Complex Sorbent Research Articles

Екологічні аспекти відновлення довкілля: комплексний спосіб дезактивації радіоактивно забруднених ґрунтів

The purpose of the research: development and development of a new effective method of decontamination of radiation-contaminated soils to reduce the negative impact of radionuclides on the environment and human health. Research materials and methods: The research object is sandy soil contaminated with radiocesium. Research methods are applied - X-ray diffractometry, dispersion analysis, gamma spectrometry. Results: a complex method for cleaning of radioactively contaminated soil is proposed, which combines plasma-chemical treatment of the «soil – water» suspension with subsequent separation of the cleaned soil and coagulation-sorption cleaning of the formed supernatant. The supernatant contains a dispersion in the aqueous phase of micro- and nanoparticles that contain radioactive substances. The principle of heterocoagulation was used for the deposition of the solid phase, which reduces the migration of radioactive particles into the dispersion medium, using a positively charged colloid of iron hydroxide (III) as a coagulant. For deactivation of the liquid phase of the supernatant, a complex sorbent based on iron hydroxide micro- and nanoparticles modified with nickel-potassium ferrocyanides and highly dispersed layered aluminosilicates was used. At the same time, the degree of decontamination of the soil is 91.6%, and that of the supernatant is ≈98%. This method allows to get purified soil that can be used in soil reclamation processes, as well as purified water. Multiple use of process water is envisaged, which prevents additional contamination of the environment with radioactive substances. Radioactive sludge is suitable for compaction and further storage in radioactive waste storage facilities. Conclusions: Based on the results of this study, a new effective method of soil decontamination was developed and worked out, which is an effective and promising approach in combating the consequences of accidents at nuclear power plants and other sources of radiation pollution. It allows to effectively remove radioactive substances from soil and water, reducing the negative impact on the environment and human health. The main advantages of the method are its high efficiency, the possibility of reusing process water, as well as reducing the amount of radioactive waste that requires further treatment and storage. The proposed approach is an important step in preserving ecosystems and ensuring the safety of life and health of the population.

Влияние комплексного сорбента на биохимический статус сыворотки крови цыплят-бройлеров при экспериментальном микотоксикозе

Влияние комплексного сорбента на биохимический статус сыворотки крови цыплят-бройлеров при экспериментальном микотоксикозе

DEVELOPMENT OF AN EFFECTIVE TECHNOLOGY FOR CLEANING OIL-CONTAMINATED SOILS BASED ON BIOMATERIALS

Currently, one of the modern priority tasks for Environmental Protection is the search for highly efficient oil and oil product sorbents. Purpose: to research the sorption properties of biomass in the process of cleaning soils contaminated with petroleum products. In this article, the sorption properties of natural materials – rice husks and reeds, a s well as waste from the woodworking industry – sawdust used to clean oil-contaminated soil were studied. When cleaning oil-contaminated soil, it was found that sawdust, reeds, rice husks can be presented as sorbent. Multicomponent systems from the above-mentioned plant waste have shown the prospect of their use as environmentally friendly materials for cleaning up the consequences of oil pollution. In the model system, they sorbed more than 70% of the hydrocarbons introduced into the system. Such complex sorbents have shown the possibility of their reuse. The influence of oil pollution of the soil on various groups of biomass of types of residues of plant raw materials has been studied. The stimulating effect of oil and petroleum products on the development of sorbents is shown, and the mechanism of their development process is constructed. The results of the analysis of the sorption of hydrocarbons in sorbents are presented. A good agreement of the obtained model with experimental data is shown. The model well describes the behavior of the sorption properties of biomass in oil-contaminated soil. Creation of sorption technology for oil-contaminated soil purification using natural sorbents. The degree of influence of the research results on the scientific and technical level is significant, since the issues of using various carbon composite materials for soil purification of petroleum products will be resolved, which will allow obtaining the most effective method of improving soil structural aggregates and preserving soil fertility. The results of the study are aimed at potential consumers in the oil and gas, petrochemical, biotechnological and environmental environment, which provides a qualitative solution to urgent socio-economic, scientific and technical problems for the development of the Republic of Kazakhstan.

Utilization of Spent Sorbent in the Production of Ceramic Bricks

The composition and technology for the production of semi-dry ceramic bricks using a nanostructured complex sorbent based on bentonite clay of the 11th horizon of the Tagan deposit of the Republic of Kazakhstan and basalt fiber (gabbro-diabase) of the Karauzek deposit of East Kazakhstan have been developed. The characteristics, chemical composition, and structure of the spent sorbent are given based on electron microscopic and X-ray phase analyses. A number of physical and mechanical parameters have been studied to evaluate the spent sorbent as a raw material for the production of ceramic products. The microstructures of fired ceramic samples with loam and spent sorbent have been studied, and the features of their structure have been revealed. The environmental safety of waste sorbents utilization by extraction in acidic, alkaline, and neutral media with the determination of the content of chromium, zinc, and iron ions has been studied. Experimentally obtained data indicate an insignificant concentration of chromium and zinc ions, not exceeding 3.5 µg/L. Relatively high concentrations of iron ions in ceramic bricks are associated with their high content in the feedstock and in the spent sorbent. It has been established that the introduction of the spent sorbent in the amount of 25% of the total mass increases the strength of the final product from 10.8 to 15.8 MPa, which corresponds to the M125 ceramic brick grade.

Obtaining new polyfunctional ion-exchange sorbents

The purposeful synthesis of polymeric chelate-forming sorbents, distinguished by high efficiency, selectivity of action, cost-effectiveness, is one of the promising directions in the field of increasing selectivity of the sorption processes. The paper aims at the synthesis of new ionic compounds, based on the copolymers of glycidyl methacrylate and chelating agent - oxyethylidenediphosphonic acid. The preparation of the insoluble complex sorbents by the method of a chemical modification with the introduction of a soluble complexone, hydroxyethylidenediphosphonic acid, widely used in the industry and heat engineering, into the polymer matrix has been studied. The ways of obtaining new ion-exchange resins, based on a double copolymer of glycidyl methacrylate, methyl methacrylate and oxyethylenediphosphonic acid complexon, have been developed. The optimal mode for obtaining the ion exchangers, based on a double copolymer of glycidyl methacrylate, methyl methacrylate and oxyethylenediphosphonic acid, is the mass ratio of copolymer:acid 1.0:1.0, at a temperature of 90 0C, and heating during 10 hours. The yield of ion exchangers makes up 78-80%. The composition and structure of the obtained ionites have been identified by the infrared spectroscopy and elemental analysis. The static exchange capacity for 0.1 М NaOH solution is 5.92 mg-eq/g. It has been found that the obtained ionite has a satisfactory chemical resistance to various acids, alkalis and oxidants, the loss of the static exchange capacity does not exceed 7%. The resulting ionite can be used as a sorption material for the industrial wastewater treatment from various metal ions.

THE EFFECT OF A NEW COMPLEX SORBENT OF MYCOTOXINS IN PIGS DIETS ON THEIR GROWTH PERFORMANCE, FATTENING AND MEAT TRAITS

Compliance with feed safety in livestock production requires pork producers to add mycotoxin-binding adsorbents to pig diets. Therefore, the purpose of the study was to evaluate the effect of two complex sorbents added to the diet of fattening pigs on their performance. The experiment included 90 pigs, which were kept in LLC “Tavriyski svyni” in the Kherson region. According to the principle of analogues, experimental animals were divided into three groups of 30 animals each: I – the control group of pigs consumed the basic diet “Grower”, and “Finisher”; pigs of experimental group II consumed the basic diet “Grower”, “Finisher” with the addition of 0.15% by weight of feed of a commercial analogue of mycotoxin adsorbent; animals of experimental group III received the basic diet “Grower”, “Finisher” with the addition of 0.15% by weight of feed of the complex preparation “Hepasorbex”. Animals that consumed feed containing adsorbents of mycotoxins had a higher live body weight, and average daily weight gain, reaching weights of 100 and 120 kg with lower feed conversion earlier compared to analogues of a control group. It was found that the introduction of “Gepasorbex” in the diet of store pigs of experimental group III at a pre-slaughter weight of 100 and 120 kg resulted in an increase in: slaughter yield, half-carcass length, muscle eye area, the weight of the hind third of the half-carcass and a decrease in the thickness of the fat compared to the control group. In terms of chemical composition, the meat of animals of experimental groups, both at slaughter in 100 kg and in 120 kg, met the requirements for pork of normal quality (NORMAL). At a live weight of 100 and 120 kg, pigs of experimental group III had significantly lower moisture content, higher protein, fat and ash content in meat. Due to the complex composition of “Gepasorbex” ingredients, the nutrients in the feed remained and were absorbed by the pig’s body, which is confirmed by higher productivity indicators and significantly reduces the cost of the main expense item of pig farms in pig production technologies – “Feed”. Therefore, this research is useful for specialists in pork production and processing in developing strategies for feeding pigs and obtaining quality raw materials for processing enterprises, which opens up ways to ensure food security in the country

Polymer Adsorbents vs. Functionalized Oxides and Carbons: Particulate Morphology and Textural and SurfaceCharacteristics.

Various methods for morphological, textural, and structural characterization of polymeric, carbon, and oxide adsorbents have been developed and well described. However, there are ways to improve the quantitative information extraction from experimental data for describing complex sorbents and polymer fillers. This could be based not only on probe adsorption and electron microscopies (TEM, SEM) but also on small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), cryoporometry, relaxometry, thermoporometry, quasi-elastic light scattering, Raman and infrared spectroscopies, and other methods. To effectively extract information on complex materials, it is important to use appropriate methods to treat the data with adequate physicomathematical models that accurately describe the dependences of these data on pressure, concentration, temperature, and other parameters, and effective computational programs. It is shown that maximum accurate characterization of complex materials is possible if several complemented methods are used in parallel, e.g., adsorption and SAXS with self-consistent regularization procedures (giving pore size (PSD), pore wall thickness (PWTD) or chord length (CLD), and particle size (PaSD) distribution functions, the specific surface area of open and closed pores, etc.), TEM/SEM images with quantitative treatments (giving the PaSD, PSD, and PWTD functions), as well as cryo- and thermoporometry, relaxometry, X-ray diffraction, infrared and Raman spectroscopies (giving information on the behavior of the materials under different conditions).

Features of adsorption processes for wastewater treatment from zinc ions

The results of adsorption properties of complex natural sorbents in relation to the neutralization of zinc ions from wastewater are presented. The adsorption isotherm of Zn2+ ions on complex sorbents (clinoptilolite-shungite) (1:1) according to Langmuir and Freundlich models is constructed, the type of adsorption isotherms according to S. Brunauer classification is established. The value of the maximum sorption capacity of Gmax complex sorbents for Zn2+ ions is calculated. The peculiarities of the sorption process of zinc ions with the formation of a monomolecular layer based on the calculated coefficients of the Langmuir and Freundlich were found. The optimal conditions for the dependence of the degree of absorption of Zn2+ ions by complex sorbents on the duration of the sorption process are determined. The ratio "solid (complex sorbent) - liquid" was determined experimentally.

ФОНОВОЕ СОДЕРЖАНИЕ ТЕХНОГЕННЫХ И ПРИРОДНЫХ РАДИОНУКЛИДОВ В ДЕТОКСИЦИРУЮЩИХ И БИОЛОГИЧЕСКИ АКТИВНЫХ ВЕЩЕСТВАХ

For correctly assess the effectiveness and safety of the use of sorption-detoxifying agents and feed additives intended for animals receiving feed with an excess content of toxicants, it is necessary to take into account the background levels of radionuclides, toxic elements, pesticides and other technogenic and natural pollutants in the studied substances. The need for such studies is due both to the existence of areas with a naturally elevated level of natural toxicants in the sources of raw materials for the production of additives and drugs, and to the increasing anthropogenic influence, accompanied by the entry of xenobiotics into environmental objects. In series of radiometric studies, the specific activity of technogenic and natural radioactive isotopes (90Sr, 137Cs, 40К, 226Ra, 232Th) in a number of sorption-detoxifying and biologically active substances and preparations used in animal husbandry and veterinary medicine as part of feed additives and pharmacological agents was determined. It was found that in 43% of the studied samples, the level of specific activity of 1,1Sr in 3-90 times higher than allowed by the current standards. The maximum level of 90Sr, equal to (137±9) Bq/kg, was detected in perlite. The specific activity of 137Cs did not exceed the permissible level: in mineral sorbents its amount reached (40±7) Bq/kg, in organic and complex sorbents – (24±4), and in feed additives – (29±8) Bq/kg. The maximum levels of 40K were (1429±83) Bq/ kg in minerals (radionite) and (2613±100) Bq/kg in organic substances (lignohumate). The levels of 226Ra and 232Th did not exceed (153±13) and (79±13) Bq/kg, respectively, and were higher in the mineral samples.

МАТЕМАТИЧЕСКОЕ ОБОСНОВАНИЕ ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТИ ДЕЙСТВИЯ СМЕСИ ПРИРОДНЫХ МИНЕРАЛЬНЫХ СОРБЕНТОВ ДЛЯ ОЧИСТКИ МАЛОМИНЕРАЛИЗОВАННЫХ ДРЕНАЖНЫХ ВОД В ЗАВИСИМОСТИ ОТ ТЕМПЕРАТУРЫ

Purpose: to identify the relationship of sorption of a complex sorbent with a temperature factor and its mathematical substantiation. Material and methods. As a material for the study, a complex sorbent obtained from a mixture of perlite and agroionite in a ratio of 27:73 was used. The experiment was carried out in laboratory conditions at different temperatures. At certain intervals, when measuring the total salinity of the solutions, the temperature parameter was also measured. During the study, the air temperature was measured. For the experiment, a model water of three salinity levels: 3.1; 5; 7 g/l was used. The weighed portions of a mixture of sorbents weighing 27.5 g with model solutions, 300 ml each, were placed in a reservoir. Measurements were carried out after 5; 10; 20; 30 min; 1; 2; 24; 48 h using a HI 8733 conductometer from Hanna. Results. As a result of the study, the dynamics of the salinity of the model water under the action of a complex sorbent was obtained, a scatter diagram was constructed. It is a statistical analysis tool, with the help of which the dependence and the nature of the relationship between the two process parameters are revealed. According to the results obtained, it can be concluded that there is a positive relationship in the experiments performed. The efficiency of the process depends on temperature readings with a slight deviation. Thus, at an average temperature of 26.3 °C, the total mineralization index is lower than at an average temperature of 19.8 °C. Conclusions. By constructing a scatter diagram and a matrix scatter diagram, a nonlinear relationship between sorption by a complex sorbent and the temperature factor was revealed.

Carbon Nanomaterial Doped Ionic Liquid Gels for the Removal of Pharmaceutically Active Compounds from Water.

Due to large drug consumption, pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) can be found as water contaminants. The removal of PhACs is a significant issue, as they can easily overtake traditional purification methods. Because of their surface properties, carbon nanomaterials are among the most efficient materials able to adsorb PhACs. However, their limitation is their recovery after use and their possible leakage into the aquatic system. Consequently, new hybrid supramolecular ionic liquid gels (HILGs) have been designed for the adsorption of some antibiotic drugs (ciprofloxacin and nalidixic acid) from water. The chemical–physical properties of gels, such as the temperature of the gel–sol transition, morphology, and rheology, have been studied for their use as sorbents. These properties influence the gel removal efficiency of PhAC, i.e., the best system is the gel that presents weaker colloidal forces. A fast removal (RE = 51%) is obtained in 3 h for ciprofloxacin, while a slower adsorption process is observed for nalidixic acid (RE = 88% in 24 h). HILGs can be recycled up to seven cycles and regenerated. In addition, they can be used with higher concentrations or volumes of PhAC and in a realistic apparatus like dialysis membranes. These peculiarities suggest that HILGs can be competitive with more complex sorbent systems.

Effective Purification of Water from Iron Ions and Potentially Pathogenic Microorganisms Using a Montmorillonite Composite Sorbent

The use of the developed composite sorbent based on the plant wastes (sunflower seed husks) and montmorillonite clay was shown to be highly effective for water purification from iron ions and potentially pathogenic microorganisms. It was shown experimentally that the developed composite sorbent at concentrations of up to 50 mg/L is capable of purifying water from iron ions under static and dynamic conditions. When a suspension of Escherichia coli was filtered at a rate of 10 mL/min, 1 g of the composite sorbent adsorbed 556 million E. coli colony-forming units (CFUs), showing that the sorbent is 1.7 times more effective than the complex sorbent of the replaceable Barrier-4 filter cartridge.

Adsorption for phosphate by crosslinked/non-crosslinked-chitosan-Fe(III) complex sorbents: Characteristic and mechanism

Fe(III)-doped chitosan (CTS-Fe) and crosslinked Fe(III)-chitosan (CTS-Fe-CL) composites were developed for the removal of phosphorus from aqueous solution. The characteristics of adsorbents, performance on adsorption and pathway of phosphate transformation were investigated in batch studies. The SEM images and hardness tests showed that CTS-Fe-CL exhibited a three-layer structure with well-developed pore size, while CTS-Fe had more compact structure and stronger strength than CTS-Fe-CL. The low pH value was favorable for the adsorption of phosphate on the chitosan-Fe complex. Moreover, raw CTS-Fe showed better adsorption capacity than after crosslinking in a wide pH range. XPS and FTIR analyses demonstrated that under acidic conditions, the route of the adsorption process was the reaction between phosphate and functional groups (NH2 and NH3+) by electrostatic attraction and iron hydrolysates by ligand exchange, respectively. In addition, Fe(III) could release large quantities of hydrogen ions during the hydrolysis reaction process, which could enhance the protonation and electrostatic attraction under acidic conditions. Owing to the increase of challenging OH− ions, the electrostatic attraction weakened and ligand exchange was the dominant mechanism for phosphate adsorption under alkaline conditions. Moreover, the maximum phosphate adsorption capacity for CTS-Fe and CTS-Fe-CL was 15.7 and 10.2 mg-P g−1 at 303 K, respectively. The present study revealed the phosphate adsorption mechanism on Fe-modified chitosan under different pH conditions.

Formulation of a Multifunctional Biopreparations for Phytoremediation of Oil-Contaminated Soils: from Laboratory to Pilot-Industrial Technology

A formulation method for biopreparations stimulating phytoremediation of oil-contaminated soils based on rhizobacteria was proposed. Technology involves the cultivation of bacterial cultures Bacillus RB15 and Pseudomonas RB43 in a liquid nutrient medium, followed by concentration the biomass by centrifugation and drying the finished product by contact drying. The optimal temperature (23–30 °C) and the duration of the process (three days) were determined at the stage of preparation of the liquid preparation (cultural liquor CL rhizobacteria). A comparative analysis of the results of the concentration of CL using various methods – vacuum evaporation, ultrafitration and centrifugation showed that the application of the method of concentrating biomass in a centrifugal field is most suitable both for technological and operational characteristics. То obtain the finished dry form of preparation, the contact drying method is recommended. The parameter of preservation of the viability of RB cells was used as the main controlled parameter at all technological stages of production. To obtain the finished commodity form of the microbial preparation, it is proposed to use a complex sorbent as a filler in the standardization of the finished product, the moisture sorbent in contact drying, and the carrier for immobilization of bacterial cells. To promote the technology of biopreparations in practice, a pilot experimental industrial production and technological scheme of production were elaborated.

Complex Radiochemical Analysis of Natural Waters and Nuclear Power Plant Wastewaters. Specific Features of the Method for Radiochemical Determination of 90Sr

A procedure was developed for complex analysis of γ-emitting nuclides and 90Sr in natural and wastewaters with two methods of preparation of counting samples for 90Sr activity measurement: coprecipitation of 90Sr with strontium sulfate and coprecipitation of 90Y with yttrium hydroxide. Strontium-90 is concentrated on KU-2-8chs strongly acidic sulfonic cation-exchange resin in the Н+ form after removing γ-emitting radionuclides on complex selective sorbents, which are simultaneously counting samples for measuring the activity of γ-emitting nuclides. The main steps of the sorption procedure for the complex analysis are described, and the choice of the method for preparing a counting sample based on 90Y for current radioecological monitoring is substantiated.

Nanostructured Complex Sorbent for Cleaning Heavy Metal Ions from Industrial Effluent

A sorption method is proposed for cleaning industrial effluent with a new nanostructured complex sorbent based on Taganskoe deposit bentonite clay and mineral wool production waste. It is shown that with mechanical activation of bentonite clay together with mineral wool production waste there is an increase in clay particle content with a size less than 1 μm. It is established that for comprehensive and effective cleaning of electrolysis effluent from heavy metal ions a nanostructured complex sorbent (NSCS) is recommended based on bentonite clay from the 11th level and mineral wool production waste with observation of the following optimum conditions: 2:1 ratio of components in NSCS of 11th level bentonite clay : mineral wool production waste; rational mechanical activation scheme with grinding and nanostructuring of complex sorbent starting materials for 15 min; S:L = 1:100 (1 g of paste (in terms of dry substance) to 100 cm3 clean water); sorption time 3 h with constant stirring.

Biosorbents based on esterified starch carrying immobilized oil-degrading microorganisms

The complex sorbents based on hydrophobized starch, which contain oil-degrading microorganisms, have been proposed for effective sorption and utilization of petroleum-related pollutants. The sorbents were made on the base of benzoic, lauric and stearic acid esters of starch with degrees of substitution of 0.4–1.1. The esterification of starch was carried out by the reaction with acyl chlorides of the corresponding acids in an aqueous-organic medium. The structure of the esters was studied by SEM, IR and NMR spectroscopy. As a result of porous hydrophobic structure, these sorbents are capable of binding and retention of petroleum products on the water surface, and keeping the flotation for at least 30days after the petroleum products sorption. The test of biodegradability of the obtained samples revealed that the modified starches can be degraded by microscopic fungi, therefore they do not cause secondary pollution. The cultures of yeast Rhodotorula glutinis VKM Y-2993D and bacteria Pseudomonas libanensis VKM B-3041D immobilized on the sorbent facilitate the rapid utilization of accumulated petroleum products.

Description of sorption kinetics of azo dye onto birch chips by means of fractional derivatives

The adsorption kinetics is investigated in order to measure time necessary to reach equilibrium between the molecules of separated substance attracted to the sorbent surface and those left in the solution. Models of adsorption kinetics such as Lagergren’s, Ho and McKay’s, and Elovich’s are quoted in technical articles. The application of pseudo-first-order Lagergren’s kinetic model is recommended when physical adsorption is the dominant mechanism. On the other hand, when the process is mainly influenced by chemisorption, the pseudo-second-order model of Ho and McKay’s as well as Elovich’s equation are suggested. At the same time, no general method combining both mechanisms of adsorption is proposed. In the case of chemically complex sorbents and the mixed mechanism of sorption, this kind of approach is insufficient; however, such systems may be modelled using fractional derivatives . Recently, a considerable number of papers and monographs have been published on applying fractional derivatives. Most of them treat of solving linear equations and special functions such as the Mittag–Leffler function. This paper presents the results and mathematical description of azo dye adsorption kinetics on a natural plant-based sorbent.

A complex sorbent for absorption of petroleum products based on a nonwoven material and thermally expanded GRAPHITE

The sorption capacity of a complex sorbent made of a nonwoven material and thermally expanded graphite powder (TEG) was investigated. The effect of the manufacturing technology on the density and sorption properties of the sorbent was demonstrated. The possible mechanism of absorption of liquids by the complex sorbent was examined. Directions for optimizing its structure and properties were determined.

Storage of hydrogen–methane mixture in the complex sorbent of activated carbon–TiMn 1.5 alloy

The possibility of storing the mixture of H 2 and CH 4 in a complex sorbent composed of superactivated carbon and TiMn 1.5 alloy was experimentally studied. The storage capacity of the complex sorbent was shown nearly equal to the sum of the storage capacity of the component sorbents. Therefore, sorptive storage is technically feasible for a clean fuel mixed with natural gas and hydrogen. As a consequence, the storage pressure is considerably decreased comparing to that of compression technology.