Isolation and Identification of Flavonoid Compounds from Euphorbia Milii Plant Cultivated in Iraq and Evaluation of its Genetic Effects on Two Types of Cancer Cell Line

Abstract

The "crown of thorns" or Euphorbia milii, a decorative and therapeutic plant species, is regarded as belonging to the genus Euphorbia. E. milii is abundant in phenolic compounds, terpenoids, steroids and alkaloids. The main objective of this study was to investigate the extracted flavonoid and nano-flavonoids against two types of cell lines. Nano-flavonoids were synthesized via chitosan-maleic complex reaction. The structure of nano-flavonoids was analyzed by UV-sp -8001 spectrophotometer with a 200–1000 nm scanning wavelength and the produced compounds were examined. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) are used to determine the morphological properties. A strong and cutting-edge anti-proliferative drug against breast cancer cells (MCF-7) and prostate cancer cells (PC3) is the flavonoid and nano-flavonoid. The anti-cancer efficacy of flavonoids and nano-flavonoids against two different cancer cell lines as well as healthy cell lines was examined using the MTT assay. DNA fragmentation and the AO/ EtBr double staining technique were used to examine apoptotic markers. To determine the dispersion of the cell cycle, flow cytometry was used. The recent findings showed that the quantities of flavonoid and nano-flavonoid considerably improved the cytotoxic effect against breast and prostate cancer cell lines. Additionally, the cell cycle arrest in the G0/G1 phase was linked to the apoptosis of the cell lines induced by flavonoids and nano-flavonoids. According to these results, flavonoids and nano-flavonoids prevent cancer cell lines from proliferating, which causes the cell cycle to be arrested and apoptosis to be induced. The available findings suggested that the flavonoid and nano-flavonoid complex would represent a promising therapeutic approach for treating cancer cells of other types.