Complete System Research Articles

Type 2 diabetes mellitus related sarcopenia: a type of muscle loss distinct from sarcopenia and disuse muscle atrophy

Muscle loss is a significant health concern, particularly with the increasing trend of population aging, and sarcopenia has emerged as a common pathological process of muscle loss in the elderly. Currently, there has been significant progress in the research on sarcopenia, including in-depth analysis of the mechanisms underlying sarcopenia caused by aging and the development of corresponding diagnostic criteria, forming a relatively complete system. However, as research on sarcopenia progresses, the concept of secondary sarcopenia has also been proposed. Due to the incomplete understanding of muscle loss caused by chronic diseases, there are various limitations in epidemiological, basic, and clinical research. As a result, a comprehensive concept and diagnostic system have not yet been established, which greatly hinders the prevention and treatment of the disease. This review focuses on Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM)-related sarcopenia, comparing its similarities and differences with sarcopenia and disuse muscle atrophy. The review show significant differences between the three muscle-related issues in terms of pathological changes, epidemiology and clinical manifestations, etiology, and preventive and therapeutic strategies. Unlike sarcopenia, T2DM-related sarcopenia is characterized by a reduction in type I fibers, and it differs from disuse muscle atrophy as well. The mechanism involving insulin resistance, inflammatory status, and oxidative stress remains unclear. Therefore, future research should further explore the etiology, disease progression, and prognosis of T2DM-related sarcopenia, and develop targeted diagnostic criteria and effective preventive and therapeutic strategies to better address the muscle-related issues faced by T2DM patients and improve their quality of life and overall health.

Clinical performance and safety of a two-lead cardiac resynchronization therapy system with a floating atrial sensing dipole

Abstract Background The incidence of complications after implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) and cardiac resynchronisation therapy (CRT-D) implantations is dependent on the number of implanted leads. The majority of CRT-D patients have unimpaired sinus node function and do not require atrial pacing. A two-lead CRT-D system with a floating atrial sensing dipole mounted on the right ventricular lead ((CRT-DX) allows dual chamber tachyarrhythmia detection, and atrio-ventricular sequential pacing with a reduced amount of implanted material. Purpose This study investigated the clinical efficacy and safety of the CRT-DX system. Methods This multicentre, single-arm study observed patients after de novo implantation of a CRT-DX system for 12 months. Patients were eligible for the study when chronotropic competence was proven by heart rates ≥100 bpm during exercise, premature ventricular contractions rate of < 5%/h and absence of atrioventricular block ≥ II. Intraoperatively measured p-wave amplitude of ≥ 1 mV was recommended. The primary safety endpoint was the additional implantation of a right atrial (RA) lead after the initial implantation. As indicators of efficacy, we report the changes in left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and New York Heart Association (NYHA) class over the follow-up period. Results Overall, 110 patients were implanted with the complete CRT-DX system. Mean age of study participants was 62 ± 12 years and 77 (70%) were male. The underlying heart disease was non-ischemic in 66 (60%) patients and 103 (93%) had a left bundle branch block. NYHA class was II in 60 (54.5%) and III in 50 (45.5%) patients. ICD placement was performed in 13 (11.8%) patients for the secondary prevention of sudden cardiac death. A total of 104 patients completed the follow-up, 2 patients died, 1 had the system explanted for infection, 2 withdrew consent and 1 was lost to follow-up. The primary endpoint of RA lead implantation was met in 2 (1.8%) participants (Figure 1). One patient required atrial pacing and one patient, who had shown a p-wave amplitude < 1 mV at implantation, lost atrial sensing. The mean RA sensing amplitude remained stable during follow-up (4.6 ± 1.8 mV, 4.9 ± 1.8 mV and 4.6 ± 1.8 mV at 1, 6 and 12 months, respectively; Figure 2). The LVEF improved by 14.7% ± 11.0%, from 26.3% ± 6.9% to 40.8% ± 10.7% (p < 0.00001). Changes in NYHA class were available in 87 patients with 35 (40.2%) improved by one class and 13 (14.9 %) by two classes. Thirty-four (39.1%) had no change and 5 (5.7%) worsened by one class (global p < 0.00001). Conclusion The two-lead CRT-DX system showed a low requirement of subsequent RA lead implantations (1.8%) and stable RA sensing amplitudes. Our results suggest a CRT response similar to that of conventional three-lead CRT-D systems. CRT-DX systems appear to be a feasible alternative for patients with chronotropic competence.Kaplan-Meier curve for primary endpointDaily mean RA sensing amplitude

Hamiltonian formalism for Bose excitations in a plasma with a non-Abelian interaction I: Plasmon – hard particle scattering

Hamiltonian theory for collective longitudinally polarized gluon excitations (plasmons) interacting with classical high-energy test color-charged particle propagating through a high-temperature gluon plasma is developed. A generalization of the Lie-Poisson bracket to the case of a continuous medium involving bosonic normal field variable ak⁎a and a non-Abelian color charge Qa is performed and the corresponding Hamilton equations are presented. The canonical transformations including simultaneously both bosonic degrees of freedom of the soft collective excitations and degree of freedom of hard test particle connecting with its color charge in the hot gluon plasma are written out. A complete system of the canonicity conditions for these transformations is derived. The notion of the plasmon number density Nkaa1′, which is a nontrivial matrix in the color space, is introduced. An explicit form of the effective fourth-order Hamiltonian describing the elastic scattering of a plasmon off a hard color particle is found and the self-consistent system of Boltzmann-type kinetic equations taking into account the time evolution of the mean value of the color charge of the hard particle is obtained. On the basis of these equations, a model problem of the interaction of two infinitely narrow wave packets is considered. A system of nonlinear first-order ordinary differential equations defining the dynamics of the interaction of the colorless Nkl and color Wkl components of the plasmon number density is derived. The problem of determining the third- and fourth-order coefficient functions entering into the canonical transformations of the original bosonic variable ak⁎a and color charge Qa is discussed. With the help of the coefficient functions obtained, a complete effective amplitude of the elastic scattering of plasmon off hard test particle is written out.

Influencing Factors of Financing Constraints of Micro and Small Enterprises (MSEs) in China: A Risk Information Conveyance Perspective

Given the phenomenon of “financing is difficult and expensive” for MSEs, this paper empirically investigated the influencing mechanism of the credit demand side characteristics on the financing constraints of MSEs based on the information conveyance perspective. The conclusions show that MSEs in China are severely suffering from financing constraints and 57.17% and 50.00% of MSEs with credit demand have not applied for loans from formal and informal financing channels, respectively. In terms of enterprise characteristics, MSEs have low asset size, short establishment history, weak profitability, and lack of tools such as fixed assets, complete financial management system, professional technicians, and private brands to convey risk information to financing institutions, which are key factors resulting in their financing constraints. In terms of owner characteristics, young owners lack financing experience and convey higher risk information to financing institutions; therefore, owners’ age negatively influences the financing constraints of MSEs. These findings suggest that banks can use big data credit technology as a tool to obtain risk information about MSEs, and the government should implement diversified interventions to improve the information environment in financial markets. These findings provide empirical evidence for banks and governments to address the financing constraints of MSEs.

Rational cross‐sections, bounded generation, and orders on groups

AbstractWe provide new examples of groups without rational cross‐sections (also called regular normal forms), using connections with bounded generation and rational orders on groups. Our examples contain a finitely presented HNN‐extension of the first Grigorchuk group. This last group is the first example of finitely presented group with solvable word problem and without rational cross‐sections. It is also not autostackable, and has no left‐regular complete rewriting system.

Exploring the comparative genome of rice pathogen Burkholderia plantarii: unveiling virulence, fitness traits, and a potential type III secretion system effector

This study presents a comprehensive genomic analysis of Burkholderia plantarii, a rice pathogen that causes blight and grain rot in seedlings. The entire genome of B. plantarii KACC 18964 was sequenced, followed by a comparative genomic analysis with other available genomes to gain insights into its virulence, fitness, and interactions with rice. Multiple secondary metabolite gene clusters were identified. Among these, 12 demonstrated varying similarity levels to known clusters linked to bioactive compounds, whereas eight exhibited no similarity, indicating B. plantarii as a source of potentially novel secondary metabolites. Notably, the genes responsible for tropolone and quorum sensing were conserved across the examined genomes. Additionally, B. plantarii was observed to possess three complete CRISPR systems and a range of secretion systems, exhibiting minor variations among the analyzed genomes. Genomic islands were analyzed across the four genomes, and a detailed study of the B. plantarii KACC 18964 genome revealed 59 unique islands. These islands were thoroughly investigated for their gene contents and potential roles in virulence. Particular attention has been devoted to the Type III secretion system (T3SS), a crucial virulence factor. An in silico analysis of potential T3SS effectors identified a conserved gene, aroA. Further mutational studies, in planta and in vitro analyses validated the association between aroA and virulence in rice. Overall, this study enriches our understanding of the genomic basis of B. plantarii pathogenicity and emphasizes the potential role of aroA in virulence. This understanding may guide the development of effective disease management strategies.

Real-time generation of circular patterns in electron beam lithography

Electron beam lithography (EBL) involves the transfer of a pattern onto the surface of a substrate by first scanning a thin layer of organic film (called resist) on the surface by a tightly focused and precisely controlled electron beam (exposure) and then selectively removing the exposed or nonexposed regions of the resist in a solvent (developing). It is widely used for fabrication of integrated circuits, mask manufacturing, photoelectric device processing, and other fields. The key to drawing circular patterns by EBL is the graphics production and control. In an EBL system, an embedded processor calculates and generates the trajectory coordinates for movement of the electron beam, and outputs the corresponding voltage signal through a digital-to-analog converter (DAC) to control a deflector that changes the position of the electron beam. Through this procedure, it is possible to guarantee the accuracy and real-time control of electron beam scanning deflection. Existing EBL systems mostly use the method of polygonal approximation to expose circles. A circle is divided into several polygons, and the smaller the segmentation, the higher is the precision of the splicing circle. However, owing to the need to generate and scan each polygon separately, an increase in the number of segments will lead to a decrease in the overall lithography speed. In this paper, based on Bresenham’s circle algorithm and exploiting the capabilities of a field-programmable gate array and DAC, an improved real-time circle-producing algorithm is designed for EBL. The algorithm can directly generate circular graphics coordinates such as those for a single circle, solid circle, solid ring, or concentric ring, and is able to effectively realizes deflection and scanning of the electron beam for circular graphics lithography. Compared with the polygonal approximation method, the improved algorithm exhibits improved precision and speed. At the same time, the point generation strategy is optimized to solve the blank pixel and pseudo-pixel problems that arise with Bresenham’s circle algorithm. A complete electron beam deflection system is established to carry out lithography experiments, the results of which show that the error between the exposure results and the preset patterns is at the nanometer level, indicating that the improved algorithm meets the requirements for real-time control and high precision of EBL.

Novel CHATogether family-centered mental health care in the post-pandemic era: a pilot case and evaluation

BackgroundThe COVID-19 pandemic impacted children, adolescents, and their families, with significant psychosocial consequences. The prevalence of anxiety, depression, and self-injurious behaviors increased in our youth, as well as the number of suicide attempts and hospitalizations related to suicidal ideation. Additionally, parents’ mental health saw increasing rates of depression, irritability, and alcohol use combined with worsening family function, child-parent connectedness, positive family expressiveness, and increases in family conflict. In light of these statistics, we created CHATogether (Compassionate Home, Action Together), a pilot family-centered intervention using multi-faceted psychotherapeutic approaches to improve familial communication and relational health between adolescents and their parents. This paper discusses the implementation of the CHATogether intervention at the Adolescent Intensive Outpatient Program (IOP), providing an example of the intervention through an in-depth pilot case, and evaluation of the program’s acceptability and feasibility.MethodsThis paper describes a case in detail and evaluation from a total of 30 families that completed CHATogether in the initial pilot. Each family had 4–6 one-hour CHATogether sessions during their 6-week treatment course at the IOP. Before and after CHATogether, adolescents and their parents separately completed a questionnaire designed to explore their perceived family conflicts. After completion of the program, participants completed a brief quality improvement survey to assess their overall experience with CHATogether. In the reported case, the family completed Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) depressive and anxiety symptoms scales, Conflict Behavior Questionnaires (CBQ), 9-item Concise Health Risk Tracking Self-Report (CHRT-SR9), and help-seeking attitude from adults during distress and suicide concerns.ResultsThe pilot case showed a trend of improvement in reported depressive and anxiety symptoms, child-parent conflicts, subfactors of suicide risk including pessimism, helplessness, and despair, help-seeking acceptability from parents for suicide concerns, and the establishment of individualized family relationship goals. Preliminary feedback from participating families demonstrated positive effects on intra-family communication and improvement in the overall family dynamic. Adolescents (n = 30/30) and their parents (n = 30/30) rated “strongly agree” or “agree” that their families had benefited from CHATogether and welcomed participation in future program development.ConclusionThis study presents CHATogether as a novel family-centered intervention to address post-pandemic family mental health stress, especially when a family system was disrupted and negatively affected the mental health of children and adolescents. The intervention facilitated positive child-parent communication on a variety of topics, through tools such as emotional expression and help-seeking behavior. The reported pilot case and evaluation suggested CHATogether’s acceptability and feasibility in a clinical context. We also provided quality improvement feedback to guide future studies in establishing the efficacy of CHATogether and other similar models of clinical family interventions.

Lamprey--an excellent model for iron metabolism.

After 500 million years of evolution, lamprey is in a natural environment characterized by low temperature and high iron content, and its unique adaptive evolution mode has developed its organizational structure and life mechanism in the process of metamorphosis, which provides a new direction for people to further study the origin and evolution of life. Iron is one of the essential nutrients for the human body and plays an important role in metabolic processes, but when exceeded, it can lead to iron toxicity. For example, the serum iron concentration of pre-metamorphosis larvae is 149 times that of normal males, and the iron content in the liver of juveniles is about 2-3 times that of normal humans. Lamprey has a complete biochemical system to tolerate high concentrations of free iron in the body, and high expression of important genes for iron homeostasis, such as transferrin, ferritin heavy chain, superoxide dismutase, etc., improves iron transport, iron storage and antioxidant capacity. Lamprey has an IRE/IRP regulatory system, which is an important protection mechanism for lamprey to adapt to the high iron content environment in the organization. In addition, lampreys gradually form oral glands during metamorphosis and development, which become the unique iron metabolism organs of lampreys. In this review, we mainly summarize the distribution of iron in various tissues of lamprey and the potential mechanism of adapting to the content of iron in the body, so as to provide a theoretical basis for the subsequent search for the molecular mechanism of iron metabolism.

Smart Glasses for Visually Impaired People Using IoT

The visually handicapped have a difficult time getting by in a world that is mostly intended for sighted people. Even seemingly simple things like locating obstacles, traversing new places, and keeping spatial awareness can be difficult for them and frequently impede their freedom and movement. Their sense of dependence and loneliness are exacerbated by the absence of real-time support and systems catered to their individual needs, which exacerbates these challenges. Smart glasses are made especially for those who are blind or visually impaired to address these issues. These smart glasses use technologies to improve the wearer's movement and independence while offering real-time help. It seeks to remove the obstacles that visually impaired people encounter when attempting to safely and successfully navigate their environment by utilizing modern sensor technology and creative IoT solutions. [3] Its primary goal is to create a wearable assistive technology with features including proximity alarms, object detection, distance measuring, and location mapping. It seeks to provide a complete and user-friendly system that caters to the unique needs of visually impaired people by integrating a variety of sensors, communication modules, and cloud-based platforms. The goal of the glasses is to let people to live more independently and confidently by removing the limits imposed by visual impairment, which will ultimately improve their overall quality of life.

Dynamical properties and travelling wave analysis of Rangwala–Rao equation by complete discrimination system for polynomials

Dynamical properties and travelling wave analysis of Rangwala–Rao equation by complete discrimination system for polynomials

A sensory–neuromorphic interface capable of environmental perception, sensory coding, and biological stimuli

AbstractThe sensory–neuromorphic interface is key to the application of neuromorphic electronics. Artificial spiking neurons and artificial sensory nerves have been created, and a few studies showed a complete neuromorphic system through cointegration with synaptic electronics. However, artificial synaptic devices and systems often do not work in real environments, which limits their ability to provide realistic neural simulations and interface with biological nerves. We report a sensory–neuromorphic interface that uses a fiber synapse to emulate a biological afferent nerve. For the first time, a sensing–neuromorphic interface is connected to a living organism for peripheral nerve stimulation, allowing the organism to establish a connection with its surrounding environment. The interface converts perceived environmental information into analog electrical signals and then into frequency‐dependent pulse signals, which simplify the information interface between the sensor and the pulse‐data processing center. The frequency of the interface shows a sublinear dependence on strain amplitude at different stimulus intensities, and can deliver increased frequency spikes at potentially damaging stimulus intensities, similar to the response of biological afferent nerves. To verify the application of this interface, a system that monitors strain and provides an overstrain alarm was constructed based on this afferent neural circuit. The system has a response time of <2 ms, which is compatible with the response time in biological systems. The interface can be potentially extended to process signals from almost any type of sensors for other afferent senses, and these results demonstrate the potential for neuromorphic interfaces to be applied to bionic sensory interfaces.

진학계 고교 영어과의 진로별 과목 분화 방안 연구

Objectives The purposes of this study is to develop career-differentiated English subject syllabus necessary to implement a career-differentiated curriculum in academic high school. Methods To achieve this, the researcher presented a career-differentiated design proposal for English subjects to 130 teachers who specialized in English or educational curriculum. The approach involved obtaining feedback from them and tentatively finalizing the design proposal based on their opinions. Results This study drew the following conclusions. Firstly, it is necessary to differentiate English subject according to career course and as the grade goes up, English subject can be further differentiated according to the courses that require specialization. Secondly, English subject should be differentiated according to its level and function. Lastly, in terms of course completion system, adopting large-scale unit system will be able the career-differ-entiated English curriculum to operate well. Based on these results, English subject syllabuses were developed for literacy course, science course, art course, and athletics course. Conclusions The developed career-differentiated English subject syllabus will provide students with learning op-portunities that align with their diverse career inclinations. Students will have the chance to experience in-depth learning tailored to the characteristics of English curriculum subjects, enabling them to make informed decisions about their career paths through the selection and completion of English courses.

Scoring Multi-hop Question Decomposition Using Masked Language Models

Question answering (QA) is a sub-field of Natural Language Processing (NLP) that focuses on developing systems capable of answering natural language queries. Within this domain, multi-hop question answering represents an advanced QA task that requires gathering and reasoning over multiple pieces of information from diverse sources or passages. To handle the complexity of multi-hop questions, question decomposition has been proven to be a valuable approach. This technique involves breaking down complex questions into simpler sub-questions, reducing the complexity of the problem. However, it’s worth noting that existing question decomposition methods often rely on training data, which may not always be readily available for low-resource languages or specialized domains. To address this issue, we propose a novel approach that utilizes pre-trained masked language models to score decomposition candidates in a zero-shot manner. The method involves generating decomposition candidates, scoring them using a pseudo-log likelihood estimation, and ranking them based on their scores. To evaluate the efficacy of the decomposition process, we conducted experiments on two datasets annotated on decomposition in two different languages, Arabic and English. Subsequently, we integrated our approach into a complete QA system and conducted a reading comprehension performance evaluation on the HotpotQA dataset. The obtained results emphasize that while the system exhibited a small drop in performance, it still maintained a significant advance compared to the baseline model. The proposed approach highlights the efficiency of the language model scoring technique in complex reasoning tasks such as multi-hop question decomposition.

Antecedents of College Students’ Continuance Behaviors in Online Fragmented Learning: An Empirical Analysis from the Extended ECM Perspective

With the popularity of mobile networks and intelligent terminals, online fragmented learning, as a new learning method, has become the mainstream way for college students to acquire knowledge and study independently. However, college students are prone to “accept-interruption” in online fragmented learning; thus, it is difficult for them to master a complete knowledge system and form a rigorous logic system, which is essential to ensure the effect of online fragmented learning. Therefore, this study investigates the antecedents of college students’ continuance behaviors in online fragmented learning (CBOFL). Based on the expectation confirmation model (ECM), a theoretical model is developed to examine the factors influencing college students’ CBOFL. Taking a total of 429 undergraduate students who have studied contest courses on the Chinese university massive open online courses (MOOCs) for research subjects, the mechanism underlying the determinants of college students’ CBOFL is analyzed, and six hypotheses are tested by a structural equation modeling (SEM) technique with AMOS. The results indicate that confirmation positively impacts intrinsic learning motivation and satisfaction; intrinsic learning motivation, satisfaction, and teachers’ influence all significantly positively affect college students’ CBOFL. Additionally, the predicting powers of different factors on college students’ CBOFL vary broadly; therein, satisfaction has the most significant effect. This study makes theoretical contributions to the quantitative research on college students’ CBOFL and literature on the ECM. Still, it also has important practical significance in guiding college students’ CBOFL and facilitating the sustainability of online fragmented learning.

Syzygies of secant varieties of curves of genus 2

Ein, Niu and Park showed in [6] that if the degree of the line bundle L on a curve of genus g is at least 2g+2k+1, the k-th secant variety of the curve via the embedding defined by the complete linear system of L is normal, projectively normal and arithmetically Cohen-Macaulay, and they also proved some vanishing of the Betti diagrams. However, the length of the linear strand of weight k+1 of the resolution of the secant variety Σk of a curve of g≥2 is still mysterious. In this paper we calculate the complete Betti diagrams of the secant varieties of curves of genus 2 using Boij-Söderberg theory. The main idea is to find the pure diagrams that contribute to the Betti diagram of the secant variety via calculating some special positions of the Betti diagram.

Logistics distribution route optimization of electric vehicles based on distributed intelligent system

Abstract The data management system of health cloud authentication plays an important role in the optimization of logistics vehicle routing. It can not only help logistics vehicles choose the best distribution path, but also save time and cost and improve economic efficiency. At present, logistics has not yet formed a complete service system. High distribution costs and low distribution efficiency limit the development of the entire logistics. The reduction of logistics costs and the improvement of distribution efficiency have become the top priorities of the society. The optimization of the distribution route is the key to cost saving and distribution logistics. It is particularly important to study and optimize the distribution route, because the distribution route affects the logistics transportation efficiency and the loss cost during transportation. Therefore, this paper adjusted the scheduling system of logistics vehicles through a distributed intelligent system, and optimized the path of logistics vehicles according to the improved genetic algorithm, thereby reducing the transportation cost of logistics and improving the efficiency of logistics distribution. This article first explains the definition, classification, and main components of the delivery vehicle routing problem. Then, using cloud authentication path optimization, a distributed intelligent system is constructed. Finally, an improved ant colony algorithm is used to analyze and study the distance constraints of vehicles. By improving the ant colony algorithm, it can be seen that the optimized path pheromone concentration and the optimized sub-function have gradually increased with time. The mean pheromone concentration was 40 %, and the seventh day was 15 % higher than the first. The mean value of the optimized subfunction was 0.34 %, and the seventh day was 20 % higher than the first. The distribution cost and distribution efficiency of the optimized logistics vehicle distribution path were much higher than those of the traditional logistics distribution path. Moreover, the distribution cost of the logistics distribution path was 9 % lower than the traditional one, and the distribution efficiency was 13 % higher. The average smoothness of the optimized logistics path is about 90 %, and the seventh day is 11 % higher than the first day. The average fitness of the optimized logistics path is 88 %, and the seventh day is 14 % higher than the first day. In a word, the data management system can uniformly schedule logistics vehicles and improve the efficiency of distribution.

Simulation of Uterus Active Contraction and Fetus Delivery in ls-dyna.

Vaginal childbirth is the final phase of pregnancy when one or more fetuses pass through the birth canal from the uterus, and it is a biomechanical process. The uterine active contraction, causing the pushing force on the fetus, plays a vital role in regulating the fetus delivery process. In this project, the active contraction behaviors of muscle tissue were first modeled and investigated. After that, a finite element method (FEM) model to simulate the uterine cyclic active contraction and delivery of a fetus was developed in ls-dyna. The active contraction was driven through contractile fibers modeled as one-dimensional truss elements, with the Hill material model governing their response. Fibers were assembled in the longitudinal, circumferential, and normal (transverse) directions to correspond to tissue microstructure, and they were divided into seven regions to represent the strong anisotropy of the fiber distribution and activity within the uterus. The passive portion of the uterine tissue was modeled with a Neo Hookean hyperelastic material model. Three active contraction cycles were modeled. The cyclic uterine active contraction behaviors were analyzed. Finally, the fetus delivery through the uterus was simulated. The model of the uterine active contraction presented in this paper modeled the contractile fibers in three-dimensions, considered the anisotropy of the fiber distribution, provided the uterine cyclic active contraction and propagation of the contraction waves, performed a large deformation, and caused the pushing effect on the fetus. This model will be combined with a model of pelvic structures so that a complete system simulating the second stage of the delivery process of a fetus can be established.

Energy efficient artificial gustatory system for in-sensor computing

In this work, a novel bio-inspired artificial gustatory system is proposed for in-sensor neuromorphic computing. The system is demonstrated using a novel material-engineered compound-semiconductor double-gate ferroelectric tunnel FET. The behaviour of the device as a biosensor and as a spiking neuron is verified individually. Using extensive simulation in Atlas TCAD, the biosensor functionality is validated with ION sensitivity of 108. Likewise, the device shows excellent neuronal behaviour with energy consumption of 37 aJ/spike, without using any external circuitry. It also exhibits control over the spiking frequency through amplitude, frequency, and duty cycle of input synaptic current. By cascading the biosensor and neuron, a complete bio-mimicked gustatory system is designed to identify a separate pattern for different tastes. The proposed gustatory system integrates both the devices, and simultaneously performs sensing and spike encoding. The biosensor transduces the pH and dielectric constant of the target biomolecule, corresponding to gustatory neurons present in the taste buds of a biological gustatory system. The neuron performs spike encoding and acts as an input neuron in a classifying network, which corresponds to gustatory cortex of its biological counterpart. The system consumes an average power of 49.58 pW which is ∼1000 × lesser than the state-of-the-art artificial gustatory system, eliminating the need for complex hardware and exorbitant energy consumption. Therefore, the proposed gustatory system provides a highly efficient and compact solution for neuromorphic gustatory sensing and classification, with potential applications in portable, wearable, and implantable devices.

Optimal design of an LCC-S WPT3 Z1 SAE J2954 compliant system, using NSGA-II with nested genetic algorithms for simultaneous local optimization

Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) for electric vehicles is one of the most promising methods that, given its advantages, will drive the deployment of electric vehicles. This paper presents a mathematical optimization method applied to the complete design of an LCC-S WPT3 Z1 11 kW system that complies with the SAE J2954 standard (Wireless Power Transfer for Light-Duty Plug-in/Electric Vehicles and Alignment Methodology, 2020). A design method based on three phases is proposed, allowing the complete inductor system, including ferrites shielding and compensation circuit components, to function in any relative primary and secondary position. In Phase 1, a multi-objective NSGA-II algorithm is designed, utilizing three nested genetic algorithms. The goal is simultaneously searching for the local optimum between the primary and secondary systems in three positions. This is achieved by modeling the circuit’s electrical and electromagnetic parameters with equations, enabling an iterative process with reduced computational time. The NSGA-II algorithm yields three scenarios: primary copper volume minimization, secondary copper volume minimization, and a compromise solution that optimizes the total volume. The result is then modeled in Phase 2 using a 3D finite element program that includes ferrite and optimal shielding, obtaining the values of inductances and mutual inductance in the three positions, as well as design data for manufacturing. This result is introduced in Phase 3 to optimize compensation circuit components using a second NSGA-II algorithm with three nested genetic algorithms. Again, three scenarios are obtained based on the desired system behavior and the optimal cost of the components. The result is validated through simulation with Matlab-Simulink and experimentally using a prototype constructed for this purpose.