Complete Section Research Articles

Heat and mass transfer analysis during the process of methane hydrate dissociation by thermal stimulation

Natural Gas Hydrate (NGH) is characterized by large reserves and cleanliness, which has attracted wide attention around the world. Thermal stimulation is considered to be one of the possible methods to facilitate hydrate dissociation. In this paper, the hydrate is dissociated through injecting hot water. In order to reveal the influence of the speed and the temperature of injected hot water on the temperature distribution, hydrate dissociation front, gas production rate, and cumulative gas production, a 2D cylindrical mathematical model of thermally-induced hydrate dissociation was established. The results show that the dissociation process can be regarded as a moving boundary ablation process. The dissociation front divides the whole reservoir into three sections: complete dissociation section, ongoing dissociation section, and undissociated section, and the range of ongoing dissociation section is a very narrow area characterized by a relatively intensive temperature contour, which indicates that the temperature drops rapidly during the hydrate dissociation. The temperature at the dissociation front is almost constant under different hot water injection speeds or temperatures. The injection speed and the temperature of hot water seem to have similar effects on hydrate dissociation. The enhanced hot water injection speed or hot water injection temperature will result in a faster gas production rate, a quicker movement of the dissociation front, and a shorter duration time of gas production, however, hot water injection speed and temperature have little impact on the final gas production. The results may provide a guidance for safely and efficiently exploiting NGH.

International Consensus Statement on Allergy and Rhinology: Sinonasal Tumors.

Sinonasal neoplasms, whether benign and malignant, pose a significant challenge to clinicians and represent a model area for multidisciplinary collaboration in order to optimize patient care. The International Consensus Statement on Allergy and Rhinology: Sinonasal Tumors (ICSNT) aims to summarize the best available evidence and presents 48 thematic and histopathology-based topics spanning the field. In accordance with prior International Consensus Statement on Allergy and Rhinology documents, ICSNT assigned each topic as an Evidence-Based Review with Recommendations, Evidence-Based Review, and Literature Review based on the level of evidence. An international group of multidisciplinary author teams were assembled for the topic reviews using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses format, and completed sections underwent a thorough and iterative consensus-building process. The final document underwent rigorous synthesis and review prior to publication. The ICSNT document consists of four major sections: general principles, benign neoplasms and lesions, malignant neoplasms, and quality of life and surveillance. It covers 48 conceptual and/or histopathology-based topics relevant to sinonasal neoplasms and masses. Topics with a high level of evidence provided specific recommendations, while other areas summarized the current state of evidence. A final section highlights research opportunities and future directions, contributing to advancing knowledge and community intervention. As an embodiment of the multidisciplinary and collaborative model of care in sinonasal neoplasms and masses, ICSNT was designed as a comprehensive, international, and multidisciplinary collaborative endeavor. Its primary objective is to summarize the existing evidence in the field of sinonasal neoplasms and masses.

Understanding heavy-ion fusion cross section data using novel artificial intelligence approaches

We modeled an unprecedentedly large dataset of complete fusion cross section data using a novel artificial intelligence approach. Our analysis aims especially to unveil, in a data-driven way, nuclear structure effects on the fusion between heavy ions and to suggest a universal formula capable to describe all previously available data. The study focused on light-to-mediummass nuclei, where incomplete fusion phenomena are more difficult to occur and less likely to contaminate the data. The method used to derive the models exploits a state-of-the-art hybridization of genetic programming and artificial neural networks and is capable to derive an analytical expression that serves to predict integrated cross section values. For the first time, we analyzed a comprehensive set of nuclear variables, including quantities related to the nuclear structure of projectile and target. In this manuscript, we describe the derivation of two computationally simple models that can satisfactorily describe, with a reduced number of variables and only a few parameters, a large variety of lightto- intermediate-mass collision systems in an energy domain ranging approximately from the Coulomb barrier to the oncet of multi-fragmentation phenomena. The underlying methods are particularly innovative and are of potential use for a broad domain of applications in the nuclear field.

Effect on incomplete fusion of breakup fragments of the weakly bound projectile 8B in reactions with targets 27Al, 28Si, 208Pb and 209Bi

Calculations of total, complete and incomplete fusion cross sections are presented as function of the incident energy of the weakly bound projectile 8B in reactions with light 27Al, 28Si and heavy 208Pb and 209Bi mass targets. In particular, the relative effect of the breakup fragments; proton and 7Be of 8B on incomplete fusion is determined. Also, the effect of an additional proton to the nuclear potential of the targets 28Si, 209Bi respect to 27Al and 208Pb is determined as a function of the incident energy. It is found that the proton absorption becomes more important than for 7Be for light targets for energies around and above the barrier, however, the inverse occurs for heavy targets. The calculations are performed with two different methods. The CDCC to determine the relative projectile-target radial wave functions which subsequently are used in the angular momentum-dependent model of fusion probabilities to calculate complete, incomplete and total fusion.

Geological position of Ediacaran terrigenous rocks in the territory of the Middle Dniester region of Ukraine

The results of summarizing literary data and own observations on the distribution of terrigenous rocks — sandstones, conglomerates, siltstones in the deposits of the Ediacaran of the Middle Dniester region are presented. Terrigenous complexes of various compositions were identified in the deposits of the Grushka Formation, which directly overlay crystalline basement rocks. Rocks of psammitic and siltstone structure in various pro- portions, thicknesses, granulometric, and mineral composition were identified in the deposits of the Mogylyiv (Olchedaiv, Lomoziv, Yampil beds), Yaryshiv (Bernashivka beds), Nahoryany (Dzhurdzhuvskabeds), Danylivka (Pylypybeds), Zharnivka (Kuleshivska beds), Krushanivka (Kryvchany, Durniakivska beds), and Studenytsia (Polyvaniv beds) formations. The Olchedaiv, Yampil, and Lomoziv sandstones are the most widespread and accessible for further research. These rocks mostly consist of quartz, feldspar-quartz composition, have a platy structure and light-yellow coloration. The thickness of the sandstones in the most complete sections reaches 25—30 m, which is economically advantageous for extraction. The next stage of the study involves selecting samples for laboratory research to refine the peculiarities of the chemical composition, texture, structure, physical-mechanical properties, as well as determining parameters for optimal use.

The Effect of Inquiry-Based Learning Strategy on EFL Tenth-Grade Students’ Reading Comprehension

This study examined the potential effect of Inquiry-Based Learning Strategy (IBL) on the tenth-grade students' reading comprehension. Two groups and a quasi-experimental design were used. Two complete sections of grade 10 students from a public Secondary School for Girls in Irbid was randomly assigned by the researcher. The experimental group of 30 students was chosen first, and then the control group of 30 students. A pre-post reading comprehension test was designed before and after the study in order to fulfill its goals. Additionally, the experimental group was taught using the IBL strategy, whereas the control group was taught using the traditional teaching methods recommended in the tenth-grade Teacher's Book. According to the findings, there were significant statistical differences favoring the experimental group over the control group. In light of the findings, the researcher recommended employing the IBL strategy to students with various levels and EFL skills.

Evaluating the Usability and Functionality of Intelligent Source Code Completion Assistants: A Comprehensive Review

As artificial intelligence advances, source code completion assistants are becoming more advanced and powerful. Existing traditional assistants are no longer up to all the developers’ challenges. Traditional assistants usually present proposals in alphabetically sorted lists, which does not make a developer’s tasks any easier (i.e., they still have to search and filter an appropriate proposal manually). As a possible solution to the presented issue, intelligent assistants that can classify suggestions according to relevance in particular contexts have emerged. Artificial intelligence methods have proven to be successful in solving such problems. Advanced intelligent assistants not only take into account the context of a particular source code but also, more importantly, examine other available projects in detail to extract possible patterns related to particular source code intentions. This is how intelligent assistants try to provide developers with relevant suggestions. By conducting a systematic literature review, we examined the current intelligent assistant landscape. Based on our review, we tested four intelligent assistants and compared them according to their functionality. GitHub Copilot, which stood out, allows suggestions in the form of complete source code sections. One would expect that intelligent assistants, with their outstanding functionalities, would be one of the most popular helpers in a developer’s toolbox. However, through a survey we conducted among practitioners, the results, surprisingly, contradicted this idea. Although intelligent assistants promise high usability, our questionnaires indicate that usability improvements are still needed. However, our research data show that experienced developers value intelligent assistants highly, highlighting their significant utility for the experienced developers group when compared to less experienced individuals. The unexpectedly low net promoter score (NPS) for intelligent code assistants in our study was quite surprising, highlighting a stark contrast between the anticipated impact of these advanced tools and their actual reception among developers.

Comprehension of breakup fusion reactions using forward recoil range distribution measurements

To understand the break-up fusion reaction dynamics, the forward recoil range distribution (FRRD) measurements of 12C + 165Ho system at the incident projectile energy of ≈ 88 MeV has been performed. The recoil catcher activation technique followed by the off-line gamma ray spectroscopy was implemented. It is observed that the FRRD measurements of the evaporation residues (ERs) populated via xn and pxn channels have a single Guassian peak at large cumulative thickness. This is attributed to complete momentum transfer from the projectile to the target nucleus. However, in case of the FRRD measurements of the ERs populated via αxn, αpxn and 2αxn emitting channels, in addition to peak corresponding to complete momentum transfer, the Gaussian peaks at lower cumulative thicknesses are also observed. This is accredited to the breakup fusion. Moreover, the effect of projectile breakup on complete fusion cross section is also studied. The suppression in fusion cross section is observed when compared with the universal fusion function, thus indicating the breakup probability of 12C projectile.

A method for fault location using the phase difference of current in the protective layer at both ends of a cable section

This paper is based on the distribution characteristics of the protective layer current under the fault state of high-voltage cables, and discovers the monotonic variation law between the fault point position and the power frequency phase difference of the protective layer current at both ends of the cable fault section. A method for fault location using the phase difference of the protective layer current at both ends of the cable section is proposed. For a long cable line composed of multiple complete cross-connected sections, the cross-connected section can be located through the current power frequency phase difference P (section) at both ends of the metal sheath section, just like the section positioning within the complete cross-connected section. If P (section) ∈ (90°, 270°), then the section is a fault section; otherwise, it is a non-fault section. Finally, the relationship curve between the power frequency phase difference of the protective layer current at both ends of the fault section and the distance from the fault point is used to determine the fault location.

Towards Stage Subdivision of the Vendian

Abstract —The way towards the stage subdivision of the Vendian starts with the assemblage of a complete composite geological section of this interval of the Earth’s history, a succession of geological bodies each reflecting a certain ecosystem state. A Vendian composite section of the Siberian Platform, which is a succession of regional to sub-global scale geological bodies reflecting particular states or unidirectional transformations determined by episodic expansion of relatively oxygen-rich environments onto the shelf and alternating with large-scale oceanic anoxia and euxinia events is proposed as a reference for constructing the stage subdivision of the Vendian. The redox instability had to be accompanied by changes in nutrient availability and could not but affect the course of macroevolution and macroecology. The geological record of the Vendian of the Siberian Platform is also marked by episodic increase in alkalinity of the World Ocean. At least five such alkalinity events could be provisionally identified in the composite section of the Vendian of the Siberian Platform. A hypothesis is proposed suggesting that the alkalinity events could control the appearance and disappearance in the geological record of a distinctive suite of sedimentary structures in carbonates, the discrete nature of early diagenetic cementation of aluminosilicoclastic sediments, and fossilization of soft-bodied organisms in the Vendian.

Stratigraphy and Sedimentogenesis of the Clinoform Upper Jurassic of the Anabar–Lena Sedimentary Basin (Arctic Siberia, Laptev Sea Coast)

Abstract —New materials on the stratigraphy and structural features of the Bathonian–Neocomian sections of the Anabar–Lena basin are presented. In the territory adjacent to the Taimyr mountain-folded system, a clinoform-like structure of the Upper Jurassic strata has been revealed, which are characterized by high thickness compared to adjacent sections in the east of this region. The lectostratotype of the Chernokhrebetnaya Formation (uppermost Lower Oxfordian–lowermost Volgian) is proposed. The most complete and continuous stratigraphic section is compiled, its litho- and chronostratigraphic correlations are given comparing to the sections of adjacent territories characterized in detail by fossil assamblages. The evidences for a new lithostratigraphic division of the territory are provided, facies zoning of sediments is clarified, a thickness chart of the Upper Bathonian–Boreal Berriasian strata of the Khatanga–Olenek interfluve is proposed.

Stratigraphy of Cenozoic Deposits and the History of the Latest Stage of Geological Development of the Zaisan Depression (Eastern Kazakhstan)

The Zaisan Basin is a unique geological structure that preserves a most complete sedimentary archive of late Mesozoic through most of the Cenozoic era. A century of studies brought very rich data on the stratigraphy and geological history of the Zaisan sedimentary sequence. The recent scientific progress made it possible to refine the Cenozoic stratigraphic scale of the region. Here we present the results of a detailed morphostructural analysis and propose morphotectonic zoning of the Zaisan Basin based on the modern tectonic and geodynamic concepts. New results of magnetostratigraphic dissection of the Kalmakpai stratotypic section, the most complete section of the sedimentary strata of the depression, and its comparison with the drilling data of its axial part are presented. By the synthesis of magnetostratigraphy with the rich regional biostratigraphic record we refine the stratigraphy of the region and clarify dynamics of tectonic movements and the development of relief and landscapes of the Zaisan Depression and the bounding alpine structures of Saur-Tarbagatai during the Cenozoic.

A Deep Learning-Based Approach to Estimate Paneth Cell Granule Area in Celiac Disease.

Changes in Paneth cell numbers can be associated with chronic inflammatory diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. So far, no consensus has been achieved on the number of Paneth cells and their relevance to celiac disease (CD). To compare crypt and Paneth cell granule areas between patients with CD and those without CD (non-CD) using an artificial intelligence-based solution. Hematoxylin-eosin-stained sections of duodenal biopsies from 349 patients at the McGill University Health Centre were analyzed. Of these, 185 had a history of CD and 164 were controls. Slides were digitized, and NoCodeSeg, a code-free workflow using open-source software (QuPath, DeepMIB), was implemented to train deep learning models to segment crypts and Paneth cell granules. The total area of the entire analyzed tissue, epithelium, crypts, and Paneth cell granules was documented for all slides, and comparisons were performed. A mean intersection-over-union score of 88.76% and 91.30% was achieved for crypt areas and Paneth cell granule segmentations, respectively. On normalization to total tissue area, the crypt to total tissue area in CD was increased and the Paneth cell granule area to total tissue area decreased when compared to non-CD controls. Crypt hyperplasia was confirmed in CD compared to non-CD controls. The area of Paneth cell granules, an indirect measure of Paneth cell function, decreased with increasing severity of CD. More importantly, our study analyzed complete hematoxylin-eosin slide sections using an efficient and easy to use coding-free artificial intelligence workflow.

Bethe-Heitler lepton pair production in the deuteron breakup reaction* *Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (12075003, 12175117, 12335006)

We study the lepton pair production via the Bethe-Heitler mechanism in the deuteron breakup reaction. The complete seven-fold differential cross section is calculated with final state interactions taken into account. The deuteron bound state is described by a relativistic covariant deuteron-nucleon vertex. The numerical results indicate that the differential cross section is highly dependent on the lepton's azimuthal angle in regions of small polar angles and exhibits sharp peaks in the distribution over the invariant mass of the generated lepton pair or the two nucleons in the final state. We demonstrate that such a nearly singular feature originates from the collinearity between the produced lepton or antilepton and the incident photon, and it is physically regularized by the lepton mass in our calculation. The final state interaction between the knocked-out nucleon and recoil nucleon redistributes the differential cross section over the missing momentum, with a significant enhancement at a large missing momentum and a suppression in the intermediate region. With a further decomposition of the final state interaction contribution, It is found that the on-shell term dominates the near quasi-elastic region, while the off-shell term dominates the other end. Additionally, we examine the contribution from the interference between the proton amplitude and neutron amplitude, which, as expected, is found negligible even if the proton-neutron rescattering is included. The results of this study can serve as inputs for the analysis and background estimation of multiple exclusive measurements at Jefferson Lab and future electron-ion colliders.

PROSPECTIVE POSTMORTEM ASSESSMENT OF THE INCIDENCE OF MAMMARY NEOPLASIA IN CHIMPANZEES (PAN TROGLODYTES).

When evaluating the last 25 yr of morbidity and mortality from adult chimpanzees managed within the Association of Zoo and Aquarium Chimpanzee Species Survival Plan® for North American zoos, only two female chimpanzees were diagnosed with mammary neoplasia: one incidentally antemortem and one with a terminal metastatic neoplasia. When comparing this observation of prevalence of mammary neoplasia to humans, a substantial disparity is apparent. Mammary neoplasia is the second most common cancer in adult female humans, with a lifetime risk of 1:8 in the United States. The reason for the disparity between humans and chimpanzees, as closely related species, is unknown. The true prevalence in chimpanzees may be higher than currently noted, because routine examination of mammary tissue in chimpanzees is generally less complete than for other tissues postmortem, and antemortem assessment is generally limited to mammary palpation. This study was performed on intact, bilateral mammary glands harvested at postmortem examination of adult female chimpanzees (n = 7) from six institutions. With mammography, complete histopathologic sectioning, and genetic evaluation, the risk of mammary neoplasia was evaluated more thoroughly than during a typical postmortem exam in zoo populations during 2017-2019. No chimpanzees in the study were diagnosed with mammary neoplasia. Overall, this study supports the previous impression that chimpanzees do not develop mammary neoplasia at a similar rate as humans, even when comparable diagnostic modalities for evaluation are used.

Understanding Heavy-ion Fusion Cross Section Data Using Novel Artificial Intelligence Approaches

An unprecedentedly extensive dataset of complete fusion cross section data is modeled via a novel artificial intelligence approach. The analysis was focused on light-to-medium-mass nuclei, where fission-like phenomena are more difficult to occur. The method used to derive the models exploits a state-of-the-art hybridization of genetic programming and artificial neural networks and is capable to derive, in a data-driven way, an analytical expression that serves to predict integrated cross section values. We analyzed a comprehensive set of nuclear variables, including quantities related to the nuclear structure of projectile and target. In this paper, we describe the derivation of two computationally simple models that can satisfactorily describe, with a reduced number of variables and only a few parameters, a large variety of light-to-intermediate-mass collision systems in an energy domain ranging approximately from the Coulomb barrier to the oncet of multi-fragmentation phenomena. The underlying methods are of potential use for a broad domain of applications in the nuclear field.

Upper Limb Vascular Traumas with Vascular Exposure: Difficulties of Reconstruction in an Isolated Cardiovascular Surgical Environment

Abstract Introduction and Objective: Advocate for the knowledge and development of intrahospital therapeutic management of vascular trauma with vascular exposure, in our working conditions. Materials and Methods: This was a descriptive retrospective study which covered the period from January 2015 to June 2022. It was carried out from the medical records of patients operated on for vascular trauma with exposure of the vessels, in the Cardiovascular Surgery Department at the Abidjan Heart Institute. The following data were studied: epidemiological data, anatomo-clinical characteristics, and therapeutic data. Results: Nine medical records of eight male and one female patient were collected. The average age of the patients was 36 years. Elementary vascular lesions were as follows: complete section of the brachial artery and vein (n = 3), loss of substance of the brachial artery (n = 2), contusion of the brachial artery (n = 1), lateral wound of the ulnar artery (n = 2), and complete section of the radial artery (n = 1). Revascularization consisted in a brachio-brachial arterial bypass using a great saphenous vein graft (n = 3), end-to-end, respectively, arterial and venous anastomosis (n = 3), direct suture of the ulnar artery (n = 2), and in a radio-radial end-to-end arterial anastomosis (n = 1). The covering flaps used were the biceps brachii brachial muscle pedicled flap (n = 6) and the pedicled fasciocutaneous inguinal flap of McGregor (n = 3). The immediate and short-term postoperative follow-up was simple in all patients with scars of good trophicity. Conclusion: The surgical treatment requires skills in plastic surgery for the cardiovascular surgeon or the joint participation, in an emergency, of the cardiovascular surgeon and the plastic surgeon or, if necessary, the management of the patient in two stages. This last therapeutic modality generates additional morbidities and financial cost for the patient.

Trace element and Sr-Nd-Hf-Pb isotope evidence for a multi-magma chamber system beneath the Deccan Volcanic Province, India

With a size of over 500,000 km2, the Deccan Volcanic Province (DVP) covers a large area of the Indian subcontinent. Stratigraphically continuous lava flows piled up to 3000 m record about five million years of volcanic activity. The peak activity of one million years coincides with the migration of the Indian subcontinent across the Réunion plume. Previous studies inferred an isotopic “common signature” for most DVP basalts that is best explained by a mixture of early Réunion plume-related melts and melts from the depleted upper mantle. Further chemical variability of the DVP sequence was explained by the incorporation of material from the lithospheric mantle and continental crust possibly within a single magma chamber system. Yet, indications for a complex crustal magmatic system have also been brought forward by earlier studies and find recently more support in explaining the magmatic plumbing system of the DVP and Large Igneous Provinces in general.This study presents new major and trace element data, including high-precision concentration measurements of high-field strength elements by isotope dilution and Sr-Nd-Hf-Pb isotope compositions for basaltic samples that cover nearly the complete DVP main section. Based on significant variations in Nb/Th (and Th/Ta) over a wide range of MgO concentrations we identified three distinct magma differentiation trends. The distinct differentiation trends result from three types of parental melts that are best explained by different proportions of lower and upper mantle melts indicated by diluted Réunion plume-like trace element and isotope compositions. During their ascent, these separate melts assimilated variable amounts of metasomatized lithospheric mantle and crustal material. Most likely the assimilation occurred before any major differentiation events, thus fixing the Nb/Th (and Th/Ta) of each group regardless of the degree of differentiation. The chemical trends can also be replicated using a statistical numerical approach, confirming that their geochemical signature truly reflects individual differentiation of three distinct parental melts. Field relations require that lavas related to these three unique differentiation trends erupted contemporaneously. This is in contrast to the idea of a gradually evolving single magma chamber system and the concept of a general chemostratigraphy for the DVP main plateau. Rather, our study reveals fast-changing contributions of different mantle reservoirs and provides new insight into the magma-plumbing systems of Large Igneous Provinces that may be more complex.

Formation of lower arc crust by magmatic underplating revealed by high-precision geochronology

Abstract In modern plate tectonic regimes, continental crust is generated above subduction zones in magmatic island arcs. Models for continental growth—largely based on the modeling of geochemical processes that can transform mantle melts into the intermediate composition of bulk continental crust—have been hampered by a lack of definitive geochronology, which could clarify the temporal emplacement of igneous rocks at the base of island arc crust. The Kohistan Arc Complex (KAC) of Pakistan is a rare window into a nearly complete section of lower arc crust, revealing a sequence of igneous rocks representing discrete batches of magma underplated along the base of the arc crust. We present high-precision isotope dilution–thermal ionization mass spectrometry U-Pb geochronological data from zircon, and Lu-Hf and Sm-Nd isochron data from several mafic lower crustal cumulates within the KAC. These data establish a clear downward-younging age trend throughout this succession of cumulate complexes, demonstrating a total magmatic duration of ~20 m.y., corresponding to a rate of lower crust formation of up to 200–260 km3 km–1 Ma–1. These results provide the first direct evidence of a sequential process of underplating, revealing a fundamental mechanism responsible for building the root of island arc crust.

Application of polyglycolic acid sheets and basic fibroblast growth factor to prevent esophageal stricture after endoscopic submucosal dissection in pigs.

Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) has been the first-line treatment for early-stage esophageal cancer. However, it often causes postoperative stricture in cases requiring wide dissection. Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) reportedly has anti-scarring effects during cutaneous wound healing. We hypothesized that suppressing myofibroblast activation will prevent stricture after esophageal ESD. We resected a complete porcine esophagus circumference section by ESD. To investigate the preventive effect of bFGF on esophageal stricture formation after ESD, we endoscopically applied bFGF-soaked poly-glycolic acid (PGA) sheets onto the wound bed after ESD and fixed them by spraying fibrin glue (PGA + bFGF group), PGA sheets alone onto the wound bed and fixed them by spraying fibrin glue (PGA group), or nothing (control group). After removing the esophagus on day 22, we evaluated the mucosal constriction rate. Compared with those in the control group, esophageal stricture was significantly reduced in the PGA + bFGF group, and the areas stained with α-SMA and calponin-1 antibodies were significantly inhibited in the PGA + bFGF and PGA groups. The thickness of the fibrous layer in the PGA + bFGF group was uniform compared to that of the other groups. Thus, PGA + bFGF inhibited the development of unregulated fibroblasts in the acute phase, leading to uniform wound healing. Stenosis after esophageal ESD is related to fibrosis in the acute phase. Administration of PGA and bFGF suppresses myofibroblast activation in the acute phase, thereby preventing esophageal constriction in pigs.