PCR) analyses were performed to evaluate oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, and Wnt signaling. I/R increased MDA and NO levels in ovarian tissue while decreasing SOD, CAT, GPx, and GSH. Antioxidant defense genes (Nrf-2, HO-1, NQO1) were suppressed, and inflammation markers (NF-ĸB, IL-1β, TNF-α) along with apoptotic markers (Bax, Caspase-3) were elevated, while Bcl-2 decreased. The Wnt signaling pathway was inhibited, particularly at Wnt-3A, LRP5, Dvl-2, and Cyclin-1, reducing Ki-67 protein levels and IHC positivity. Silymarin has shown a therapeutic effect on ovarian ischemia reperfusion injury with its antioxidant, antiapoptotic and anti-inflammatory effects and cell cycle regulatory activity.

AN EXPERIMENTAL MODEL FOR STUDYING THE RESPONSE OF CELLS TO THE EFFECTS OF PERIODONTAL GEL COMPOSITIONS AND BRACES POTENTIATED BY ELECTROPHORESIS

Aim: Іnvestigation of the effectiveness of penetration of a dental gel composition based on a flavonoid complex and benzydamine hydrochloride (patented periodontal gel composition Benzidaflaziverdin (GCB)) into the simulated environment of periodontal tissues consisting of three types of mammalian and human cells in semi-solid agar using an electrophoresis procedure. Research methods. The penetration of GCB and comparison drugs (Сholisal, Gengigel®) into the microenvironment of periodontal tissues was explored in vitro, consisting of three types of cells grown in semi-solid agar. These are murine BALB-3T3 fibroblasts, murine J774.2 macrophages, and pseudo-normal human HaCaT keratinocytes. Electrophoresis was conducted using the Potik-1 device (SMEP). Unused and used orthodontic braces were applied in the oral cavity to assess the influence of metal elements in the cellular microenvironment. Cell viability was quantified using an MTT test. The reactive oxygen species (ROS) level was determined after cell staining with fluorescent dye dihydroethidium (DHE). Results: GCB showed a higher ability to promote the proliferation of all studied cells compared with Cholisal and Gengigel® drugs. Electrophoresis potentiated cytostimulatory and protective effects of GCB when applied to + electrode. This evidences that the duration of electrophoresis conducted in clinics can be reduced from 15–20 min per jaw to 15–50 sec. In comparison, the prolongation of GCB action and local delivery of flavonoid complex and benzydamine hydrochloride into the microenvironment were maintained. Unused braces were shown to lose metal cations more intensively in the culture microenvironment, thus increasing oxidative stress. It is suggested that GCB modulates the ability of cells to withstand oxidative stress. Conclusions: GCB may be recommended as a new product for periodontal dressing in clinical periodontics and orthodontics.

Prescription versus over-the-counter venotonics: HPLC-DAD and static digestive model simulation comparison.

Venotonics are a class of therapeutically active molecules that have vaso-protective effects. They are used to alleviate venous diseases and disorders, particularly venous insufficiency. We compared the composition of prescription versus over-the-counter (OTC) venotonics using high-performance liquid chromatography with UV detection (HPLC-DAD) and simulating their digestion using a static digestive model. From each drug, five tablets were weighed. A homogenate was prepared, and 25 mg of crushed homogenized tablets were weighed into 25 ml volumetric flasks. Dissolved in MeOH and added two drops of saturated NaOH solution. The samples were filtered into vials (Teflon, 0.45 μm) and used for analysis. An Ultimate 3000 HPLC system (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) consisting of a quaternization pump, autosampler, column thermostat and DAD (UV/VIS detector) was used. The composition of the mobile phase proceeded in a linear gradient from 30% methanol and 70% phosphoric acid (0.15%) in water at time t=0 min. to 80% methanol and 20% phosphoric acid (0.15%) at time t=15 min., at a constant mobile phase flow rate of 1.2 mL/min. Detection was performed using a DAD detector in the 190-450 nm wavelength range. The content of monitored flavonoids was calculated from peaks at a wavelength of 277 nm, in which both flavonoids have their absorption maxima. The static digestive model was used to simulate the digestive phase from the oral cavity to the corresponding intestinal phase. The content of diosmin and hesperidin (mg per table) for a prescription drug: Detralex: 480 mg, 26 mg. The content of diosmin and hesperidin (mg per tablet) for OTC drugs: Venostop: 502 mg, 48 mg, Diosminol: 520 mg, 50 mg, Devenal: 496 mg, 49 mg, Diohes: 493 mg, 46 mg. Digestion did not affect the solubility of all tested drugs. The active substances could not be determined in the non-alkalized sample. After alkalization, part of the insoluble matter was visibly dissolved and converted to a yellow flavonoid complex. Neither diosmin nor hesperidin could be identified afterwards. Our experimental results show that the contents of both listed active substances, diosmin and hesperidin, met the declared amounts in all tested medicaments. Digestion simulation showed identical behaviour in prescription and OTC venotonics. The active substances could not be determined in the non-alkalized sample. Digestion did not affect the solubility of the tested drugs.

Hesperetin-copper (II) complex improves liver glucose metabolism by regulating the IRS-1/PI3K/AKT signaling pathway in T2DM mice

The metal complexes of flavonoids have attracted widespread attention because of their distinct structural and functional characteristics. Hesperetin-Cu(II) complex [Hsp-Cu(II)] showed good hypoglycemic potential, but its hypoglycemic effect and mechanism in vivo are still vague. This study aimed to investigate the hypoglycemic effect of Hsp-Cu(II) on type 2 diabetic (T2DM) mice and its underlying mechanism. The results showed that Hsp-Cu(II) (50 mg/kg) effectively improved hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia, increased the fast insulin level and HOMA-IR to alleviate the insulin resistance in the T2DM mice. Compared with the Diseased group, treatment of Hsp-Cu(II) at 50 mg/kg reduced the activities of α-amylase, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxy kinase (PEPCK) and glucose 6-phosphatase (G6Pase) by 31.7%, 45.5% and 35.1%, respectively; elevated the level of glutathione and activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase by 27.2%, 71.7% and 36.7%, respectively, and decreased the malondialdehyde content by 23.6% to improve the liver antioxidant abilities; reduced the activities of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase by 15.6% and 28.1%, as well as the levels of inflammatory factors to relieve liver damage. In addition, Hsp-Cu(II) activated the insulin receptor substrate-1/phosphoinositide-3-kinase/protein kinase B (IRS-1/PI3K/AKT) signaling pathway to up-regulate the protein expression levels of phospho-glycogen synthase kinase-3β (p-GSK-3β) and phospho-fork head box transcription factor O1 (p-FoxO1) and down-regulate the mRNA expression of PEPCK and G6Pase. Therefore, Hsp-Cu(II) may regulate hepatic glucose metabolism through IRS-1/PI3K/AKT‒GSK3β pathways to increase the hepatic glycogen content and IRS-1/PI3K/AKT‒FoxO1‒PEPCK/G6Pase pathways to inhibit gluconeogenesis, maintain hepatic glucose homeostasis, thus exerting the hypoglycemia effect in T2DM. These discoveries may provide a scientific basis for developing Hsp-Cu(II) as a food function factor to alleviate T2DM.

Effect of Complexation with Different Molecular Weights of Oat β-Glucan and Sea Buckthorn Flavonoid on the Digestion of Rice Flour.

The complex of oat β-glucan (OBG) and flavonoids hampered the digestion of starch-based food and retarded the blood glucose response; however, its effect on gastric emptying and its relative mechanism have not been thoroughly investigated. By using Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), antioxidant ability, and enzymic inhibitory tests for the characterization and in vitro semi-dynamic digestion of complexes of OBG (high and low molecular weights) and sea buckthorn flavonoids, we found that the higher molecular weight complex (FU) exhibited stronger ABTS and DPPH radical scavenging abilities and higher α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibition rates. Mice fed with rice flour with FU addition exhibited the slowest gastric emptying and intestinal propulsion rates and blood glucose rise and had the lowest activity of digestive enzymes and levels of insulin, ghrelin, motilin (MTL), and relevant gene (ghrelin and GHSR mRNA) expression than those in the control and low-molecular-weight groups. This study provided scientific data for the development of foods with delayed gastric rate and hypoglycemic index for specific populations.

Isolation and Identification of Flavonoid Compounds from Euphorbia Milii Plant Cultivated in Iraq and Evaluation of its Genetic Effects on Two Types of Cancer Cell Line

يعتبر "تاج الأشواك" أو نبات شوكة المسيح، وهو من نباتات الزينة الطبية ، ينتمي إلى جنس يوفوربيا. E. milii يحتوي كميات وفيرة من المركبات الفينولية ، التربينات، الستيرويدات والقلويدات. كانت الأهداف الرئيسية لهذه الدراسة هي فحص مستخلصات الفلافونويد والنانو فلافونويد ضد نوعين من خطوط الخلايا السرطانية. تم تصنيع مركبات الفلافونويد النانوية عن طريق تفاعل مركب الكيتوسان والماليك اسد. تم تحليل مركبات الفلافونويد النانوية بواسطة مقياس الطيف الضوئي UV-sp -8001 بطول موجي 200-1000 نانومتر ، تم استخدام المجهر الإلكتروني (TEM) والمجهري الإلكتروني الماسح(SEM) لتحديد الخصائص المورفولوجية لمركبات الفلافونويد النانوية. يعتبر الفلافونويد والنانوفلافونويدعقار قوي ومتطور ضد خلايا سرطان الثدي (MCF-7) وخلايا سرطان البروستات(PC3) . تم فحص الفعالية المضادة للسرطان من مركبات الفلافونويد والنانوفلافونويد على خطين مختلفين من الخلايا السرطانية وكذلك خطوط الخلايا السليمة باستخدام اختبار MTT. تم استخدام تجزئة الحمض النووي وتقنية تلوين الخلايا بالصبغة المزدوجة AO / EtBr لفحص علامات موت الخلايا المبرمج. لتحديد تشتت دورة الخلية ، تم استخدام قياس التدفق الخلوي ، وأظهرت النتائج أن كميات الفلافونويد والنانوفلافونويد لها نشاطا ساما وفعالا ضد خطوط خلايا سرطان الثدي والبروستات. بالإضافة إلى ذلك ، تم ربط إيقاف دورة الخلية في مرحلة G0 / G1 بموت الخلايا المبرمج لخطوط الخلايا التي يسببها الفلافونويد والنانوفلافونويد. وفقًا لهذه النتائج ، تمنع مركبات الفلافونويد والنانوفلافونويد من تكاثر خطوط الخلايا السرطانية ، مما يؤدي إلى توقف دورة الخلية وتحفيز موت الخلايا المبرمج. تشير النتائج المتاحة إلى أن مركب الفلافونويد والنانوفلافونويد سيمثل نهجًا علاجيًا واعدًا لعلاج الخلايا السرطانية من الأنواع الأخرى.

Inclusion Complexation of Flavonoids with Cyclodextrin: Molecular Docking and Experimental Study

AbstractIn our work, the inclusion ability and binding pattern of flavonoids (catechin, iso‐liquiritigenin, luteolin, puerarin, rutin, and curcumin) with β‐cyclodextrin (β‐CD) and curcumin (CUR) with CDs (α‐CD, β‐CD, γ‐CD, dimethyl‐β‐CD, Hydroxypropyl‐β‐CD, and glucosyl‐β‐CD) were studied by molecular docking. The results showed that CUR among the six flavonoids was more likely to form stable inclusion complexes with β‐CD, and the HP‐β‐CD is the most suitable for CUR inclusion among the 6 types of CD. Phase solubility studies showed that CUR with β‐CD or HP‐β‐CD, respectively, could form stable inclusion complexes in a stoichiometric ratio of 1 : 1. The CUR/β‐CD and CUR/HP‐β‐CD inclusion complexes (ICs) were prepared by freeze‐drying method. The successful preparation of IC was confirmed by SEM images, FT‐IR spectra, and TG‐DSC. The results of in vitro release showed that the release of CUR from IC prepared with β‐CD or HP‐β‐CD could be improved significantly, and the release effect of HP‐β‐CD was better than that of β‐CD. The inclusion with CD could be used to improve the solubility and bioavailability of CUR.

Protective Effects of Aqueous-Ethanol Leaf Extract of Justicia Carnea Lindl. and Silymarin on Thioacetamide-Induced Hepatorenal Injury in Rats

Background and Purpose: Liver and kidney injuries pose significant global health risks and are often linked to oxidative stress and inflammation. Thioacetamide (TAA) is a hepatorenal toxin widely used in experimental models. Justicia carnea, has been used traditionally for treating liver disorders and silymarin, a flavonoid complex derived from Silybum marianum, is renowned for its hepatoprotective effects. This study investigated the potential protective effects of aqueous-ethanol leaf extract of J. carnea and silymarin on TAA-induced hepatorenal injury in rats.Methods: Six groups (n=5) of male Wistar rats were used in the experiments. Group A (control) received 10 mL/kg of distilled water; group B was administered TAA at a dosage of 300 mg/kg; group C received TAA (300 mg/kg) along with 50 mg/kg of silymarin; groups D, E, and F were administered 300 mg/kg of TAA and subsequently treated with 200, 400, and 600 mg/kg of the extract, respectively. TAA was administered intraperitoneally while silymarin and the extract were administered orally. Treatment was daily for 14 days after which sera and livers from the rats were assayed for enzymes, albumin, bilirubin, urea, creatinine, electrolytes, and antioxidants.Results: Exposure to TAA significantly elevated liver enzyme markers: alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and bilirubin but reduced albumin levels. TAA exposure also led to increased urea, creatinine, sodium, potassium, and chloride levels and caused a significant decrease in antioxidant enzymes: catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), reduced glutathione (GSH) but increased malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in liver homogenates. However, treatment with silymarin and doses of extract significantly ameliorated hepatorenal function parameters and improved the antioxidant status of the liver in the experimental animals.Conclusion: These findings suggest that both silymarin and J. carnea aqueous-ethanol extract possess hepatoprotective and renoprotective properties, highlighting their potential as therapeutic agents in the management of hepatorenal injuries.

Silymarin as an Antioxidant Therapy in Chronic Liver Diseases: A Comprehensive Review.

Chronic liver diseases (CLDs) such as chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) present significant global health challenges due to their high morbidity and mortality rates. Silymarin, a flavonoid complex derived from the seeds of the milk thistle plant (Silybum marianum), has been extensively studied for its hepatoprotective properties. This review aims to evaluate the role of silymarin as an antioxidant therapy in managing CLDs. We explore its efficacy, safety, and mechanisms of action through a comprehensive analysis of clinical trials and scientific studies. Silymarin offers protective effects on the liver and shows promise in improving liver function and histological outcomes in various chronic liver conditions. Despite the promising results, further research is needed to fully elucidate the optimal dosing regimens, long-term safety, and potential drug interactions of silymarin. This review underscores the therapeutic potential of silymarin in CLDs and provides a foundation for future studies aimed at enhancing its clinical application.

Rheological properties, multiscale structure, and in vitro digestibility of a maize starch–konjac glucomannan–bamboo leaf flavonoid complex modified by dynamic high-pressure microfluidization

The effects of dynamic high-pressure microfluidization (DHPM) treatment on the rheological properties, multiscale structure and in vitro digestibility of complex of maize starch (MS), konjac glucomannan (KGM), and bamboo leaf flavonoids (BLFs) were investigated. Compared with MS, the MS–KGM–BLF complex exhibited reduced viscosity and crystallinity, along with increased lamellar thickness to 10.26 nm. MS–KGM–BLF complex had lower viscosity after DHPM treatment. The highest ordered structure and crystallinity were observed at 50 MPa, with the α value increasing from 3.40 to 3.59 and the d value decreasing from 10.26 to 9.81 nm. However, higher DHPM pressures resulted in a decrease in the α value and an increase in the d value. The highest gelatinization enthalpy and resistant starch content were achieved at 100 MPa DHPM, while the fractal structure shifted from surface fractal to mass fractal at 150 MPa. This study presents an innovative method for enhancing the properties of MS.

Method development and validation for the quantitative determination of total flavonoids through the complexation of iron (III) and its application in real sample

BackgroundThe determination of flavonoids in real sample using UV–Vis spectrophotometer commonly uses quercetin and catechin with Al+3 complexing agent as reference materials for the calibration of the instrument. However, getting these standard materials is challenging due to its expense and unavailability in the chemical reserve of the country. Moreover, the Al+3 - quercetin complexation standard method demands high amount of quercetin in spite of its high cost. Hence, developing alternative method that can solve this problem is crucial for the determination of flavonoids in the real sample. ResultsAn iron-based complexation method for the determination of flavonoids in the real sample was developed that reduces the amount of quercetin by 200 times (1 mg/mL to 0.005 mg/mL) during the calibration of UV–Vis spectroscopy as an alternative method. The reaction parameters (incubation time, pH, and concentration of quercetin) were optimized using software Design Expert 11 and confirmed by the practical experiments. The kinetics of reaction between iron and quercetin was found to be pseudo first order with rate constant of kobs at 340 and 510 nm. The analysis window for the flavonoid complex was achieved with the kinetic discrimination of the interferences at its optimized time of complexation 20 min and absorbance maxima of 510 nm. The developed method was validated by evaluating its precision, accuracy, recovery test (84–117%), detection limit and quantification limit following the standard protocols. The calibration of the instrument has been developed for the new method and the linear regression coefficient (R2) of 0.998 was obtained. SignificanceApplying the developed standard material (Fe3+ - quercetin complex) gives freedom for the analytical chemists to find the standard materials that is accessible and cheaper than the existing one (Al3+-quercetin complex). The developed method can also be easily applied for determination of flavonoid in the real samples without potential interferences coming from sample matrix.

Effect of liposomal complexes of quercetin-rich flavonoids from French Marigold (Tagetes patula L.) on Jurkat cell viability

Background: Natural polyphenols are naturally used in traditional medicine to treat various diseases. Despite their healthful properties, ingesting phenolic compounds in food form does not provide a sufficient concentration for systemic therapeutic effects due to their low solubility in water, poor absorption, and fast metabolism. This problem has been solved by creating various composite pharmaceuticals from phenolic compounds using different methods to stabilize polyphenols. Objective: The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of the DPPA (1,2-palmitoyl phosphatidic acid) and DPPC (dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine) liposomes on the protective effects of a quercetin-rich flavonoid fraction extracted from French Marigold (Tagetes patula L.) on the viability of Jurkat cells. The study will examine both intact cells and cells that have been incubated under oxidative stress conditions. Materials and Methods: Quercetin-rich flavonoid fraction was extracted from a French Marigold (Tagetes patula L.) by thin-layer chromatography (TLC), High-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC), and Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS) methods. Extract alone and in complex with dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine (DPPC) and 1,2- dipalmitoyl phosphatidic acid (DPPA) liposomes were added to the Jurkat cells culture at a rate of 2 mg/mL−1.The 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) test assayed Cell viability by evaluating cellular dehydrogenase activity. Results: Flavonoids were separated and identified in the marigold extracts by TLC, HPLC, and LC-MS methods. The spectrophotometric absorption spectrum of the quercetin-rich flavonoid fraction extracted from French Marigold (Tagetes patula L.) shows two peaks corresponding to benzoyl (254nm) and cinnamyl (375nm) aromatic rings. In the complex of quercetin-rich flavonoid fraction with DPPC and DPPA liposomes, the spectrophotometric absorption peak at 254nm was not detected, while the absorption intensity of the peak at 375nm was sharply reduced. The quercetin-rich flavonoid fraction alone and in combination with DPPC liposome increased intact and incubated under low- and high-intensity oxidative stress conditions Jurkat cells’ viability but did not reveal effect in combination with DPPA liposome. Conclusions: The quercetin-rich flavonoid fraction extracted from French Marigold (Tagetes patula L.) forms stable complexes with DPPC and DPPA liposomes that allow the storage of high content of phenolic compounds in lipid nanocapsules. The use of the liposomal system in the pharmaceutical and food industry allows for carried and controlled bioactive-compound release, which is considered one of the main strategies to improve and enhance the quality of food, providing preventative healthcare for the population and decreasing the risk of disease. Keywords: bioactive-compound, polyphenols, Quercetin, Liposomes, Jurkat cells, therapeutic effects, pharmaceuticals

The alleviative effects comparison of four flavonoids from bamboo leaves on ulcerative colitis in an Alzheimer mouse model.

Clinically, patients with dementia are at high risk of developing enteritis, especially those with AD. This study explored the potential therapeutic benefits of bamboo leaf flavonoids (BLF) for ulcerative colitis (UC) treatment in Alzheimer's disease (AD) mouse model. Various methods were employed, including pathological staining of brain/colon tissue, inflammatory cytokine detection in serum, and oxidative stress indicator assessment to compare ulcerative enteritis (UC) injury in normal and AD mice and determine whether AD mice were susceptible to colitis. Then, the effects of BLF on UC and AD were investigated via several unique indices further to determine whether it alleviated colitis injury and possessed beneficial properties. Moreover, four main components of BLF were utilized to treat primary colon epithelial cells and neuron cells to compare their effects in alleviating inflammation and oxidation. Furthermore, homoorientin embedded with ursolic acid was detected by HPLC and the invitro release simulation experiments of the nanoparticles were performed. BLF complexes positively impacted ulcerative colitis by reducing disease activity, it also helped to reduce inflammation. Moreover, the BLF complexes decreased oxidative stress in the brain and colon tissues, indicating its potential as a neuroprotective agent. The flavonoid complexes reduced the expression levels of GFAP, Iba-1, and Aβ in the brain tissue, highlighting its role in attenuating neuroinflammation and AD pathology. Additionally, the embedded homoorientin coated with ursolic acid showed stronger bioactivities when compared with the uncoated group. These results suggest that BLF complexes and its four main chemicals may be useful for treating AD- and UC-related complications, the embedded homoorientin coated with ursolic acid even demonstrated stronger bioavailability than homoorientin. Considering BLF complexes were verified to suppress the progressions of AD and UC for the first time, and the embedded homoorientin was never reported in published articles, the present study might provide a new perspective on its potential applications.

Cu(II) flavonoids as potential photochemotherapeutic agents.

Flavonoids, naturally derived polyphenolic compounds, have received significant attention due to their remarkable biochemical properties that offer substantial health benefits to humans. In this work, a series of six Cu(II) flavonoid complexes of the formulation [Cu(L1)(L2)](ClO4) where L1 is 3-hydroxy flavone (HF1, 1 and 4), 4-fluoro-3-hydroxy flavone (HF2, 2 and 5), and 2,6-difluoro-3-hydroxy flavone (HF3, 3 and 6); L2 is 1,10-phenanthroline (phen, 1-3) and 2-(anthracen-1-yl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthroline (aip, 4-6) were successfully synthesized, fully characterized and also evaluated for their in vitro photo-triggered cytotoxicity in cancer cells. The single-crystal X-ray diffraction structure of complex 2 shows square pyramidal geometry around the Cu(II) center. The complexes 1-6 showed quasi-reversible cyclic voltammetric responses for the Cu(II)/Cu(I) couple at ∼-0.230 V with a very large ΔEp value of ∼350-480 mV against the Ag/AgCl reference electrode in DMF-0.1 M tetrabutylammonium perchlorate (TBAP) at a scan rate of 50 mV s-1. The complexes were found to have considerable binding propensity for human serum albumin (HSA) and calf thymus DNA (ct-DNA). The complexes displayed remarkable dose-dependent photocytotoxicity in visible light (400-700 nm) in both A549 (human lung cancer) and MCF-7 (human breast cancer) cell lines while remaining significantly less toxic in darkness. They were found to be much less toxic to HPL1D (immortalized human peripheral lung epithelial) normal cells compared to A549 and MCF-7 cancer cells. Upon exposure to visible light, they generate reactive oxygen species, which are thought to be the main contributors to the death of cancer cells. In the presence of visible light, the complexes predominantly elicit an apoptotic mode of cell death. Complex 6 preferentially localizes in the mitochondria of A549 cells.

From biowaste to a green colorimetric agent: Valorization of onion peel for spectrophotometric and smartphone-based environmental monitoring of Al(III) ions

This paper describes the valorization of onion peel biowaste following the principles of green chemistry by transforming it into a green colorimetric agent for both spectrophotometric and smartphone-based detection of Al(III) in water samples. One of the advantages of this study is the ability to utilize two portable devices for on-site analysis, particularly the possibility of using a smartphone, which is less expensive and more easily accessed by everyone than complicated instruments. The sustainable sensing method relies on the increase in color intensity of the Al(III)-flavonoid complex, which is directly proportional to the Al(III) concentration using flavonoids extracted from onion peels. Under optimal conditions, a remarkable LOD value of 0.033 mg L−1 (1.22 μM) was obtained using the spectrophotometric method, and 0.027 mg L−1 (1.00 μM) using the smartphone-based method. These values are lower than the WHO and US-EPA permissible limit (0.2 mg L−1 or 7.41 μM) for Al(III) in drinking water. Various water ions were examined for possible interference effects and interferences caused by Cu2+, Pb2+, Fe2+, and Fe3+ were easily eliminated using the required amount of Na2EDTA as a masking agent without changing the absorption of Al(III)-flavonoid complex. The testing and validation of both developed methods were conducted on actual water samples, achieving a 95% confidence level when compared to the ICP-OES reference method. In addition, the generation of Al(III)-flavonoid complex was proved with a visible spectrophotometer and FTIR-ATR. Also, the polyphenol content of extraction obtained from onion peel was calculated by the Folin-Ciocalteu method as gallic acid equivalent.

Determination of the antimicrobial activity of a gel composition based on a flavonoid complex and benzidamine hydrochloride intended for the treatment of periodontal diseases in orthodontic patients

Determination of the antimicrobial activity of a gel composition based on a flavonoid complex and benzidamine hydrochloride intended for the treatment of periodontal diseases in orthodontic patients

INVESTIGATION OF THE BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF MIXED-LIGAND COMPLEXES IN RELATION TO CONDITIONALLY PATHOGENIC STRAINS

Relevance. Flavonoids represent the largest group of natural molecules with antibacterial action, which can be explained by aggregation of bacterial cells and damage to the bacterial membrane. Modification of antimicrobial drugs with flavonoids may become a promising technique in the fight against antibiotic resistance, since the presence of complex structural complexes in the composition will help hide or reduce the recognition of antibac-terial substances by bacteria. The purpose of the work: To assess the change in morphometric parameters of bacterial cells of P. aeruginosa under the combined effect of anti-bacterial drugs and flavonoids of medicinal plant raw materials. Material and methods: The object of the study were strains of R. aeruginosa grown on meat-peptone agar, which were affected by complexes of flavonoids isolated from Dianthus and Folia eucalypti with antibacterial drugs fosfomycin and ceftazidime. Visualization of morphometric changes and physical characteristics of the object of study was carried out using AFM. Results. Analysis of the experimental data obtained indicates that combinations of flavonoids with ceftazidime significantly reduced bacterial cell length by 5.5% (p < 0.05) for Dianthus and by 13.02% (p < 0.001) for Folia eucalypti. The combination of these phenolic extracts of Dianthus and Folia eucalypti with fosfomycin was characterized by significantly significant increases in length by 28.86% (p≤0.001), a decrease in width by 11.03% (p≤0.01) and height by 55.91% (p≤0.001) in the case of Dianthus, and a decrease in length by 5.5% (p≤0.05) and a height of 55.38% (p≤0.001) for Folia eucalypti. Thus, significantly significant changes in the morphometry of the bacterial cell were observed for all samples in comparison with the control. Conclusions: The data obtained confirm changes in the cell membrane of cells caused by the action of inhibitory components. The binding of anti-bacterial complexes with phospholipid groups changes the charge distribution across the membrane, disrupts internal membrane processes, inhibits the work of PSB, which causes a violation of peptidoglycan synthesis, and ultimately leads to a change in cell morphology.