Completely Randomized Design Research Articles

Utilization of Maggot Larvae (Hermetia illucens) for Processing Food Waste at the UIN Raden Intan Lampung Canteen

Waste management using maggot larvae (Hermetia illucens) can be an innovative strategy for reducing organic waste. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of maggot larvae in processing organic waste at the UIN Raden Intan Lampung Canteen. The research used a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) technique with 3 treatments and 3 replications. The observed parameters were duration, residue, and maggot weight. The organic waste used included vegetables, fruits, rice, and bones. The results showed that for bone and rice waste, maggots were able to reduce waste by 80%, producing an average residue of 141.3 grams with a decomposition duration of 515 minutes and a final maggot weight of 320.67 grams. For fruit and vegetable waste, maggots reduced waste by 58%, producing an average residue of 293 grams with a decomposition duration of 395 minutes and a final maggot weight of 560.33 grams. For mixed waste, maggots reduced waste by 81% with a decomposition duration of 496.6 minutes and a final maggot weight of 430.3 grams.

Growth performance, serum metabolites, plasma protein fraction, meat lipid profile and antioxidant activities of breast meat of broiler chicken fed diets containing Cinnamomum ceylon powder, Zingiber officinale powder and Moringa oleifera leafmeal supplem

An experiment was conducted to determine growth performance, serum metabolites, plasma protein fraction, meat lipid profile and antioxidant activities of meat of broilers as affected by Cinnamomium ceylon, Zingiber officinale and Moringa oleifera supplementation. A total of 112 day old chicks were allotted into four treatments replicated four times with seven birds per replicate in a completely randomized design (CRD). Basal diets were formulated for broiler starters (0-28days) and finisher phase (29-56) days. The basal diets were divided into 4 diets : diet 1- control diet without supplementation; diet 2- contained 0.2% Cinnamomum ceylon supplementation (CCS); diet 3- contained 0.2% Zingiber officinale supplementation (ZOS), diet 4-contained 0.2% Moringa oleifera leafmeal (MOLM) supplementation. The experiment lasted for 56 days. Results showed an improvement in final liveweight, weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio of birds on 0.2% MOLM. Birds on phytogenic feed additives have lower values of urea, cholesterol, glucose, high density lipoprotein and low density lipoprotein. Birds administered phytogenic supplements exhibited much greater plasma albumin levels. Low levels of meat cholesterol, triglycerides and low density lipoprotein were found in birds fed phytogenic feed additives while high levels of high density lipoprotein were recorded for birds on phytogenic feed additives. The supplementation of broilers diets with phytogenic feed additives increased the glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase and decreased lipid peroxidation. It was concluded that supplementation of broiler diets with Moringa oleifera leaf meal enhanced body weight gain, antioxidant activities also reduced cholesterol level in both serum metabolites and meat.

Effect of Treating Alfalfa Seeds with Gibberellin and Nano-fertilizer on Productive Characteristics and Protein Content in Hydroponic Cultures

This study was carried out in an experiment in an incubator designed for hydroponic seed germination with tight thermal insulation in the laboratories of the Department of Plant Production Technologies at the Technical College of Agriculture in Mosul, which is affiliated with the Northern Technical University in Iraq, where the seeds of the Dutch variety alfalfa (Medicago sativa. L) were germinated commercially and four times between 2022 and 2024. The experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design (CRD) with two factors and three replicates in perforated dishes with dimensions of 28 cm in length and 19 cm in width (area 532 cm2) at a seed rate of kg / m2, resulting in an average seed weight of 53 g in one dish. The first experimental factor was the germination periods, while the second factor was soaking the seeds in solutions of varying amounts made from gibberellin and nano-compound fertilizer with the comparison treatment, which is soaking in water alone, as follows: Gibberellin 100 ppm and given the symbol GA 100ppm- Gibberellin 200 ppm and given the symbol 200ppm GA- --Nano fertilizer 20:20:20 NPK at a concentration of 2000 ppm and given the symbol NPK2000ppm. -Nano fertilizer 20:20:20 NPK at a concentration of 4000 ppm and given the symbol NPK4000ppm. This study showed that the Gibberellin 200ppm GA treatment was significantly superior to the rest of the other soaking treatments in the characteristics of the height of the incubator (3.66 cm), as well as the wet weight of both seedlings and roots and their dry weight, which were (497.88, 56.97g/dish-1), respectively, The fresh and dried root weights were considerably greater in the same treatment, at (400.86 and 43.86 g/dish-1), respectively. while the comparison treatment was superior. Morally, it was significantly superior to the rest of the other soaking treatments in the characteristic of protein in the medium was (18.29%). As for the times of hydroponic seed germination, there were no significant differences between the times in all the studied characteristics, which enhances the high degree of incubator isolation, the accuracy of implementing the experiment, and the accuracy of taking the results.

Haematological response of starter broiler chickens fed diets containing graded levels of dried watermelon peel meal

The experiment was carried out to assess the hematological parameters of starter broiler chickens fed feed formulated with dried watermelon peel meal (DWPM). Ninety-six 21-day old broiler chickens were randomly assigned into four (4) treatments of twenty-four (24) birds each containing 0, 10, 20 and 30% DWPM and coded as D1, D2, D3 and D4 respectively in a completely randomized design (CRD). Each treatment groups were further sub-divided into four (4) sub-groups of eight (8) birds to serve as replicate. At the end of the experiment, one bird per replicate was selected for blood analysis. Packed cell volume (PCV), haemoglobin (Hb), white blood cells (WBC), red blood cells (RBC), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), platelets concentration (PC), mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH) and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC), granulocyte and lymphocyte were measured. Results showed that the DWPM diet had no effect (P>0.05) on PCV, Hb, WBC, RBC, MCV, MCH, PC and MCHC. All mean values for the haematological parameters are above the normal range except WBC and RBC. In conclusion, the lack of significant effect suggests that, DWPM can be safely incorporated up to 12.5% in to the diets of starter broiler chicks without adverse haematological consequences. Nevertheless, careful consideration should be given to ensuring optimal nutritional balance and health status in broiler flocks.

The Effect of Adhesive Ratio on the Quality of Charcoal Briquettes

This study used cassava stem charcoal and charcoal from forest fires mixed with tapioca adhesive at different ratios, the aim was to analyze the effect of different adhesive ratios on the quality of charcoal briquettes.Charcoal briquettes are formed using a 40 bar press machine with a pressing time of 10 minutes. The mixture of charcoal briquette raw materials uses a tapioca adhesive ratio of 2%, 4%, 6%, 8% and 10%.Testing is carried out to determine the quality, then analyzed and compared with the SNI 01-6235-2000 standard.The effect of adhesive ratio on adhesive quality was analyzed using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The test results show the following values:density 0.54 g/cm3, moisture content 4.97%, compressive strength 28.43 kg/cm2, volatile matter content 36.02%, ash content 6.36%, fixed carbon content 56.45% and calorific value 6,195 cal/gobtained from a 10% adhesive ratio. The adhesive ratio has a very significant effect on the water content, compressive strength and calorific value; has a significant effect on the density value; and has no significant effect on the volatile matter value, ash content and bound carbon content.The results of charcoal briquette testing mostly meet the standards according to SNI (No. 01-6235-2000)

Enumeration of Genetic Variability Parameters and Association among Early Seedling Growth Parameters under Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) induced Osmotic Stress in rabi Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (l.) Moench)

Aims: The research aims to explore the variability within diverse rabi sorghum germplasms and identify the relationships among different early seedling growth traits. This will provide valuable insights for future breeding programs, aiding in the development of resilient sorghum varieties that can contribute to improved food security and agricultural sustainability. Study Design: The study was conducted by employing factorial complete randomized design (FCRD) with two replications. Where, two factors was considered, genotype as first factor and PEG concentration as second. Place and Duration of Study: The experiment was conducted during rabi season of 2023 at University of Agricultural Sciences Dharwad, Karnataka. Methodology: A total of 156 germplasm lines of rabi sorghum were assessed in vitro for early seedling growth characteristics, including germination percentage, shoot length, root length, seedling dry weight, and seedling vigor indices I and II, under both control and osmotic stress conditions induced by polyethylene glycol (PEG). Osmotic stress was induced by dissolving PEG 6000 in distilled water to achieve the desired concentration. The germplasm lines were then subjected to germination and early growth under these conditions using the paper towel method. The genetic variability parameters for each trait were quantified to examine the degree of variability in the material used, and correlation analysis was performed to understand the relationships among the traits studied. Results: The variance analysis showed highly significant differences among genotypes, treatments, and the genotype-by-environment (G×E) interactions. Genetic variability parameters revealed considerable variability across all traits studied, which tended to increase with higher stress levels. Moderate to high GCV and PCV was observed for all the traits studied. Correlation analysis demonstrated a strong, significant positive relationship among all seedling parameters, except between root length and shoot length, as well as between shoot length and germination percentage under control conditions. Conclusion: The study emphasizes the effect of osmotic stress on the early vigor and growth of sorghum seedlings. The findings reveal significant variability in seedling traits, suggesting that selection can be employed for genetic enhancement of these traits. Correlation analysis identified specific traits or combinations of traits that should be considered when selecting genotypes tolerant to osmotic stress conditions. These findings offer great potential to guide and improve selection and breeding programs focused on enhancing drought tolerant sorghum varieties.

Kemiri Sunan Buds Induction (Reutealis trisperma (Blanco) Airy Shaw) For In Vitro in Ms Media with Different Concentrations of the Substance Growing Manager

Need oil fuel in Indonesia has increased. Oil production reached only 410,000 barrels per day while the needs of up to 1 million barrels per day. One plant is capable of producing biofuels is Pecan sunan. Vegetative reproduction has been hampered by the limited number of obtained so that necessary research in vitro. This research aims to know the concentration of the substance growing balance sitokinin (BA, TDZ and kinetin) and Auxin (NAA) in Pecan sunan buds induces on the MS medium. Experimental design used was Complete Random Design simple. The treatment is the composition of the basic MS medium with medium that is combined with the astringent balance grow NAA (0.5 mg/l), BA (1-3 mg/l), TDZ (0.2 mg/l) and kinetin (2 mg/l). The result of the observation form buds, but callus changes color and size kalus. Before and after color callus subculture of potentially forming buds is the A9 (MS + 0.5 mg/l NAA + 3 mg/l BA + 2 mg/l kinetin). While kalus response tends to be good on the A5 is 0 MS media (MS + 0.5 mg/l NAA + 2 mg/l BA + 0.2 mg/l TDZ) and G media is A2 (MS + 0.5 mg/l NAA + 2 mg/l BA).

Digitized Seedbed Soil Quality Assessment from Worn and Edge Hardened Cultivator Sweeps

Tillage tools for seedbed soil management are often subjected to low stress abrasion wear, which could negatively affect seedbed quality and crop productivity. Limited studies exist that quantify the effects of worn tillage tools on seedbed quality and crop yield. This research investigated the influence of tillage tool wear on seedbed preparation by evaluating the effect of cultivator sweep wear on soil tilth utilizing a light detection and ranging (LiDAR) sensor. The framework consists of a seedbed tillage field experiment using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) experiment in six replicates of two-tillage treatments (new and worn cultivator sweeps). After seedbed tillage, loosely tilled soil aggregates were removed to expose the seedbed soil profile, and then seedbed roughness statistical measures were estimated from LiDAR-scanned seedbed soil surface. Three statistical analyses (Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), Kolmogorov–Smirnov (KS), and Earth Mover’s Distance (EMD)) were compared to quantitatively evaluate the soil roughness estimated from the LiDAR seedbed surface data. Seedbed prepared by new and worn cultivator sweeps showed significant differences (p < 0.05) in soil roughness variables of standard deviation, coefficient of variation, and kurtosis. Data analysis from the ANOVA and KS methods revealed that LiDAR-extracted soil roughness patterns were statistically influenced by tillage treatment. EMD analysis detected noticeable disparities between the tillage treatments and new versus worn cultivator sweeps. This study concludes that tillage tool wear substantively affects seedbed quality, as evidenced by LiDAR soil profile estimated attributes of soil roughness and three statistical methods (ANOVA, KS, and EMD). Our study supports the adoption of LiDAR technology for seedbed management, highlighting its applicability to evaluate seedbed quality that accounts for the wear life cycle of cultivator sweeps.

Evaluation of selected rice cultivars' phenotypic traits and chlorophyll content under sub-mergence stress

Currently, rice production in Nigeria is on the increase with the aim of meeting the nation’s need but floods (mainly seasonal) has been among the major factors limiting rice production. Rice is generally a semi aquatic plant well adapted to partially flooded fields but flash flooding may leads to complete submergence there by resulting into huge economic losses mainly due to reduction in gases (hypoxia) and light intensity needed for photosynthesis. The research was conducted at the Biological Garden, Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University Birnin Kebbi. The experiment was set off in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) consisting of four rice cultivars with control and three replications. Length of internodes, number of nodes per plant, plant height, root length and chlorophyll contents were evaluated using standard methods and protocols. The study analyzed the impact of flooding on rice cultivars, finding significant differences in node number, internode length, plant height, root lengths, and chlorophyll content. The highest number of nodes was found in CP Yartunga, followed by Faro with 6.33 per plant. The highest plant height was 15.50 cm in Faro, while the highest chlorophyll content was 0.41 mg/g in CP 44. The research reveals that rice cultivars recover from flooding stress, with CP Yartunga having the highest number of nodes per plant and Faro having the highest internode length. No significant differences were found in plant height, root length, or chlorophyll content among the evaluated cultivars. Faro had the lowest chlorophyll content. The study reveals that under stress, chlorophyll content in various locations decreases significantly, with a significant drop in recovery and node numbers. Lastly, node recovery is substantial, suggesting lower injury levels. The present study suggests that cultivars like Faro and CP 44 show better resilience, suggesting potential breeding programs focusing on structural traits.

Correlation and Path Coefficient Analysis for Yield and its Phenological, Physiological, Morphological and Biochemical Traits under 60 mM Salinity Stress in Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)

The investigation was carried out during rabi season (November–April) of 2020–2021 in the polyhouse, Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India to assess the performance of chickpea genotypes under salinity stress conditions. The experiment was conducted using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with three replications under two conditions: saline (pots without holes) and control (pots with holes). Twenty genotypes were collected out of which seventeen from ICRISAT, Hyderabad and three from ARS, SriGanganagar. The salinity stress was created using salts NaCl, which were administered in split doses of 60 mM at the time of sowing and 15 DAS. The study monitored various parameters such as phenological, physiological, morphological, biochemical, and yield parameters to determine the effect of salt stress on genotypes exhibiting different tolerance levels. The results showed that the total proline content increased due to the production of stress-related proteins during salinity stress. However, the yield parameters were reduced under stress conditions, with the highest decrease observed in the 60 mM NaCl treatment group compared to the control group. Based on the results of the study, ICC5439 and GNG 1581 are highly tolerant chickpea genotypes under salinity stress conditions. ICC 6050, ICC 251, ICC 252, and ICC 262 are medium tolerant genotypes, while ICC253, ICC 247, and ICC 249 are highly susceptible genotypes. Remaining are minimum tolerant and sensitive genotypes.

Resistance of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties to Gram Pod Borer (Helicoverpa armigera) in a Controlled Environment

The research was conducted within the controlled environment of the net house at the Faculty of Agriculture Science and Technology, AKS University, Satna (M.P.), during the Rabi season of 2023-24. Eight diverse chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) genotypes, viz. JG-63, JG-130, L-2, JG-14, RAJ-128, Narendran-2, Annagiri and RVG-202, were systematically screened to evaluate their resistance to the gram pod borer (Helicoverpa armigera) under protected conditions. The study was meticulously designed using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with three replications to ensure robust statistical analysis. Throughout the critical vegetative, flowering and maturity stages, the larval population density of H. armigera was rigorously monitored across all genotypes at regular intervals. The comprehensive data analysis revealed that genotypes RAJ-128 and RVG-202 demonstrated superior resistance, exhibiting the lowest mean larval density of 0.25 and 0.29 larvae per 0.5 m², respectively, indicating their potential for integrated pest management in chickpea cultivation.

Effect of Different Chemical Pretreatments and Packaging Systems on Quality Characteristics of Fresh-Cut Pomegranate Arils (Punica granatum, L.)

Aims: Pomegranate (Punica granatum) is considered as challenging to consume due to its hard structure, hence used for fresh-cut production. Extending the shelf life of fresh-cut pomegranate arils would improve their marketability, transport efficiency, and reduce post-harvest losses. Study Design: Completely Randomized Design by using GRAPES (General R based Analysis Platform Empowered by Statistics). Place and Duration of Study: College of Agriculture, Kerala Agricultural University, February 2022-July 2024. Methodology: Pomegranate arils were extracted and treated with different pre-treatment solutions viz., 0.5% ascorbic acid, 0.5% citric acid, 1% calcium chloride and 1% calcium ascorbate for 4 minutes. The best pre-treatment solution was selected and arils were packaged in different packaging systems viz., shrink wrapping in 15µ polyolefin film, vacuum packaging in laminated pouches, MAP with N2 flushing in laminated pouches, aluminium tray wrapped with cling film and stored under two different storage conditions, after treating with 1% calcium ascorbate. Results: 1% calcium ascorbate was selected as the best pre-treatment solution and pre-treated arils kept in MAP with N2 flushing in laminated pouches stored under low temperature condition was found to be the best packaging and storage system. 1% calcium ascorbate treated arils in MAP with N2 flushing in laminated pouches stored under low temperature condition (10±5oC) had a shelf life of 6 days with superior physiological (PLW, percent leakage), chemical (acidity, vitamin C, phenol) and sensory characters (color, flavour, texture, appearance, taste and overall acceptability) as compared to control (2.00 days). Maximum vitamin C content of 23.02 mg 100g-1 and least phenol content of 214.16 mg 100g-1 were recorded on 6th day of storage. Conclusion: Pomegranate arils pre-treated with 1% calcium ascorbate for 4 minutes, kept in MAP with N2 flushing in laminated pouches stored under low temperature condition (10±5oC) can be considered as a protocol for shelf life extension of pomegranate arils.

Evaluation of Ratoon Potential and Yield of Some Sorghum Varieties (Sorghum bicolor L)

Sorghum production needs to be increased to meet food or feed needs because sorghum grain has nutritional qualities that are comparable to other grains such as corn. One of the advantages of the sorghum plant is the growth of new shoots from the base of the harvested stem which produces new plants, ratoon, that grow until they can be harvested. This experiment examines the ratoon potential of 5 sorghum varieties, Bioguma, Samurai, Pahat, Suri4, and the local Gando Keta variety so that we can utilize ratoon technology on these sorghum varieties. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse using a Completely Randomized Design. It can be confirmed from this experiment that the dry matter weight of the main plants is higher compared to the ratoon plants' dry matter weight, however, the yield of the ratoon was higher than that of the main plants. Seed size contributes to the higher yield of the ratoon plants. Among all the varieties tested, Suri4 and Pahat show the best ratoon potential. Gando Keta, the local variety, has the lowest grain yield of main and ratoon compared to the other varieties.

Evaluation of Field Performance of Groundnut Varieties through Different Vigour Tests

A field experiment was carried out to evaluate the field performance of groundnut varieties through different vigour tests during Rabi, 2023-24 at S.V. Agricultural College, Tirupati, Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, Andhra Pradesh. The experimental material consisted of 10 groundnut varieties Narayani, Dharani, Dheeraj, TCGS-1694, Nithya Haritha, Kadiri-9, Kadiri-6, Kadiri Amaravathi, Kadiri-1812 and TAG-24 collected from different sources. In the preliminary experiment seed multiplication was done and the multiplied seed was used for conducting six vigour tests namely Germination test, speed of germination test, Seedling vigour index-Ⅰ, Seedling vigour index-Ⅱ, Accelerated ageing test, Electrical conductivity test in the laboratory using Completely Randomised Design with four replications. The multiplied seed was used for evaluating field performance using Randomised block design with three replications. Significant differences were found among the varieties based on vigour levels. Results with respect to field experiment showed that growth parameters i.e. field emergence percentage, days to 50 % flowering, days to maturity, number of branches per plant, number of pods per plant, pod yield per plant, kernel yield per plant, pod yield per plot, plant height, shelling percentage, 100 seed weight and harvest index varied significantly among different varieties based on different vigour levels. Varieties with higher vigour had shown higher field emergence percentage. Among the ten varieties Kadiri-6 had shown highest field emergence percentage. Significant correlation was observed among laboratory and field experiments. Vigorous varieties were able to perform better in terms of some of the field parameters and among all the vigour tests performed speed of germination test had high correlation with field emergence.

Pengaruh Level Tepung Jagung Terhadap Kualitas Organoleptik, Oksidasi Lemak Dan Total Bakteri Sui Wu’u Daging Babi Bagian Perut

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of corn flour levels on organoleptic quality, fat oxidation and total bacteria in the processing of pork belly sui wu'u. This study used a Complete Random Design (RAL) consisting of three treatments and five replicates so that there were 15 experimental units. The pork used were: belly pork including fat and skin as much as 250 g from each test, and the use of cornmeal with different levels in each treatment, namely: 200% (P1), 400% (P2), and 600% (P3). The variables measured were fat oxidation, total bacteria and organoleptic tests including color, aroma, taste and texture. The results of statistical analysis showed that the administration of corn flour with different levels in sui wu'u of abdominal pork showed a real effect (P<0.05) on organoleptic quality and TBA value, but no real effect (P>0.05) on TPC. It was concluded that the higher the level of corn flour given, the higher the organoleptic quality and the decrease in Total Plate Count (TPC). The best level of cornstarch in pork sui wu'u is at the level of 600%. The best organoleptic quality is: color at P3 2.70±1.15% (pale red), the best value of TBA at P2 is 12.81±1.08 mg. Mal/g, and the best value of TPC in P2 is 3.37±3.38 (colony/gr).

Duration of Light Exposure Using White Light-Emitting Diode (LED) on the Performance of White Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus L.)

Background: In the dynamic world of mushroom cultivation, optimizing growth conditions is paramount for maximizing yield and quality. This research sought to evaluate the influence of varying hours of exposure to white light through light-emitting diodes (LED) on growth and yield performance of white oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus L.). Its aim was to determine the most effective light exposure duration for enhancing mushroom growth and yield. Research Design: Using a completely randomized design (CRD), the study used four treatments: 8 hours of lighting (T1), 12 hours of lighting (T2), 16 hours of lighting (T3), and a control group that received natural light (T4). The study was conducted in Palayamanan (8° 27’ 5.3118" N and 126° 9’ 59.7739" E) area at North Eastern Mindanao State University’s -Tagbina Campus from July 2023 to November 2023. Results: Results from the study provided interesting insights into the indirect nature of the relationship between light exposure and mushroom development. The findings of the study indicate that the duration of light exposure significantly affects the growth and yield of white oyster mushrooms. Both mycelium growth (29.80 days) and fruiting body formation (7.83 days), as well as harvesting time (10.87 days), were improved by 12 hours of lighting, while the control group consistently showed poor performance. Conclusion: Based from the analysis, it is evident that 12 hours of lighting consistently performed very well, with the exception of a minor under-performance in the case of yield per harvest, suggesting that 12 hours might be the ideal duration. Hence, 16 hours of lighting also demonstrated some advantages in certain variables, indicating potential for further study.

Characterization of Pectinase Enzyme Produced from Indigenous Yeast Isolates During Fermentation of Robusta Coffee Beans

The following research aims to understand indigenous yeast isolates that are pectinolytic, the effect of incubation time on pectinase enzyme activity, and the pH and temperature properties of pectinase enzymes obtained from indigenous yeasts from spontaneous fermentation of robusta coffee beans. The following type of research is an experiment through RAL (Completely Randomized Design). The results showed that testing of seven indigenous yeast isolates was pectinolytic and that the highest pectinolytic ability was isolate K24I7 with a clear zone diameter of 3.13 mm. The characterization results of the pectinase enzyme produced from isolate K24I7 were optimum at pH 5.5 with an enzyme specific activity value of 10.09 U/mg and optimum temperature in the range of 40oC-60oC with an average enzyme specific activity of 10.08 U/mg. The pectinase enzyme produced from isolate K24I7 is thermophile because it is still active at 70°C

BERAT POTONG AYAM BROILER YANG DIBERI EKSTRAK KUNYIT PUTIH (Curcuma zedoaria) DENGAN DOSIS YANG BERBEDA SECARA ORAL

This research was conducted to determine the effect of oral administration of white turmeric extract (Curcuma Zedoaria) at different levels on the slaughter weight of broiler chickens. This research will take place for 3 months, August – October 2023 at the Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Animal Husbandry, Livestock Unit, Pattimura University, Ambon. Completely Randomized Design (CRD) was used in this study with 4 replications and 4 treatments, the replications consisted of 6 chickens. The treatments applied were P0 = feed without giving turmeric extract (control), P1= feed + turmeric extract 0.7 ml/head, P2= feed + turmeric extract 1.4 ml/head, P3= feed + turmeric extract 2.1 ml /tail. The variables observed were feed consumption and slaughter weight. The results of the research conducted showed that oral administration of white turmeric extract had no significant effect (P > 0.05) on feed consumption and slaughter weight of broiler chickens. However, numerically the administration of white turmeric extract resulted in a higher increase in the slaughter weight of broiler chickens compared to the slaughter weight of broiler chickens without the administration of white turmeric extract.

Histopathological Description of Mouse Liver in a Sepsis Model Infected with Escherichia coli Treated with Paederia foetida L. Leaf Extract for Sepsis Prevention

The leaf of Paederia foetida L. is one type of medicinal plant that can be used as a preventive medicine for sepsis. This plant contains secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, flavonoids, triterpenoids, saponins, and other active compounds. The objective of this study was to determine the histopathological description of the liver in a mouse sepsis model infected with E. coli, with the administration of Paederia foetida L. leaf extract for sepsis prevention, and to ascertain the influence and effective dosage of the leaf extract as a preventive measure against liver histopathology in the sepsis model induced by E. coli. The method employed was a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The study used 24 male white mice divided into 6 (six) groups. Data analysis was conducted using One Way ANOVA. The results of the study revealed the histopathological profile of liver cell degeneration in group PI (100mg/kg BW) at 20.79%±0.03, group PII (200mg/kg BW) at 21.63%±0.02, and group PIII (500mg/kg BW) at 9.08%±0.02. Necrosis rates were observed in group PI (100mg/kgBW) at 22.62%±0.04, group PII (200mg/kg BW) at 17.63%±0.02, and group PIII (500mg/kg BW) at 6.05%±0.02. The presence of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) was detected in group PI (100mg/kgBW) at 39.56%±0.03, group PII (200mg/kgBW) at 28.05%±0.02, and group PIII (500mg/kg BW) at 18.45%±0.03. The test results showed a significant effect of P. foetida L. leaf extract as a preventive measure against liver histopathology in the mouse sepsis model infected with E. coli, with significant values for necrosis (p=0.000), cell degeneration (p=0.000), and PMN (p=0.000). The most effective dosage of P. foetida L. leaf extract as a preventive measure against liver histopathology in the mouse sepsis model infected with E. coli was the dosage used in group PIII (500mg/kgBW).

Using Azolla (Azolla microphylla) leaf meal and phytonutrient powder on rumen fermentation efficiency and nutrient degradability using in vitro technique.

This work was to investigate the effect of using Azolla (Azolla microphylla) leaf meal and phytonutrient powder on rumen fermentation efficiency and nutrient degradability using in vitro technique. All respective treatments were imposed in a 2 × 4 × 2 Factorial arrangements according to a completely randomized design (CRD). The first factor was two ratios of roughage to concentrate (R:C at 60:40, and 40:60), the second factor was Azolla (Azolla microphylla) powder (AMP) supplementation levels (0%, 3%, 6%, and 9% of the total substrate) and the third factor was Turmeric (Curcuma longa) powder (TUP) supplementation levels (0% and 2% of the total substrate). Cumulative gas production at 96 h, was affected by R:C and numerically increased by AMP and TUP supplementation (p<0.05). Gas production kinetics increased with the increasing ratio of concentrate and AMP supplementation whereas TUP supplement reduced gas production. In vitro DM degradability was remarkably increased (p<0.05) by the R:C ratio, AMP and TUP supplementation. However, increasing R:C ratio, AMP and TUP supplementation resulted in the concentration of propionate (C3) significantly increasing (p<0.05). Acetate (C2), C2:C3 ratio, and protozoal population were improved (p<0.05), while the methane production decreased. Under this study, the results were obtained under the supplementation level of 9% AMP and 2% TUP of total substrate, hence, the combined use is potentially beneficial. These results revealed a potential use of AMP and TUP as a supplement to improve rumen fermentation for ruminant feeding. Nevertheless, in vivo feeding trials should be further investigated using AMP and TUP as a source of protein and phytonutrient.