Complex Noun Research Articles

Derivatives ending in -чий in the Ukrainian national and literary language

Abstract: The investigation is grounded on the idea of academic Ukrainian linguistic studies about the absence of active participles with the suffix -ч- in the Ukrainian national language of the XIX century and in the early stages of development of the modern Ukrainian literary language. The paper defines the origin and status of derivatives ending in -ч-(-ий) available in the vocabulary of the modern Ukrainian literary language. The object of study were three types of derivatives: 1) verbal adjectives with the suffix -уч- (-юч-), many of which are former participles that have lost morphological or accent correlation with verbs in the form of the 3rd person plural, and now they denote the attributes of objects or their inherent properties; 2) adjectives formed from qualitative adjectives with the suffixes -уч- (-юч-), -ач- (-яч-), which modify derivatives by word-forming meaning of intense manifestation of the quality; 3) active adverbial participle forms of the present tense with the suffix -ч-, which retain morphological or accent correlation with verbs in the form of the 3rd person plural and are mainly calques from Russian adjectives ending in -щ-(-ий), -ем-(-ый). The author substantiates the normality and expediency of the derivatives ending in -ч-(-ий), which belong to the first two groups and have become a means of expressing the quality of someone or something. At the same time, the author qualifies the derivatives of the third group as non-normative, as they contradict the morphological and word-formation norms of the Ukrainian literary language. This causes their replacement by adjectives with the suffixes -льн-, -івн-, -н- and other equivalent adjectives or complex nouns, which is especially noticeable in terminological systems, as well as in the common usage. These processes reflect the tendency to restore historically formed samples of Ukrainian adjective word formation and the consistent standardization of modern Ukrainian literary language on its national basis. Keywords: derivatives ending in -ч-(-ий), verbal adjectives with the suffix -уч- (-юч-), adjectives with the suffixes -уч- (-юч-), -ач- (-яч-), active present participles with the suffix -ч-, word-formation norm, the Ukrainian national language, the Ukrainian literary language.

A Description of Dzә (Jenjo) Nouns and Noun Phrases, an Adamawa Language of Northeastern Nigeria

Dzə [jen] is an Adamawa language spoken in some parts of Taraba, Adamawa and Gombe states in Northeastern Nigeria. The study presented in the article syntactically describes nouns and noun phrases in Dzə. In an attempt to document Dzə and taking into consideration that Dzə is an under-investigated and under-documented language, the result will provide important data to typological research and to linguists working on Adamawa languages. The study adopts a descriptive research design in collecting, describing and analyzing the data. The data was obtained from fieldwork in December 2014, personal observations of daily conversations, introspection and the Dzə Bible. In the article, a brief overview of the phonology and tone of Dzə is provided. It also shows the different kinds of nouns, pronouns and noun phrases in Dzə; simple and complex noun phrases. The language is rich in pronouns, consisting of subject pronouns, object pronouns, reflexive pronouns, interrogative pronouns and possessive pronouns. As it is with most African languages, the elements that constitute a noun phrase occur after the head noun. These elements are articles, demonstratives, possessives, adjectives, numerals, quantifiers, genitive constructions (inalienable and alienable possessives) and relative clauses. This is a preliminary study of Dzə and it is open for further research and contributions.

WORD-FORMING GROUP CHINA IN MODERN RUSSIAN

The article deals with derivatives, directly or indirectly motivated by the noun China , being one word formation nest. Corpus analysis, as well as semantic and word formation analysis have been used. The research material includes encyclopedic and explanatory dictionaries of 21 century, the word-building dictionary, the Russian National Corpus, scientific and journalistic texts. The conclusion is that the words derived from the noun China include nouns, adjectives, adverb, verbs and are formed by affixes (prefixes, suffixes, prefixes-suffixes); by addition, including addition with affixoids, interfixes; by abbreviation and contamination; semantic derivation. The large number of derivatives are complex nouns, as well as names and nouns formed using prefixes and suffixes. In total there are 35 productive word-formation models, according to which more than 50 derivatives are formed from the word China.

MorphoLex-FR: A derivational morphological database for 38,840 French words.

Studies on morphological processing in French, as in other languages, have shown disparate results. We argue that a critical and long-overlooked factor that could underlie these diverging results is the methodological differences in the calculation of morphological variables across studies. To address the need for a common morphological database, we present MorphoLex-FR, a sizeable and freely available database with 12 variables for prefixes, roots, and suffixes for the 38,840 words of the French Lexicon Project. MorphoLex-FR constitutes a first step to render future studies addressing morphological processing in French comparable. The procedure we used for morphological segmentation and variable computation is effectively the same as that in MorphoLex, an English morphological database. This will allow for cross-linguistic comparisons of future studies in French and English that will contribute to our understanding of how morphologically complex words are processed. To validate these variables, we explored their influence on lexical decision latencies for morphologically complex nouns in a series of hierarchical regression models. The results indicated that only morphological variables related to the suffix explained lexical decision latencies. The frequency and family size of the suffix exerted facilitatory effects, whereas the percentage of more frequent words in the morphological family of the suffix was inhibitory. Our results are in line with previous studies conducted in French and in English. In conclusion, this database represents a valuable resource for studies on the effect of morphology in visual word processing in French.

Modification of English Complex Noun Phrases: A Case Study of Native and Non-Native Writers

This study aims at examining differences of complex noun phrases written by Indonesian writers and English native writers in English academic prose particularly undergraduate students’ theses. The complex noun phrases were scrutinized based on how they were modified (Biber, Johansson, Leech, Conrad, & Finegan, 1999, pp.588-644). Corpus method that is concordance analysis of nouns was applied to identify the modifications. The data were taken from four undergraduate theses. Two of them were written by non-native writers and the others were produced by native writers. The differences cover some modifiers namely adverb (phrase) as premodifiers and postmodifiers, adjective (phrase) as postmodifiers, relativizers, prepositional phrases, appositives, and multiple modifiers whether premodifiers or postmodifiers. The differences occur might be caused by L1 interference such as in the use of adjective (phrase), adverb phrase, and reflexive pronoun as postmodifier. Non-native writers do not produce any adjective (phrase) and reflexive pronoun as postmodifiers. For multiple premodifiers and postmodifiers, differences occur in the form of the highest number of modifiers in the NPs and their types. In the long noun phrases, the non-native writers modified the nouns with a number of appositives. NPs written by native writers of English are more complex.

When It Comes to Complex NPs, Not All Preschoolers Agree

ABSTRACTUsing an oral sentence production task, we investigated how preschoolers (N = 28) produce agreement with complex noun phrases and compared their performance to college students (N = 32) to determine whether preschoolers produce agreement patterns that are qualitatively similar to adults’. We also conducted corpus analyses to investigate relevant input to preschoolers and found very few sentences in which the verb expressed unambiguous agreement with the head noun of a complex noun phrase. In the oral production task, preschoolers made more errors when the head and local nouns had different number specifications than when the nouns were both singular or plural. Response bias calculations indicated that preschoolers often produced one type of agreement (singular or plural) when the subject head and local nouns differed in number. College students were more accurate overall, and a comparison between preschoolers and college students revealed qualitative differences in agreement patterns between the two groups.

Questions with definite markers in (Old) Romance, with focus on Old Spanish

We will depart from the observation that Romance languages can be subdivided into two groups with respect to free relatives under question-embedding predicates (Kellert 2017). One group has grammaticalized the definite element (e.g. Pt.[1] o, Fl. i’ ‘the’) and que/che into one question pronoun (e.g. Pt. o que ‘what’ and Fl. icche ‘what’); the other group has not (e.g. Spanish and French). We will show that in one group free relatives that are embedded under question predicates resemble more complex nouns (as in Spanish and French), whereas in the other group they are clausal and have the structure of ordinary questions as in Portuguese and Florentine. We will look at the evolution of lo que sentences in Old Spanish and demonstrate that they were used as relative clauses under non-question predicates such as ser ‘be’ and factive predicates such as ‘know’ with much higher frequency than under genuine question predicates such as preguntar ‘to ask’. We will suggest that the interrogative interpretation of lo que- relative clauses has its source in the ambiguity of factive predicates. Factive predicates can select both DPs interpreted as definite descriptions and CPs interpreted as interrogatives. Lo que-relatives can thus be interpreted as definite descriptions and as interrogatives under factive predicates. As we will argue, this ambiguous interpretation was the precondition for the use of lo que-sentences to be used in non-ambiguous question contexts. However, the reanalysis of lo que-sentences as questions has not been fully accomplished in Modern Spanish in contrast to Modern Portuguese, as these sentences still show syntactic and semantic differences from ordinary questions.[1] Fl. stands for Florentine, Sp. for Spanish, Pt. for Portuguese, and Fr. for French. Mo. for Modern and O. for Old and Mi. for Middle languages.

Специфіка гібридизації як продуктивного джерела збагачення терміноскладу української музейної справи

The question of existence of national and borrowed units, the development and adaptation of foreign terminology is always relevant in the Ukrainian linguistics. The foreign language terminological units that expanded into national terminological systems were always of great interest for researches who are studying borrowings in terminology and the causes of this process. In spite of the fact that terminological nomination and the role of the national and borrowed elements in the formation of terminological systems of different branches of knowledge were analyzed. The general and multi-dimensional characteristics of borrowings are required for the Ukrainian terminological system of museum affairs The Ukrainian terminological system of museum science can develop, change, reflecting all the realities of modern life. The history of the development of science, the change of scientific views, as well as integration, cultural and linguistic connections ‒ all these are reflected in the terminological system as a whole, and in separate terms. The terms borrowed from different languages began to operate at different stages of development of museum science. The Ukrainian terminological fund of the museum science was replenished with borrowings from Greek, Latin, French, etc. as a result of interlanguage relations. Foreign language units replenished the Ukrainian museum affair with varying intensity in different periods of its formation. The terminological units, that are complex nouns, in the structure of which there are bases or terminological elements of different origin, belong to the terminological apparatus of the professional language of the museum workers. We distinguish in the terminological system of the museum science hybrid terminological formations that arise as a result of derivation mainly from foreign language bases with the help of specific word-formation formants. The foreign language components that serve as international terminological elements involved in the formation of terms. It should also be noted about the presence of the mixed structures from two languages that are active in the terminological system of museum science, created by combining the bases or terminological elements. The modern Ukrainian terminological system of museum science is characterized by the genetic heterogeneity of its units that reflects the long historical process of formation of the terminological system and the influence of various languages and extra-language factors.

Типология сложных существительных в дигорском диалекте осетинского языка

Типология сложных существительных в дигорском диалекте осетинского языка

Assessment and final reports in foreign language lessons

Psycholinguists are interested in how words are stored in human memory. The question as to whether words are stored as single root words or whether they are stored along with the affixes still remains a controversial issue. Aitchison (1987) believes that each word has a separate entry. Mackay (1978) and Taft (1981) hold that words are made of constituent morphemes. When we listen, we decompose the morphemes and when we speak, we combine them to make multimorphemic words. The decomposition view claims that only the root is stored in memory. To test this claim, a group of 50 intermediate level students at the preparatory department of a state university situated on the western coast of Turkey were selected. They were taught 10 pseudo root nouns and verbs and 10 psuedo complex nouns and verbs. To see how the morphological complexity affected lexical access and which type of words were better remembered, they were tested on these words. Then the same group was given 10 root and 10 complex words in their mother tongue and their answer times were compared. Students recalled the root words more easily and accurately.The results shed light on the validity of the decomposition theory, showcasing we remember the words in roots better.

Effects of phrase and word frequencies in noun phrase production.

There is mounting evidence that the ease of producing and understanding language depends not only on the frequencies of individual words but also on the frequencies of word combinations. However, in two picture description experiments, Janssen and Barber (2012) found that French and Spanish speakers' speech onset latencies for short phrases depended exclusively on the frequencies of the phrases but not on the frequencies of the individual words. They suggested that speakers retrieved phrase-sized units from the mental lexicon. In the present study, we examined whether the time required to plan complex noun phrases in Dutch would likewise depend only on phrase frequencies. Participants described line drawings in phrases such as rode schoen [red shoe] (Experiments 1 and 2) or de rode schoen [the red shoe] (Experiment 3). Replicating Janssen and Barber's findings, utterance onset latencies depended on the frequencies of the phrases but, deviating from their findings, also depended on the frequencies of the adjectives in adjective-noun phrases and the frequencies of the nouns in determiner-adjective-noun phrases. We conclude that individual word frequencies and phrase frequencies both affect the time needed to produce noun phrases and discuss how these findings may be captured in models of the mental lexicon and of phrase production. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved).

An investigation of the role of working memory capacity and naming speed in phonological advance planning in language production

Abstract Producing multi-word utterances is a complex, yet relatively effortless process. Research with the picture-word interference paradigm has shown that speakers can plan all elements of such utterances up to the phonological level before initiating speech, yet magnitude and direction of this phonological priming effect (i.e. facilitative vs. inhibitory) differ between but also within studies. We investigated possible sources for variability in the phonological advance planning scope. In two experiments, participants produced bare nouns (“monkey”) and complex noun phrases (“the small red monkey”) while ignoring distractor words phonologically (un)related to the noun. For low- and high-working memory capacity speakers as well as fast and slow speakers, we found phonological facilitation effects for the bare noun, but no distractor effects for the complex noun phrases. However, looking at individual distractor effects for utterance-final elements revealed a large variability between speakers. We conclude that phonological advance planning cannot be summarised as an overall effect, but should take into account inter- and intraindividual variability.

ФУНКЦІОНАЛЬНИЙ АСПЕКТ СКЛАДНИХ ІМЕННИКІВ (НА МАТЕРІАЛІ ЛЕКСИКИ МАРКЕТИНГУ СУЧАСНОЇ НІМЕЦЬКОЇ МОВИ)

The article is devoted to the study of the functional aspect of the complex nouns of the vocabulary of modern German language marketing, namely the peculiarities of the functioning of the analyzed lexical units. The active functioning of complex nouns-terms in non-specialist literature is connected with the general tendency of the entry of professional languages ​​into the sphere of the literary language existence, which contributes to their convergence and mutual influence. The author defines the concept of the use of the concept of «function», analyzes the actual typologies of classifications of linguistic units in modern linguistics, highlights communicative-informative, text-creating and word-building-nominative functions. Functioning of the analyzed lexical units as a manifestation of their essence is to ensure a communication process between specialists in the field of marketing and information materials of socio-political and economic content. Complex nouns serve as a means of transferring (communicating) special knowledge, namely, specialist knowledge of marketing as an industry of economic science, and are characterized by semantic capacity, conciseness, informativity, the ability to accurately and thoroughly reflect a phenomenon or process. It is the complex marketing nouns that provide the maximum amount of information to be transmitted to a minimum. By performing the text-forming function, complex nouns of the marketing vocabulary provide connectivity (cohesion) and integrity (coherence) of professional texts. The indicator of semantic unity of the text is the recurrence, which enhances the thematic connectivity of the text. Composites can act as a structural means of communication, which helps to strengthen the semantic connectivity of the text. The word-nominative function of neologisms plays a significant role in creating the connectivity of the professional text, providing its deployment, as word-building structures are characterized by the repetition of lexical foundations, the correlation with syntactic constructions, the presence of the internal context.

Compounds with the Same Denotative Meaning in Different Languages

This article was devoted to the study of the specifics of national language thinking by representatives of different linguistic cultures in the nomination of complex nouns. The research was based on cognitive analysis, supported by the methods of semantic identification; descriptive-analytical and comparative. The quantitative method of material processing was used as required. A systematic approach to the study of compounds with the same denotative meaning in different languages needed the postulation of a meta-language, which could be a criterion for assessing a language in the light of its philological specificity. The peculiarities of cognitive comprehension of identical concepts and phenomena of the surrounding reality were revealed in the course of studying the relations of equivalence, continuity, inclusion, intersection, mixing, refinement, and contraindication, established between the CSOM components. The material of the work and the results of the study could also serve as a basis for further research in this area, in the practice of teaching English, German and Tatar languages among the English-language audience, and used in courses especially those in lexicology, comparative philology, cognitive semantics, as well as lexicographical practice.

Structural compression in academic writing: An English-Chinese comparison study of complex noun phrases in research article abstracts

Structural compression in academic writing: An English-Chinese comparison study of complex noun phrases in research article abstracts

О ДРЕВНИХ ЭТИМОНАХ СУГ(V)=, СУК(V)= В ТУНДРЕННОМ ДИАЛЕКТЕ ЮКАГИРСКОГО ЯЗЫКА

In the article, the etymological analysis of a number of lexical units starting with the letter C in the Tundra dialect of the Yukaghir language, namely the words with the root elements суг(у)= , сук(у)= , is carried out. Attention is given to the nominative and significative functions of nouns, and the function of the qualitative affix. The author considers etymologically such lexical units as the common noun сугудьэ ‘heart’, set expressions сугудьэнноҕии ‘aorta’ and сугудьэ тибэгэл ‘heart rhythm’. The etymology and taboo nature of the polysemantic noun сукун ‘things’, ‘nature’, and so on are identified. The literal meanings that reveal the ethnocultural aspects of the Yukaghir language are defined for the following lexical units: the common noun суктуул ‘tribe, the people’, ‘clan’, ‘community’, complex nouns сукуд-ииwаа ‘nature-mother’, сукунмольҕал ‘year’, сукундаwа ‘cloud’.

Implicit Prosody in L2 English Acquisition: A Preliminary Study on Parsing a Relative Clause with a Complex Noun Phrase

Implicit Prosody in L2 English Acquisition: A Preliminary Study on Parsing a Relative Clause with a Complex Noun Phrase

Syllable transposition effect on processing the morphologically complex Korean noun Eojeol

Syllable transposition effect on processing the morphologically complex Korean noun Eojeol

Lexico-syntactic interactions in the resolution of relative clause ambiguities in a second language (L2): The role of cognate status and L2 proficiency

Abstract There is extensive evidence showing that bilinguals activate lexical representations in a non-selective way both when words are presented in isolation and in sentence contexts. Recent research has shown the existence of cross-language activation at the syntactic level as well. However, the extent to which the lexical and syntactic levels of representation interact during second language (L2) sentence processing, and how these interactions are modulated by L2 proficiency remain unclear. In this paper, we explore how native speakers of European-Portuguese (L1) who are learning English as an L2 at different levels of proficiency (intermediate vs. advanced) resolve relative clause (RC) syntactic ambiguities in their L2. European Portuguese and English native speakers were used as controls. Participants were asked to perform a sentence completion task, with cognates and noncognates critically embedded in the complex noun phrase (NP) preceding the RC, and which contained its antecedent. Results revealed that L2 learners, like English controls, preferred to attach the RC to the last host of the complex NP, regardless of L2 proficiency. Importantly, the cognate status of the complex NP modulated the results, although, contrary to our expectation, the presence of cognates induced less L1 syntax interference compared to noncognates.

The interaction of notional number and morphophonology in subject-verb agreement: A role for working memory.

Research shows that cross-linguistically, subject-verb agreement with complex noun phrases (e.g., The label on the bottles) is influenced by notional number and the presence of homophony in case, gender, or number morphology. Less well-understood is whether notional number and morphophonology interact during speech production, and whether the relative impact of these two factors is influenced by working memory capacity. Using an auditory sentence completion task, we investigated the impact of notional number and morphophonology on agreement with complex subject noun phrases in Dutch. Results revealed main effects of notional number and morphophonology. Critically, there was also an interaction between morphophonology and notional number because participants showed greater notional effects when the determiners were homophonous and morphophonologically ambiguous. Furthermore, participants with higher working memory scores made fewer agreement errors when the subject noun phrase contained homophonous determiners, and this effect was greater when the subject noun phrase was notionally singular. These findings support the hypothesis that cue-based retrieval plays a role in agreement production, and suggests that the ability to correctly assign subject-verb agreement-especially in the presence of homophonous determiners-is modulated by working memory capacity.