Completely Replace Research Articles

Hybrid electric aircraft design with optimal power management

The aviation industry has continuously improved its fuel efficiency over the last decades with innovations in technology, design and operation. Further improvements are becoming more difficult as current technology reaches complete maturity. Electrification of road vehicles is predicted to completely replace combustion engines in vehicles. As the efficiency and reliability of electric batteries and motors improve, so does the case for electric propulsion systems in aircraft. Jet fuel carries significantly more energy per weight than current state of the technology batteries, making complete replacement of fuel challenging. Hybrid electric propulsion, where both fuel and batteries are used to power propulsion systems could be feasible and improve fuel efficiency. Hybrid electric powertrains use electric power to reduce the power demands from the combustion engine. Electric batteries are discharged and charged during the operation based on power requirements.This paper presents an aircraft design method that includes optimized power management in the design loop. Power management determines battery discharging and charging throughout the design mission to reduce overall fuel consumption. Power management optimization provides the necessary feedback on battery and fuel performance to design battery pack size. This method is applied to regional aircraft, which typically fly the shortest routes of a commercial airline fleet. These short routes have proportionally longer climb and descent segments. These characteristics of regional aircraft routes lead to wider variations in power during operation, where hybrid electric powertrains are the most beneficial.The proposed hybrid electric aircraft design method finds that a serial hybrid electric regional aircraft could achieve significant fuel efficiency improvements to current regional aircraft. This result is in contrast of the current literature, which requires significant improvements to battery energy density, power distribution efficiency and electric motor efficiency to achieve similar fuel performance results. The hybrid electric regional aircraft does not outperform a traditional turboprop aircraft designed with identical objectives. The turboprop aircraft design improves even greater fuel efficiency improvements over current regional turboprop aircraft. This suggests two pathways are possible; the propulsion system of the next generation of regional aircraft could still be non-electric and achieve improved fuel burn improvements considering current technology or serial hybrid-electric powertrains configurations could be adopted in an expanded time horizon if optimistic technology development is done on battery power density to match the possible improvements of the proposed turboprop aircraft.

Evaluation of four novel non-grain protein sources completely replacing soybean meal on growth performance, serum biochemistry, amino acid transport and intestinal health of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) at different water temperatures

To investigate the effects of non-grain protein source and water temperature on growth and feed utilization differences of grass carp, the effects of different protein sources on the growth performance, serum biochemistry, digestive enzymes, amino acid transport and intestinal health of grass carp were studied at 24 °C, 28 °C and 32 °C. In this study, a total of 1350 grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) (initial weight 5.00 ± 0.02 g) were selected, and Clostridium autoethanogenum protein (CAP), Tenebrio molitor meal (TMM), cottonseed protein concentrate (CPC) and Chlorella powder (CHP) were used as a single protein source to completely replace soybean meal for 56 days. The results showed that the final body weight (FBW), weight gain rate (WGR), specific growth rate (SGR) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) of grass carp increased significantly with the increasing temperature (P < 0.001). The CHP and SBM groups showed no significant differences in FBW, WGR, SGR and PER (P > 0.05), which were higher than the CAP, TMM and CPC groups (P < 0.001). The alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), total protein (TP) and triglyceride (TG) concentrations of grass carp at 32 °C were significantly lower than those at 24 °C and 28 °C (P < 0.001). The acid phosphatase (ACP) activity decreased significantly with the increase of temperature (P = 0.001). The amylase (AMS) activity of the TMM, CPC and CHP groups was significantly lower than that of the SBM and CAP groups (P < 0.001), and the ACP and lipase (LPS) activities in the TMM group were significantly lower than those in the SBM group (P < 0.001). In addition, the interaction between temperatures and protein sources significantly affected the gene expression levels of amino acid transport including solute carrier family 1 member 3 (SLC1A3), solute carrier family 7 member 1 (SLC7A1), solute carrier family 7 member 5 (SLC7A5), solute carrier family 15 member 1b (SLC15A1b), solute carrier family 7 member 7 (SLC7A7), target of rapamycin (TOR), 4E binding protein 1 (4E-BP1) and ribosomal protein S6 kinase 1 (S6K1), intestinal inflammatory including tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-8 (IL-8), interleukin-10 (IL-10) and tight junction proteins (occludin, claudin1, claudin3, claudin7 and claudin11) (P ≤ 0.001). Collectively, our results indicated that CHP could be a potential protein source in the case of complete replacement of soybean meal in grass carp.

A Study on the Future is Unlikely to See "HR Robots" Replacing Human HR Professionals

This research paper explores the potential impact of automation and artificial intelligence on the field of Human Resources (HR). While the adoption of technology in HR processes is on the rise, the complete replacement of human HR professionals by "HR robots" seems unlikely in the foreseeable future. The study examines the current state of HR technology, its limitations, and the essential human elements in HR roles that cannot be easily replicated by automation. The research concludes that while automation can augment HR tasks, the unique qualities of empathy, complex decision-making and interpersonal skills required in HR make it improbable for robots to completely replace human HR professionals in the coming years. This research paper delves into the evolving landscape of Human Resources (HR) in the context of increasing automation and artificial intelligence. It investigates the potential of "HR robots" to replace human HR professionals in the realm of research and publication work within the HR domain. The study assesses the current state of HR technology, identifies its inherent limitations, and evaluates the complex, multifaceted nature of research work in HR. Through a comprehensive analysis, it is demonstrated that while automation can enhance certain HR functions, the intricate research tasks requiring critical thinking, nuanced understanding of human behavior, and adaptability make it improbable for "HR robots" to wholly replace human HR professionals in research work for publication. This research contributes to the ongoing discussion on the role of automation in HR and the continued importance of human expertise in the field.

Haematococcus pluvialis biomass as a replacement for fish meal in the diet of Macrobrachium amazonicum post-larvae (Heller, 1862)

The current study evaluates the effect of partial or total replacement of fish meal with Haematococcus pluvialis microalgae, cultivated in an NPK culture medium, on the growth performance of Macrobrachion amazonicum shrimp post-larvae. Four diets were formulated: control (without microalgae), 25, 50 and 100% H. pluvialis replacement. Only crude protein weight gain showed no interaction and was not selected for principal components analysis. The 25% fishmeal replacement in the diet was not effective, being similar to the control. However, the complete replacement of fishmeal with H. pluvialis promoted elevated survivability, length, weight and protein retention, making it the most relevant treatment for M. amazonicum post-larvae. Therefore, it is possible to completely replace fishmeal with the microalgae H. pluvialis in the diet of M. amazonicum shrimp, which improves growth performance.

Behavioral intentions assessment of a disposable e-cigarette among adult current, former, and non-smokers in the United States.

Modeling the public health effects of e-cigarettes requires estimates of the likelihood that different individuals and population subgroups will start using e-cigarettes and subsequently transition to and from combustible cigarette use. To begin to generate input values for modeling efforts, this study assessed adults' behavioral intentions in relation to a disposable e-cigarette, "BIDI® Stick." An online questionnaire assessed intentions to try and use a BIDI® Stick regularly in 11 flavor variants among United States (U.S.) nationally representative samples of adult (21+ years) non-smokers (n = 2284), current smokers (n = 2391), former smokers (n = 2241), and young adult (21-24 years) non-smokers (n = 1140) of combustible cigarettes following exposure to product information and images. Current smokers rated their intentions to use a BIDI® Stick to partially or completely replace cigarettes. Positive intention to try a BIDI® Stick at least once was, for each flavor variant, highest among current smokers (22.4%-28.1%), lower among former smokers (6.0%-9.7%) and non-smokers (3.4%-5.2%), and lowest among never-smokers (1.0%-2.4%). Among current smokers, former smokers, and non-smokers, trial and regular use intentions were lowest among e-cigarette non-users and e-cigarette never-users. Approximately 23.6% of current smokers reported an intention to use a BIDI® Stick in at least one flavor to completely switch from cigarettes and/or to reduce cigarette consumption. Low trial and regular use intentions suggest that U.S. adults who do not currently smoke cigarettes and/or use e-cigarettes are unlikely to initiate use of the BIDI® Stick e-cigarette. Trial and regular use intentions are highest among adults who currently smoke cigarettes and/or use e-cigarettes. A moderate proportion of current smokers may try using a BIDI® Stick e-cigarette as a partial or complete replacement for combustible cigarettes.

Improving flesh quality of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) by completely replacing dietary soybean meal with yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor).

In order to find viable alternative protein sources for aquaculture, we evaluated the effect of partial or complete replacement of dietary soybean meal with yellow mealworm (TM) on the flesh quality of grass carp. In this study, 180 grass carp (511.85±0.25g) were fed 3 experimental diets in which 0% (CN), 30% (YM30) and 100% (YM100) dietary soybean meal was replaced by TM for 90d. The results showed that growth performance, biological parameters and serum antioxidant capacity of grass carp were not affected by dietary TM (P>0.05). Both muscle and whole body crude protein were obviously promoted with the increase of dietary TM (P<0.05), and the concentration of heavy metal in muscle was not influenced (P>0.05), indicating that food safety was not influenced by TM. Dietary TM improved muscle textural characteristics by elevating adhesiveness, springiness and chewiness in YM100 (P<0.05). In addition, the muscle tenderness was significantly increased by declining the shear force (P<0.05). The muscle fiber density in YM30 &YM100 and length of dark bands and sarcomeres in YM100 were obviously increased (P<0.05). The expression of myf5, myog and myhc exhibited a significant upward trend with the increase of dietary TM (P<0.05), which promoted fiber density, length of sarcomere and texture of grass carp muscle. According to the results of metabolomics, the arachidonate (ARA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) were notably elevated in YM30 and YM100, which indicated that the improvement of flesh quality of grass carp may contribute to the dietary TM influence on muscle lipid metabolism, especially the polyunsaturated fatty acids. In conclusion, TM can completely replace dietary soybean meal and improve the nutritional value of grass carp.

APPLICATION OF PROCESSING PRODUCTS OF VEGETABLE RAW MATERIAL IN MARSHMALLOW PRODUCTION

The article examines the main trends in obtaining new types of confectionery products with a balanced composition and functional properties, the production of which is based on the use of a product of plant raw materials processing - carob. Studies on increasing the nutritional value and reducing the energy intensity of marshmallow-type whipped products with the use of carob and the sugar substitute isomalt are given. Information on the functional properties of carob, the effect of the roasting process on its quality indicators, and the possibility of using carob in the production of confectionery products to expand the range of raw ingredients and increase their nutritional value were considered. A comparative description of the nutritional and energy value of medium-roasted carob and cocoa powder is given. The article examines the influence of the product of the processing of plant raw materials of carob on the nature of the formation of the structure of marshmallow masses of reduced energy content, and their main structural-mechanical, physico-chemical and organoleptic indicators are determined. Based on the determination of the structural and mechanical properties of marshmallow masses, such as critical shear stress, degree of general deformation and density of the mass, it is proposed to reduce the duration of their whipping by increasing the rate of structure formation of the mass when using carob powder, so the complete replacement of cocoa powder with carob leads to an increase critical shear stress by 51.83 Pa and an increase in mass density by 171 kg/m3 compared to the control sample. As a result of a complex of conducted studies of physico-chemical and organoleptic quality indicators, the expediency of using the product of the processing of plant raw materials of carob in reduced-energy marshmallow products with 75% isomalt has been proven, it is recommended to completely replace cocoa powder with carob at the stage of whipping the mass. The calculated nutritional and energy value of the new marshmallow products showed a decrease in the total content of fats and carbohydrates in the developed products, an increase in the content of vegetable dietary fibers by 28% and a decrease in the energy value by 55.65 kcal. Enrichment of marshmallow products with minerals, in particular calcium, sodium and vitamins B6 and E, was noted.

Can non-invasive methods replace radiocollar-based winter counts in a 50-year wolf study? Lessons learned from a three-winter trial

Context Monitoring low-density, elusive predators such as grey wolves (Canis lupus) has often been undertaken via live-capture and radio-collaring. Recent advances in non-invasive methods suggest live-captures may not be necessary for adequate monitoring. Further, non-invasive methods are considered best practice when possible. Aims I evaluated whether a suite of non-invasive methods could replace aerial radiotelemetry to census resident pack wolves. Methods I employed aerial snow-tracking, ground snow-tracking, camera-trapping, non-invasive genetic surveys, and community-scientist reports during three winters (2019–2021) in north-eastern Minnesota, USA to census pack wolves in a 2060 km2 area. I attempted to enumerate individual pack sizes as has been historically undertaken to compile the census. Traditional aerial radiotelemetry methods were also conducted for comparison. Key results Ground snow-tracking and camera-trapping provided the most similar information to radiotelemetry for determining pack counts and territory information, and, in some cases, documented higher pack counts than those obtained by aerial radiotelemetry. Radiotelemetry was the best method for determining pack territories, but was limited to radioed packs. A staggered application of both approaches resulted in increased precision and additional pack-level information without greatly increasing overall field effort. Non-invasive methods allowed trapping for radio-collaring to be reduced to every other year (a 50% reduction), but depending on trapping success, survival of animals, and radio-collar battery life, might even be reduced to every third year. Conclusions In this 3-year trial, non-invasive methods were not sufficient to completely replace radio-collaring. Nevertheless, non-invasive methods allowed for a 50% reduction in trapping, increased the annual wolf-count precision, and increased community involvement. Anticipated technological improvements in non-invasive methods should reduce some issues encountered – but others will likely persist, in part, because of the fundamental nature of non-invasive methods. Implications Less reliance on captures, enhanced pack information, and increased public involvement are all successful outcomes of this 3-year trial of non-invasive methods for monitoring wolf populations. Non-invasive methods continue to broaden and improve technologically, and information from trials such as this will help guide others as they increasingly implement non-invasive methods as partial or complete replacements for traditional capture-based methods.

Mixed leaf meal supplemented with exogenous enzyme and limiting amino acids can completely replace DORB (de-oiled rice bran) in the diet of Labeo rohita

Various single leaf meal can substitute costly de-oiled rice bran (DORB) in farm made feed for carps. However, the use of mixed leaf meal (LM) in fish feed is not reported yet. Therefore, Vigna mungo, Ipomoea aquatica and Hygrophila spinosa leaf meals were blended in an equal proportion to prepare LM. DORB was the major energy source in control diet (C) and LM substituted 50% and 100% of DORB in LM20 and LM40 experimental diets, respectively. In addition, control diet (C), LM20 and LM40 diets were supplemented with limiting amino acids and exogenous carbohydrases and denoted as CE, LM20E and LM40E, respectively. Labeo rohita fingerlings were fed till satiation for 60 days. Fish fed with LM20E diet exhibited maximum growth rates and feed conversion (p &lt;0.05) however these were similar in C and LM40 (p &gt; 0.05). Amylase and aminotransferase activities were positively related with growth indices (p &lt; 0.05). Difference in hematological indices was negligible (except total leukocyte count), and lactate dehydrogenase activities in DORB and LM-based fed groups (p &gt; 0.05) while lower superoxide dismutase activities was observed in LM fed groups (p &lt; 0.05). The present study concluded that LM up to 400 g kg–1 could be incorporated as complete DORB replacer in L. rohita diet, however, 200 g kg–1 LM supplemented with 0.98 g L-lysine kg–1 and 1 g exogenous enzyme kg–1 registered the best growth, nutrient utilization, feed conversion ratio, physio-metabolic responses and hematological status.

TECHNOLOGY OF GLUTEN-FREE GINGERBREADS FROMSESAME FLOUR

Background. Flour confectionery in Ukraine is in high demand, it’s made gluten-free mainly using corn and rice flour, rarely buckwheat. In our opinion, an inte­resting alternative to these types of flour will be to use sesame flour in the recipe and technology of gingerbread products, due to its convenience and unique taste. We have not found any research on the use of sesame flour in the technologies of gingerbread flour confectionery in available sources. The aim of this research is to scientifically substantiate and develop the techno­logy of gluten-free gingerbread with a complete replacement of wheat with sesame flour. Materials and methods. The object of research is the technology of gingerbread using gluten-free finely ground sesame flour. As a control sample, high-grade wheat flour was used for the preparation of children’s gingerbread by custard. The quality of gingerbread is determined according to DSTU 4187:2003 (State Stan­dards of Ukraine). Organoleptic evaluation of the samples was performed on a 5-point scale. The calculation of nutritional value (proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, dietary fiber), and the content of minerals is carried out according to the tables of chemical composition. Results. With the help of test doughs, it was found that in the recipe of children’s gingerbread it is possible to completely replace wheat flour with sesame and "dry perfume" (a mixture of spices) with nutmeg. According to organoleptic parameters of two types of gingerbread from wheat and sesame flour, the latter were less porous, but had a pleasant rich taste of sesame and nutmeg aroma. As a result, the identified shortcomings do not have a significant impact on the overall quality of gluten-free products. The technological scheme of preparation of "Sesame" gingerbreads with the use of sesame flour and nutmeg has been developed. The chemical composition, mineral content and energy value of control and deve­loped gingerbreads were calculated. The latter had better nutritional and biological value. Conclusion. The technology of gingerbread dough and gingerbreads with the use of sesame flour and nutmeg has been developed, which improves the organoleptic and physicochemical parameters of the new "Sesame" gingerbreads, makes their taste more expressive and enriches them with useful microelements. By replacing wheat flour with sesame, the finished products do not contain gluten and can be recommended to certain categories of consumers who suffer from diseases associated with wheat protein intolerance and allergy to it.

Effective complete replacement of fish oil by combining poultry and microalgae oils in practical diets for gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) fingerlings

Few ingredients allow the complete replacement of fish meals (FM) and fish oils (FO) in aquaculture feeds without affecting fish performance or fillet nutritive value. This is due to the adequate content of essential nutrients, including the n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LC PUFA), and the unique high palatability of FM and fish oil. Some microalgae present abundant amounts of these fatty acids, for instance docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Therefore, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of two different microalgae products, one providing DHA and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n-3; ED diet), and the other one DHA and n-6 docosapentaenoic acid (DPA, 22:5n-6; DD diet), in combination with poultry oil and rapeseed oil, as total replacers of fish oil, at two different dietary fish meal contents (15 and 7.5%). The effects of these dietary oil combinations on performance, composition and nutritive quality indexes of gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) juveniles were studied and compared against a positive control diet (FO) and two negative control diets (PO diets), one for each dietary fish meal content tested, giving in total 7 experimental diets. Both microalgae products in combination with poultry and rapseed oils were able to completely replace fish oil in practical diets with 15% FM without affecting growth performance, utilization of dietary fatty acids or the nutritional quality of fish fillet for the consumer. On the contrary, PO alone was not able to completely replace fish oil and negatively affected fish performance, in relation to an insufficient dietary n-3 LC-PUFA content. A similar decrease in growth performance was also observed with the reduction of the dietary FM content to 7.5%. In conclusion, both oils from microalgae, providing either DHA and EPA or DHA and n-6 DPA, were effective n-3 LC-PUFA sources for sea bream juveniles and allowed complete replacement of fish oil in combination with more cost-effective lipid sources, such as poultry and rapeseed oils.

Obvious and Improbable in Kuhnian Normal Science

The article is devoted to the analysis of some specific characteristics of the language of normal science described by Thomas Kuhn. We would like to draw attention to two problems associated with some features of the concept of paradigms. The first problem relates to the question, how scientists belonging to one paradigm record the position of a group of scientists adhering to another paradigm. Precisely, the article examines how the problem of “synchronous fragmentation of knowledge” is solved in the language of science. The second issue concerns the age of “normal” knowledge and the question, how the anomalous content of knowledge can appear and accumulate, and what is the status of scientists developing the “anomalous” knowledge. We reveal some possible parameters by which we can determine the early stage of the functioning of normal science, the periods of its heyday and decline. In this article, we try to find an approach to these problems by examining the natural language of scientists, using techniques of content analysis, as well as complex linguistic analysis, including discursive, semantic and pragmatic components. Linguistic analysis can’t finally solve the problems of philosophical analysis of scientific knowledge, in particular, the state of the paradigm concept by Thomas Kuhn. But it helps us to identify the boundaries of paradigms, as well as the state of normal knowledge. The problem of fragmentation of knowledge by paradigms, as well as the problem of “aging” of knowledge inside a “normal science” are not directly expressed by scientists. But they can be recorded by analysis of everyday language, which often becomes entangled with the language of science. The high rate of words that semantically indicate the “obvious” knowledge in scientific texts points to a “good” state of the paradigm. And vice versa, the words denoting “improbable” indirectly indicate its crisis state or express an attitude to the knowledge belonging to a different paradigm. The analysis of the data shows that the alleged complete replacement of Kuhn's concept of a paradigm by the concept of “trading zones” by Peter Galison does not appear to be accomplished. Just as the concept of scientific paradigm did not completely replace the falsificationalism, the Galison’s “trading zones” do not fully reflect the real state of affairs in science. Therefore, the Kuhnian paradigms are recorded at the lexical level in the communication of scientists.

Effects of complete replacement of fish oil with plant oil mixtures and algal meal on growth performance and fatty acid composition in juvenile yellowtail Seriola quinqueradiata

Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is an essential fatty acid for marine carnivorous fish. Algal meal (AM), available as a new dietary DHA source, could completely replace dietary fish oil (FO). In this study, dietary FO was replaced with plant oil mixtures and AM in juvenile yellowtail Seriola quinqueradiata to investigate its effects on growth performance and fatty acid composition. The FO control diet was prepared with only pollack liver oil as the lipid source. For the non-FO diets, pollack liver oil was completely replaced with mixtures of canola oil and palm oil, with AM supplementation at 0% (AM0), 1% (AM1), 2% (AM2), 3% (AM3), and 4% (AM4). After completion of the 8-week feeding trial, the AM2 group showed significantly higher values for final body weight and feed efficiency than the AM0 group. No significant differences were observed in the other parameters of growth performance. Whole-body fatty acid composition reflected the dietary fatty acid composition in all dietary groups. These findings demonstrate that AM is useful as a DHA source in yellowtail aquaculture, thus contributing to a reduction in the use of FO in fish diets.

The setting behavior, mechanical properties and drying shrinkage of ternary blended concrete containing granite quarry dust and processed steel slag aggregate

Abstract The manufacturing of concrete composites have released high volume of carbon dioxide (CO2) gaseous to the environment in the world. Therefore, finding an alternative materials to replace the raw material used in the production of concrete composites have become a current agenda. The industrial waste materials mainly from local coal-fuelled power plant, granite quarrying process, and iron and steel manufacturing industry were utilized in the high-performance concrete production. The waste materials incorporated included ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS), pulverized fly ash (PFA), granite quarry dust (GQD) and electric arc furnace slag (EAFS) were used to partially or completely replace the usage of a synthetic and natural constituent materials in the concrete production which included ordinary Portland cement (OPC), natural river sand (NRS), and natural granite rock (NGR). The study was aimed to establish the feasibility of using EAFS as partial or complete replacement of NGR as the coarse aggregate of concrete with other industrial waste materials in the binder and fine aggregate phase. In addition, the method of optimization on the OPC-GGBS-PFA as a ternary blended binder system was also established. Meanwhile, the optimum combination of chemical admixture dosage was also determined in this study. The concrete composition with the established optimum ternary blended binder system, chemical admixture combination and NRS-GQD composition as a fine aggregate were examined with various NGR replacement level with EAFS ranging from 0% to 100% at the increment of 20%. The properties of the concrete mixes were examined by setting time test on the fresh concrete, mechanical strength tests and drying shrinkage assessment on the hardened concrete. The results showed that the inclusion of the aforementioned waste tends to improve the mechanical strength properties of the concrete, while, reducing the magnitude of length change in terms of drying shrinkage. With such, a concrete with compressive strength of 80 MPa able to be produced with the used of waste material from the industry up to 80% of the total volume.

Complete replacement of fish meal by other animal protein sources on growth performance of Clarias gariepinus fingerlings

To completely replace the fish meal by a mixture of earthworm and maggot meals, experimental diets were tested during 42 days on Clarias gariepinus fingerlings. Five isoproteic and isoenergetic diets (40 % crude protein and 17.9 ± 0.3 kJ g−1) including the control diet (D1) based on fish meal, were formulated. All these diets satisfied the essential amino acids requirements of C. gariepinus fingerlings. These diets were tested on triplicate groups of 50 fishes (initial body weight: 3 ± 0.1 g) bred in tank (0.5 m3). The approximate ratios 2:5; 1:4; 1:12 and 0:1 between the earthworm meal and the maggot meal were used, respectively, to formulate four diets D2, D3, D4 and D5 without fish meal. After the feeding period, significant differences (P < 0.05) were observed on growth, feed utilization between control diet (D1) and test diets (D2–D5). Fish fed earthworm- and maggot-based diets were grown better than those fed the control diet. Survival and feed utilization were not significantly affected by the ratio between earthworm meal and maggot meal in the test diets. Lipid content was higher in carcass and fillet of fishes fed earthworm- and maggot meals-based diets than that of those fed fish meal-based diet. This study indicates that when the ratio 2:5 between the earthworm meal and the maggot meal is used to entirely replace fish meal and the ratio lysine/arginine of the diet is inferior to 1, the growth performances and feed utilization of Clarias gariepinus fingerlings are improved.

An evaluation of the complete replacement of both fishmeal and fish oil in diets for juvenile Asian seabass, Lates calcarifer

An experiment was conducted to examine the potential for the complete replacement of fishmeal (FM) and fish oil (FO) in diets for barramundi, Lates calcarifer. A series of diets were formulated to the same digestible protein and energy specifications, but which were designed with FM inclusion levels at 300, 200, 100 or 0g/kg and FO at 100%, 30%, 15% or 0% of the added oil in the diets (4×4 factorial design). Ricebran oil was the alternative oil used in the growth study, while soybean meal and poultry meal were the main alternative protein sources used. For the growth study, fish of an initial weight of 154.4±1.1g were randomly allocated across 48 tanks (three replicates per treatment). After eight weeks, the average weight gain across all treatments was 187.7±2.3g/fish and feed conversion across all treatments averaged 1.04±0.01 feed/gain. A significant effect of FM on both feed intake and weight gain was observed, and this was observed as early as within the first few weeks, but no similar such effect was observed with FO. No effects were observed on protein deposition efficiency, though both lipid and energy deposition efficiencies were affected by FM level. The reduction in FO had a notable effect on the fatty acid composition of the diets and subsequently the fish fatty acid composition. Expression of key LC-PUFA metabolism genes in the liver of the fish was influenced by both FM and FO levels, but was only significant at the extremes of the treatment ranges. The results from this study demonstrate that there is clear potential to replace almost all the FM content of barramundi diets without loss of fish performance, up to and including diets with as little as 100g/kg fishmeal. Replacement of fish oil was more successful with the ability to completely replace all FO demonstrated at all but the lowest inclusion levels of FM. These results clearly demonstrate that the near complete replacement of both FM and FO in barramundi diets is a technical reality.

Use of Tuna-Cooking Liquid Effluent as a Dietary Protein and Lipid Source Replacing Fishmeal in Formulated Diets for Growing Hatchery-Reared Juvenile Spotted Babylon (Babylonia areolata)

This study presented the first research conducted on the use of tuna by-product from the tuna canning industry for growing hatchery-reared juvenile spotted babylon (Babylonia areolata) to marketable sizes. A feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of five levels of partial to complete replacement of fishmeal by tuna-cooking liquid effluent on growth performance and body composition of snails reared under a flow-through culture system over 150 days. Five experimental diets were formulated to contain 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% of tuna-cooking liquid effluent (diets TCLE0, TCLE25, TCLE50, TCLE75, and TCLE100, respectively). Results showed that significant differences (P 0.05) in final survival rate was found among snails fed all experimental diets. Survival rates ranged from 94.2%-94.6%. Moreover, the snails fed diets of 100% replacement of fishmeal by tuna-cooking liquid effluent meal (TCLE100) showed the highest protein content, lowest lipid content, and lowest cholesterol content compared with snails fed all the other diets. The whole body composition of snails fed TCLE50 was significantly higher (P<0.05) in saturated fatty acid, monounsaturated fatty acid, polyunsaturated fatty acid, unsaturated fatty acid, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), arachinodic acid (ARA), n-6 PUFA, and n-3 PUFA contents than the groups of snails fed all the other diets The results of this study indicated that tuna-cooking liquid effluent meal can completely replace fishmeal protein with positive effects on snail growth performance and whole body composition.

Evaluation of oil fly ash as a light stabilizer for epoxy composites: Accelerated weathering study

Residual oil fly ash (OFA) was used in epoxy pipe formulations for total or partial replacement of commercial light stabilizer i.e. Hostavin® N24 without influencing the thermal or mechanical properties of the pipes. The optimum amount of OFA was identified as 4 wt% in a previous study and used here to prepare a composite for complete replacement of commercial light stabilizer. For this purpose, the optimum amount of OFA filled epoxy composite, based on bisphenol-A liquid epoxy, is prepared via in-situ co-polymerization with isophorone diamine as curing agent in the presence of 4 wt% of OFA as filler. The epoxy composites comprising 0.5 wt% Hostavin® N24 (control) and a mixture of 2 wt% OFA and 0.25 wt% Hostavin® N24 were also prepared for comparison with 4 wt% OFA sample to investigate the possibility of complete or partial replacement of commercial light stabilizer in epoxy pipe formulations. The developed epoxy composites were subjected to 0.5–6 months of accelerated weathering. At each interval, the effects of exposure on the composites were characterized by morphology, FT-IR, mechanical and thermal properties. The results of characterizations reveal that the 4 wt% OFA can completely replace the commercial light stabilizer in epoxy composites for industrial pipes formulations. This replacement will not have any significant impact on the thermal or mechanical properties of the composites. The significance of the effect on mechanical properties was established by using statistical analysis tools.

Complete replacement of metal in metal oxide nanowires via atomic diffusion: In/ZnO case study.

Atomic diffusion is a fundamental process that dictates material science and engineering. Direct visualization of atomic diffusion process in ultrahigh vacuum in situ TEM could comprehend the fundamental information about metal-semiconductor interface dynamics, phase transitions, and different nanostructure growth phenomenon. Here, we demonstrate the in situ TEM observations of the complete replacement of ZnO nanowire by indium with different growth directions. In situ TEM analyses reveal that the diffusion processes strongly depend and are dominated by the interface dynamics between indium and ZnO. The diffusion exhibited a distinct ledge migration by surface diffusion at [001]-ZnO while continuous migration with slight/no ledges by inner diffusion at [100]-ZnO. The process is explained based on thermodynamic evaluation and growth kinetics. The results present the potential possibilities to completely replace metal-oxide semiconductors with metal nanowires without oxidation and form crystalline metal nanowires with precise epitaxial metal-semiconductor atomic interface. Formation of such single crystalline metal nanowire without oxidation by diffusion to the metal oxide is unique and is crucial in nanodevice performances, which is rather challenging from a manufacturing perspective of 1D nanodevices.

Reduction of energy consumption and pollution emissions for industrial furnace using hydrogen-rich tail gas

Using the recovered tail gas (FG) that consists of 60 mol% (50–70 mol%) of hydrogen gas to replace heavy fuel oil (FO) as furnace fuel was studied. With higher FG/FO ratios, the hydrogen content in the fuel increases so that the volume of flue gas reduces to reduce the furnace internal pressure that leads to slower uprising velocity of the thermal flow in the furnace and hence more efficient thermal transmission in the furnace. The results reveal that complete replacement of fuel oil with the recovered tail gas will reduce about 45.8% of the resulting flue gas, lower the furnace radiation zone temperature by 45 °C, raise the furnace convection zone temperature by 18 °C. Additionally, the annual savings of heavy fuel oil can be 2.3 × 104 m3 heavy fuel oil with the reduction of 53.4 tons SOx emission, 21.9 tons of NOx emission and 4.9 × 104 tons of CO2 emission. Therefore, reusing the recovered tail gas to completely replace heavy fuel oil (FO) as the furnace fuel along with operational adjustments of fresh air flow rate and flue baffle angles will alleviate the discharge of greenhouse gas.