Complex Organic Substances Research Articles

Microalgal-bacterial granular sludge process for sustainable municipal wastewater treatment: Simple organics versus complex organics

As an emerging sustainable process, knowledge of microalgal-bacterial granular sludge (MBGS) for the treatment of complex organic wastewater is limited, which hinders its further technical application. In this work, the MBGS process for the disposal of wastewater with simple and complex organic substances was evaluated in a comparable manner. The results showed that the average COD, nitrogen and phosphorus removal efficiencies for wastewater containing simple/complex organic matter were 75.2/84.9%, 96.6/89.3% and 76.2/85.3%, respectively. It has been found that complex organics can promote granule size growth and bacteria growth, as evidenced by the decrease in chlorophyll content and cellular carbon-nitrogen ratio compared to simple organics. Chloroflexi became the dominant bacterium of MBGS for potential contribution to the breakdown of complex organic matter. In addition, the settling property of MBGS has been improved and the extracellular protein of MBGS has been strengthened by complex organic substances. During a one-cycle reaction, CO2 levels could be reduced by about 300 ppm, suggesting that a carbon-neutral target for wastewater treatment by MBGS is possible. This research complements knowledge of MBGS for real wastewater treatment.

ECOBY TECHNO SYSTEM, ORGANIC WASTE MANAGEMENT INTO ECO-ENZYME PRODUCTS TO SUPPORT ZERO WASTE INDONESIAN MARKET

Garbage is one of the important factors that can damage the balance of the environmental ecosystem. The market is a place for the economy, but the market is one of the largest producers of waste, accounting for 24% of the total waste. Most of the markets in Indonesia are still traditional markets which are slum, muddy, with a lot of garbage scattered about and have a bad smell. This pile of garbage causes various problems, ranging from health problems, air, water and soil pollution. Garbage has the potential to contribute to increasing greenhouse gas emissions. One way to minimize this problem is to implement a community-based waste management program, especially vegetable and fruit traders, by converting market organic waste into Eco-enzyme products. Eco- enzyme is a solution of complex organic substances produced from the fermentation process of organic waste, sugar, and water. Some of the benefits of Eco-enzyme are as a multipurpose cleaning fluid, a liquid to keep fruits and vegetables fresh, air purifier, plant fertilizer, pest repellent, and preserving the environment. From the waste management problem in the market and as an effort to achieve the goals of SDGs goals 12, we came up with a solution idea, namely "Ecoby Techno System, Organic Waste Management Into Eco-enzyme Products To Support Zero Waste Indonesian Market." Ecoby Techno System is a center for managing market organic waste into Eco-enzyme products by utilizing the Internet of Things (IoT). The application of the Ecoby Techno System can save costs, time and energy so that market waste management does not burden the regional or central government budget. The implementation of this system can support the government to realize a zero waste Indonesian market.

Managing Soil Health Towards Sustainable Agriculture

Macro and microorganisms play a crucial role in improving soil health. Soil organisms decompose complex organic substances and release nutrients. Further, they involve in nutrient cycling and transformation process in the soil. Population dynamics of soil organisms depend on many external factors including human activities, climate change, contaminations and soil erosion. Hence, adverse conditions may create a tremendous pressure on soil biota leading to large-scale land degradation and loss of productivity in the long run. The positive effect of soil organic matter (SOM) on soil health is well documented. Soil organic matter serves as a source of nutrients for plant growth, enhances soil aggregation, retains soil moisture, increases infiltration and reduces the risk of soil erosion. Depletion of SOM pool specially in farmlands is a global issue. Therefore, it is essential to manage SOM pool above the threshold level (1.0 -1.5%) in order to reverse the process of soil degradation. In addition, quality and quantity of SOM pool is one of the crucial factors in order to strengthening resilience and reduce risk of soil degradation. It has been reported that, depletion of Soil Organic Carbon (SOC) pool is grater when essential nutrients are limited in the soil for microbial growth. Thus, application of organic manure with alternative nutrient sources could be a better option to increase SOC pool and soil health.

Changes in the content of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in tundra peatlands with increasing natural temperatures

A model experiment was carried out to assess the temporal changes in the composition of poly cyclic aromatic hydrocarbons extracted from peat samples of the seasonally thawed layer of tundra peatland at the Barents Sea coast under the conditions of the temperature rising to 5 ± 1 °C. The data obtained indicate constant variation in the PAH composition throughout the experiment. Changes in the molar fraction of PAHs can be described by a sinusoidal curve with several maxima and minima. The molar fraction of naphthalene, which dominated in the composition of peat PAHs, changed similarly to the changes in the total content of polyarenes. The total proportion of heavy polyarenes increased regularly throughout the experiment. The presence of extema in the PAH content and recombination of their composition during the experiment is explained by the fact that in the absence of light hydrocarbons readily available for decomposition microorganisms began to decompose heavier structures, or, as their content decreases, more complex organic substances of peat.

Physicochemical treatment of waste water from complex organic substances

This paper considers with the issues of extracting polycyclic hydrocarbons from wastewaters by using physicochemical technology, including the use of flotation, settling, filtration, adsorption, ozonation. The usage of this technology could significantly reduce the concentration of such hazardous substances as benzopyrene in the treated wastewaters. Under certain regimes of wastewaters treatment using physicochemical technology, the concentration of benzopyrene does not exceed the standard values. The prospects for the usage of bio-flotation harvesters for the treatment of wastewaters, which contains complex organic substances are indicated.

Identifikasi Senyawa Tanin Pada Ekstrak Sabut Buah Pinang (Areca catechu. L)

Areca catechu (Areca catechu. L) contains many chemical components, namely, pectin, cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, pectin oxalate and flavonoids. Tannins are very complex organic substances and consist of phenolic compounds. Tannins are obtained by extraction with water and ethanol solvents because tannins can dissolve with these solvents. This study aims to identify tannin compounds in areca nut using ethanol as a solvent. This research is a laboratory experiment with an extraction process using the maceration method. The areca nut is dried and mashed and then sifted. Then the powder was macerated with 70% ethanol solvent for ± 24 hours, then evaporated and then tested qualitatively and determined the type of tannins. The results showed that areca nut extract was positive for tannins and the type of tannin was condensed tannins.

In Vitro Germination and Flowering of Dendrobium capra J.J. Smith, An Endemic Orchid of Java

Dendrobium capra is an Indonesian endemic orchid species that live in Java. It grows on low altitude with warm climate. D. capra has beautiful small yellow greenish flower that grow in raceme inflorescence. This orchid faces a threat in its natural habitat due to having a long life cycle and a forestry main commodity as a main host thus categorized as Appendix II on CITES list. To address that problem, ex situ conservation approach using in vitro culture method is necessary. Germination enhancement effort using complex organic substances found that 200 ml/l tomato extract gave best germination result. Analysis on D. capra plantlet growth also showed that MS medium produced better plantlet size than NP, VW and KC medium. Supplementing medium with a combination of NAA and TDZ has also successfully induced early flowering within 11 month of culture period. This information is important to achieve successful in vitro culture of D. capra for various purposes.

Aluminium chloride-potassium iodide-acetonitrile system: A mild reagent system for aromatic claisen rearrangement at ambient temperature

Claisen rearrangement is used as the standard methods for the generation of complex organic substance. It is one of the well-known methods for the introduction of carbon-carbon bond. We have developed a protocol using allyl aryl ether as a substrate and AlCl3-KI as a mild reagent system and acetonitrile (CH3CN) is taken as solvent at ambient temperature. The reagent system presented in this current work is found to be appropriate for Claisen rearrangement of several aromatic alcohols with excellent yields.

Comparison between single and mixed-species NIRS databases’ accuracy of dairy fiber feed value detection

Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy (NIRS) accuracy is affected by its database. However, our previously developed database for dairy cattle dietary fiber feed (DFF) showed low accuracy for complex organic substance detection due to mixed-species used in the database. This paper aimed to compare single and mixed-species NIRS database accuracy in predicting DFF nutrient contents. In the mixed database, five feeds from three areas of dairy cattle farming were sampled. In the single database, thirty Napier grass from 30 areas were collected. Samples were analyzed chemo-metrically for their nutrient contents. Spectra of each sample were collected three times (two spectra for calibration and a spectrum for validation) using FT-NIRS Spectrometer Solid Cell. Calibration and validation models were carried out using the Partial Least Squares (PLS) regression. For external validation, seven independent Napier grass samples were tested. The result showed that the single species NIRS database developed using Napier grass was less accurate than mixed-species DFF due to huge nutrient content variations between varieties of Napier grass. It is concluded that database accuracy developed from mixed dietary fiber feed were more accurate in comparison to single species and suggested to used combination of mixed and single database for more accurate DFF prediction.

Control of Chemoselectivity of SET-Promoted Photoaddition Reactions of Fullerene C60 with α-Trimethylsilyl Group-Containing N-Alkylglycinates Yielding Aminomethyl-1,2-dihydrofullerenes or Fulleropyrrolidines.

Knowledge about factors that govern chemoselectivity is pivotal to the design of reactions that are utilized to produce complex organic substances. In the current study, single-electron transfer (SET)-promoted photoaddition reactions of fullerene C60 with both trimethylsilyl and various alkyl group-containing glycinates and ethyl N-alkyl-N-((trimethylsilyl)methyl)glycinates were explored to evaluate how the nature of N-alkyl substituents of glycinate substrates and reaction conditions govern the chemoselectivity of reaction pathways followed. The results showed that photoreactions of C60 with glycinates, performed in deoxygenated conditions, produced aminomethyl-1,2-dihydrofullerenes efficiently through a pathway involving the addition of α-amino radical intermediates that are generated by sequential SET-solvent-assisted desilylation of glycinate substrates to C60. Under oxygenated conditions, photoreactions of glycinate substrates, except N-benzyl-substituted analogues, did not take place efficiently owing to quenching of 3C60* by oxygen. Interestingly, N-benzyl-substituted glycinates did react under these conditions to form fulleropyrrolidines through a pathway involving 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of in situ formed azomethine ylides to C60. The ylide intermediates were formed by regioselective H-atom transfer from glycinates by singlet oxygen. Furthermore, methylene blue (MB)-photosensitized reactions of C60 with glycinates under oxygenated conditions took place efficiently to produce fulleropyrrolidines independent of the nature of N-alkyl substituents of glycinates.

Microbial Structure and Energy Generation in Microbial Fuel Cells Powered with Waste Anaerobic Digestate

Development of economical and environment-friendly Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCs) technology should be associated with waste management. However, current knowledge regarding microbiological bases of electricity production from complex waste substrates is insufficient. In the following study, microbial composition and electricity generation were investigated in MFCs powered with waste volatile fatty acids (VFAs) from anaerobic digestion of primary sludge. Two anode sizes were tested, resulting in organic loading rates (OLRs) of 69.12 and 36.21 mg chemical oxygen demand (COD)/(g MLSS∙d) in MFC1 and MFC2, respectively. Time of MFC operation affected the microbial structure and the use of waste VFAs promoted microbial diversity. High abundance of Deftia sp. and Methanobacterium sp. characterized start-up period in MFCs. During stable operation, higher OLR in MFC1 favored growth of exoelectrogens from Rhodopseudomonas sp. (13.2%) resulting in a higher and more stable electricity production in comparison with MFC2. At a lower OLR in MFC2, the percentage of exoelectrogens in biomass decreased, while the abundance of genera Leucobacter, Frigoribacterium and Phenylobacterium increased. In turn, this efficiently decomposed complex organic substances, favoring high and stable COD removal (over 85%). Independent of the anode size, Clostridium sp. and exoelectrogens belonging to genera Desulfobulbus and Acinetobacter were abundant in MFCs powered with waste VFAs.

Treatment of waste water from complex organic substances

The work deals with solving the problem of extraction of polycyclic hydrocarbons from waste water by using physical and chemical technology, including the use of flotation, settling, filtration, adsorption, ozonation. The use of such a technique makes it possible to significantly reduce the concentration of hazardous substances such as benzapirene in the waste water to be purified. Under certain modes of wastewater treatment using physical and chemical technology, the concentration of benzapirene does not exceed the regulatory values. Prospects for the use of biophlotocombines for the treatment of waste water containing complex organic substances are indicated.

Aerobic sludge granulation in shale gas flowback water treatment: Assessment of the bacterial community dynamics and modeling of bioreactor performance using artificial neural network

Flowback water from shale gas extraction is highly saline and comprises complex organic substances, thereby posing a significant challenge for the environmental management of the unconventional natural gas industry. In this work, an aerobic granular sludge (AGS) method was successfully used for the treatment of flowback water from shale gas extraction. The formed AGS had a diameter of 0.25–2.0 mm and the total sludge volume index was 23.40 mL g−1. The AGS efficiently removed COD, NH4+-N and TN by 70.1%, 92.1%, and 59.2%, respectively. The bacterial communities responsible for the removal of nitrogen and degradation of organics were enriched in AGS. The dynamics of contaminant removal was further explained with a three-layered artificial neural network model. The results showed that the initial concentration of COD, TDS, NH4+-N and TN governed the contaminants’ removal. As for operating parameters, aerating time showed a strong effect on NH4+-N and TN removal, whereas settling time impacted the COD removal.

Syntrophy and Interspecies Electron Transfer in Methanogenic Microbial Communities

Anaerobic digestion of municipal and other organic waste is a microbial process for conversion of complex organic substances to biogas (a renewable energy source) comprising a mixture of methane and CO2, and a stabilized sludge, which may be used as an organic fertilizer. Diverse groups of the methanogenic microbial community degrade complex organic compounds into simple fermentation products such as hydrogen, formate, acetate, short-chained volatile fatty acids, ethanol, etc. These low-molecular mass products act as the substrates and carriers involved in biogas production by syntrophic bacteria and methanogenic archaea at the methanogenesis stage, the last stage of the anaerobic process. The present review discusses syntrophic interactions between the microorganisms involved in anaerobic degradation of organic substances, as well as two types of interspecies electron transfer (IET): indirect IET (IIET, Indirect Interspecies Electron Transfer) and direct IET (DIET, Direct Interspecies Electron Transfer). DIET-based syntrophic interactions between microorganisms may be stimulated by adding conductive materials into anaerobic digesters, which may have the potential for practical applications.

Sulfuracidifex tepidarius gen. nov., sp. nov. and transfer of Sulfolobus metallicus Huber and Stetter 1992 to the genus Sulfuracidifex as Sulfuracidifex metallicus comb. nov.

Two novel, strictly aerobic, sulfur-dependent, thermoacidophilic strains, IC-006T and IC-007, were isolated from a solfataric field at Hakone Ohwaku-dani, Kanagawa, Japan. Cells of the two strains were irregular cocci with a diameter of 1.0-1.8 µm. They were strict aerobes and grew in a temperature range between 45 and 69 °C (optimally at 65 °C) and a pH range between 0.4 and 5.5 (optimally at pH 3.5). They required sulfur or a reduced sulfur compound, and sulfur was oxidized to sulfate. They grew autotrophically or mixotrophically utilizing several sugars and complex organic substances as carbon sources. The DNA G+C content was 42.4 mol%. A comparison of the 16S rRNA gene sequences among members of the order Sulfolobales indicated that they were closely related to Sulfolobus metallicus, forming an independent lineage within this order. The two isolates and Sulfolobus metallicus were also diffentiated based on their phenotypic properties from the other members of the order Sulfolobales. Detailed comparisons of the phenotypic properties and DNA-DNA hybridization study illustrated that the two isolates belong to a species different from Sulfolobus metallicus. On the basis of the phylogenetic and phenotypic comparisons, we propose a new genus and species, Sulfuracidifex tepidarius gen. nov., sp. nov. to accommodate strains IC-006T and IC-007. The type strain of Sulfuracidifex tepidarius is IC-006T (=JCM 16833T=DSM 104736T). In addition, Sulfolobus metallicus should be transferred to the new genus as Sulfuracidifex metallicus comb. nov.: the type strain is Kra23T (=DSM 6482T=JCM 9184T=NBRC 15436T).

Physico-chemical Wastewater Treatment from Complex Organic Substances Using Flotocombs

The issues of extraction of complex organic substances from wastewater using physico-chemical methods of coagulation, flotation, adsorption. At the same time, flotation combines of the KBS type are used at the flotation stage, which make it possible to effectively treat wastewater from suspended pollutants and complex organic substances. At the stage of sorption treatment, a deep extraction of complex organic substances occurs up to trace amounts, which allows to achieve the normative quality of water treatment with the possibility of discharge into an open reservoir.

Comparative Genomics of Pandoraea, a Genus Enriched in Xenobiotic Biodegradation and Metabolism.

Comparative analysis of partial gyrB, recA, and gltB gene sequences of 84 Pandoraea reference strains and field isolates revealed several clusters that included no taxonomic reference strains. The gyrB, recA, and gltB phylogenetic trees were used to select 27 strains for whole-genome sequence analysis and for a comparative genomics study that also included 41 publicly available Pandoraea genome sequences. The phylogenomic analyses included a Genome BLAST Distance Phylogeny approach to calculate pairwise digital DNA–DNA hybridization values and their confidence intervals, average nucleotide identity analyses using the OrthoANIu algorithm, and a whole-genome phylogeny reconstruction based on 107 single-copy core genes using bcgTree. These analyses, along with subsequent chemotaxonomic and traditional phenotypic analyses, revealed the presence of 17 novel Pandoraea species among the strains analyzed, and allowed the identification of several unclassified Pandoraea strains reported in the literature. The genus Pandoraea has an open pan genome that includes many orthogroups in the ‘Xenobiotics biodegradation and metabolism’ KEGG pathway, which likely explains the enrichment of these species in polluted soils and participation in the biodegradation of complex organic substances. We propose to formally classify the 17 novel Pandoraea species as P. anapnoica sp. nov. (type strain LMG 31117T = CCUG 73385T), P. anhela sp. nov. (type strain LMG 31108T = CCUG 73386T), P. aquatica sp. nov. (type strain LMG 31011T = CCUG 73384T), P. bronchicola sp. nov. (type strain LMG 20603T = ATCC BAA-110T), P. capi sp. nov. (type strain LMG 20602T = ATCC BAA-109T), P. captiosa sp. nov. (type strain LMG 31118T = CCUG 73387T), P. cepalis sp. nov. (type strain LMG 31106T = CCUG 39680T), P. commovens sp. nov. (type strain LMG 31010T = CCUG 73378T), P. communis sp. nov. (type strain LMG 31110T = CCUG 73383T), P. eparura sp. nov. (type strain LMG 31012T = CCUG 73380T), P. horticolens sp. nov. (type strain LMG 31112T = CCUG 73379T), P. iniqua sp. nov. (type strain LMG 31009T = CCUG 73377T), P. morbifera sp. nov. (type strain LMG 31116T = CCUG 73389T), P. nosoerga sp. nov. (type strain LMG 31109T = CCUG 73390T), P. pneumonica sp. nov. (type strain LMG 31114T = CCUG 73388T), P. soli sp. nov. (type strain LMG 31014T = CCUG 73382T), and P. terrigena sp. nov. (type strain LMG 31013T = CCUG 73381T).

Toxicity Study of a Textile Effluent Treated with Electrohydraulic Discharge and Coagulant/Flocculants

Exposure to complex organic substances present in textile wastewater has been considered a threat to human health and aquatic organisms. Development of appropriate treatment mechanisms, as well as sensitive monitoring assays, is considered important in order to safeguard and protect the delicate natural equilibrium in the environment. In this study, combined coagulation/flocculation and electrohydraulic discharge (EHD) system were explored for treatment of textile wastewater. Pre- and post-treatment samples were used to evaluate process efficiencies. Process efficiencies were evaluated using physicochemical characteristics, and cytotoxicity and inflammatory activities induced in macrophage RAW264.7 cell line. The RAW264.7 cell line was evaluated as an alternative to animals and human blood culture models, whose routine applications are hindered by stern ethical requirements. The toxicity of effluent was evaluated using WST-1 assay. The inflammatory activities were evaluated in RAW264.7 cell culture supernatant using nitric oxide (NO) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) as biomarkers of inflammation. The levels of NO and IL-6 were determined using the Griess reaction assay and double-antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunoassay (DAS ELISA), respectively. Overall, the results of this study show that combined approaches and not the single EHD system are sufficient for complete removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total organic carbon (TOC), toxicity and inflammatory activities in textile wastewater. The study shows that induction of NO and IL-6 secretions in macrophage RAW264.7 cells is a very sensitive model system to monitor the efficiency of textile effluent treatment processes.

Electroanalytical sensing of dyes and colorants

Abstract Color is an important element of the final product of many industries, including the textile, leather, food, cosmetic, pharmaceutical, plastic, and fuel-marking industries. Dyes are complex organic substances with chromophore and auxochromic groups, which can be electrochemically oxidized and/or reduced; this constitutes the basis of their electroanalytical determination. Despite some controversies, dyes pose risks to living organisms, especially after biotransformation, as the metabolites can be more toxic, mutagenic, or carcinogenic than the original dyes. The present work provides a brief overview of the recent progress in electrochemical sensors used for dye detection in diversified matrices. Sensors developed over the recent years are characterized by high sensitivity and selectivity, besides being economically advantageous once they allow the use of little or no clean-up samples in portable and miniaturized systems.

Alternative methods for dark fermentation course analysis

Dark fermentation course analysis is crucial, as complexed matrix of gaseous components may be formed and revealed during the process. The paper considers key issues related to the microbiological process in which complex organic substances are transformed into hydrogen. For the purposes of hydrogen generation, the application of wastewater mixed sludge pre-treated according to Faloye method (Faloye et al. in Int J Hydrog Energy 38:11765–11773, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2013.06.129; Int J Hydrog Energy 39:5607–5616, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2014.01.163) was applied. The main risk of by-product formation is related to the presence of methanogens, i.e., Archea, in the sludge. The application of gaseous chromatography confirmed the presence of hydrogen during the initial, lag and log phases of the culture and methane in the late logarithmic death phase of the culture. However, other fermentation gaseous products’ presence was not confirmed, as their concentration was under the limit of detection. Therefore, a revision regarding the application of matrix sensors was proposed, and the levels of gases able to be measured using both gas chromatography and matrix sensors were conducted. The criteria of matrix sensors’ selection should include the selectivity not only for the hydrogen, hydrogen sulfide or methane, but also the sensitivity to the response of other gases contained in the mixture—ammonium, carbon dioxide and oxygen. A comprehensive combination of commercially available sensors and their applicability for the purposes of dark fermentation course analysis was presented on the basis of the levels of gas concentrations in the generated gas mixture.