Complete Rejection Research Articles

Dowód z ksiąg podatkowych w postępowaniu podatkowym – glosa do wyroku Najwyższego Trybunału Administracyjnego z dnia 19 stycznia 1934 r., l. rej. 4663/31

The judicature is replete with examples of administrative court rulings, the significance of which is legally significant. This is because they not only influenced subsequent lawmaking, but also set the direction of jurisprudence for a long time, beginning the formation of a new line of jurisprudence. On the centenary of the establishment of the Supreme Administrative Court (NTA), it is worth recalling one such judgment. On 19 January 1934, a panel of the NTA heard a case on the complaint of Emma Wehr against the decision of the Income Tax Appeal Board at the Bydgoszcz Tax Chamber, which concerned the assessment of income tax for the year 1927. In examining the taxpayer’s complaint, the NTA focused on the faulty conduct of the tax proceedings by the tax authorities, which had completely rejected evidence from the business books. Consequently, as the complete rejection of these books was inadmissible and to the detriment of the applicant, the NTA, on the basis of Article 84(3) of the Decree of the President of the Polish Republic on the Supreme Administrative Court, annulled the contested decision. In the judgment, the Court set out the requirements that a taxpayer’s business books should meet in order to constitute evidence in tax proceedings. The scope of these requirements and the relevance of the NTA’s views to current practice are analysed in this gloss.

Modern and promising opportunities to improve the economic efficiency of grain farming in Russia.

The article evaluates, according to the criterion of maximizing national economic efficiency, alternative directions for the development of grain production and export known among agricultural scientists; significant difficulties in the functioning of the production of grain, livestock products and their supply to foreign markets in the changed external economic conditions are shown. In this regard, the well-known concepts of developing grain exports and increasing its consumption in animal husbandry as fodder are assessed in a new way, taking into account the likely decrease in the output of final products due to the limited access of the Russian agricultural industry to the use of high-performance efficient technologies in all its divisions, including grain farming. In contrast to the well-known arguments that take into account the individual pros and cons of different areas of development of the grain subcomplex of the agro-industrial complex, the article proposes the principle and tools for their clear quantitative measurement using methods of economic and mathematical modeling. It suggests both the complete acceptance or rejection of one of the directions, and their optimal ratio.

Retail payments on public transportation under conditions of COVID-19

The pandemic has been a catalyst for both negative and positive developments in public transport fares. In the field of public transport, total automation of all segments of passenger public transport is required. The purpose of the study is to substantiate the problems of innovating payment services in public transport as part of the overall ecosystem of the payment business and to find directions for the innovative development of payment services and train payment systems in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. The study uses a systematic approach and theoretical methods for generalizing and comparing data, a structured description of the characteristics of the Russian payment services market. The proposed directions of innovative development of payment services and train payment systems in public transport are proposed to be implemented in the general system of digital innovation of the economy (integration of automated fare payment systems into a unified system of state and municipal services, inclusion of all intracity and intercity carriers of all types of transport into the automated payment system for passenger transport services, transport roaming / mutual integration of systems, introduction of differentiated fare payment by zones, expansion of the range of payment instruments, fiscalization of the services of transport companies, the transition to a fully automated system of payment for the train with a complete rejection of the physical presence of conductors).

Problems of Artificial Intelligence: Philosophical Analysis

Artificial intelligence can be understood as the pinnacle of development of the science of cybernetics. One of the key features of artificial intelligence is that, unlike simple computers, artificial intelligence has the ability to independently process information coming from outside and perform complex, extraordinary operations. That is, if a simple machine is loaded with specific algorithms and execute them, artificial intelligence can itself participate in the design of new tasks. Already today, such artificial intelligence capabilities are used in various spheres of society, for example, in such areas as economics and finance. In the light of such trends, classical philosophical questions acquire new guidelines. What kind of future is possible for humanity? Is artificial intelligence a force for advancing society or an initiative that poses a serious threat to humanity? The authors are close to the point of view that a complete rejection of the capabilities of artificial intelligence is impossible and there is no need for this. But deeper ethical reflection would help prevent threats to the future of humanity as a result of the widespread use of artificial intelligence. The article examines philosophical discourses regarding achievements in the field of artificial intelligence. Issues of a methodological, ethical epistemological nature are considered. The judgments and assumptions of researchers were analyzed within the framework of such issues as the improvement of artificial intelligence, its role and place in modern life, and its significance in the life of society. Of course, the risks associated with the development of artificial intelligence require serious philosophical reflection. Therefore, the main emphasis of the article is focused on the analyses of existing current discourses. The authors analyzed a number of scenarios related to the topic of artificial intelligence, its development, as well as the categorical apparatus in this area.

On the possibility of flight of a single-stage rocket to the planets of the Solar system

A new concept for building a small-sized rocket engine containing a special gas ionizer in the combustion chamber to increase its conductivity to an optimal value with a corresponding improvement in the fuel combustion process is proposed. A simplified calculation for the relative velocity of gases in a conical nozzle is given when heating the supersonic flow of gases by plasma in a conical nozzle by means of a powerful, electromagnetic, high-frequency field, and the influence of some technical parameters on the efficiency of the rocket's flight is also considered. A comparison of the flight altitude of a rocket with plasma heating of the gas flow in a conical nozzle with a scale model corresponding to the well-known single-stage Zenit rocket with the same weight and geometry, taking into account air resistance for the cargo version of the rocket with one small-sized engine, is made. The result is a significant reduction in fuel consumption and an increase in the maximum flight altitude by 2 times with an increase in specific impulse by 2.7 times, other things being equal. It is established that under certain conceptual parameters, it is possible to rapidly accelerate and fly a single-stage cargo rocket with a launch weight of 17.25-20.00 tons to the planets of the solar system directly from the Earth's surface using a bunch of engines of the same type. The use of many of the same type of small-sized engines allows you to abandon the Laval nozzle in favor of a simple conical nozzle, which reduces the size of the rocket as a whole. This is determined by the need to reduce the diameter of the conical nozzle in order to achieve a greater specific heating power of the plasma compared to the specific power of the fuel burned in the combustion chamber. It is also proposed a complete rejection of the steering engines, the function of which will be performed by part of the engines located closer to the diameter of the rocket. As electric generators, it is proposed to use promising prototypes of electric generators MEG-6NS, MEG-15NS and others, the company "NaukaSoft", with good weight indicators that allow in the future to produce such a liquid rocket engine of small dimensions. The redistribution of part of the fuel used to produce electricity is compensated by a significant increase in the specific impulse of the liquid rocket engine to increase the speed and overall efficiency of the flight with an optimal ratio of the amount of fuel to the weight of the rocket before refueling.

Development of a Green Economy in the Context of a Minimalist Movement

Mindless consumption is an excessive purchase of goods without considering the life cycle of this purchase, which harms the environment and destroys a person’s mental health, replacing universal values with “dependence on things”, fueling imaginary happiness with another dose of purchase. Today, social networks play a crucial role in this problem, spreading information about fast fashion and consumer culture. And large marketplaces subdue these habits by constantly reducing prices and speeding up or free shipping. All this happens on the ruins of the natural environment to satisfy the hunger of customers. Recently, thoughtless consumption has also been fueled by “Green brainwashing.” This phenomenon of using the good intentions of consumers perpetuates the disinformation system. This practice uses deceptive marketing techniques to make consumers think they are buying something good for the environment, although this may not be the case. A minimalist lifestyle does not require a complete rejection of worldly possessions. On the contrary, it means buying only those things that have a constant ability to bring real value. Minimalists approach all aspects of their lives from this perspective, carefully choosing the kind of life that makes them as happy as possible.

Protection from unfair competition on the pharmaceutical market in the conditions of the COVID-19 pandemic

The article reveals the problems and prospects of combating dishonest advertising of medicinal products in the conditions of the COVID-19 pandemic. Using the example of the USA and Ukraine, the criteria for banning the advertising of medicinal products by researching scientific sources, international and domestic legal acts, prescriptions and instructions of state bodies, etc. were analyzed. The differences and specifics of the regulatory requirements for the advertising of medicinal products in Ukraine and the USA have been determined. It has been established that in the USA it is allowed to advertise prescription drugs, and in Ukraine a ban has been introduced to advertise "antiviral drugs of direct action". Attention was drawn to the qualification of the division of advertising slogans in the USA, which made it possible to draw an analogy with Ukrainian advertising of medicinal products. It has been proven that individual pharmaceutical manu­facturers, by providing advertisers with incomplete information about the drug, can mislead consumers about its effecti­veness. The Antimonopoly Committee of Ukraine has demonstrated cases of countering the spread of false information about the properties of medicinal products, which became more frequent in connection with the emergence of the strain (SARS-CoV-2) in 2019. The advantages and disadvantages of a complete ban on medicines on television and radio, as well as other mass media are indicated in connection with the entry into force of the decision of the National Security and Defense Council of Ukraine "On the state of the national health care system and urgent measures to ensure the protection of citizens of Ukraine with medical assistance" dated July 30, 2021. As an alternative to the complete rejection of drug advertising it is proposed, the introduction of the mechanism of "corrective advertising", which is actively used in the USA and consists in correcting or making amendments to already published drug advertising and eliminating statements that mislead consumers, contain incomplete, inaccurate, false information about the medicinal product.

Isoporous catalytic ceramic membranes for ultrafast contaminants elimination through boosting confined radicals

Catalytic membrane based oxidation-filtration processes (AOP-CM), a derivative concept of membrane process that combines physical separation and chemical oxidation, offers a high-efficient water purification strategy. However, the application of AOP-CM was still hampered by the low heterogeneous AOPs efficiency of catalytic membranes. In order to improve the heterogeneous AOP efficiency, an isoporous AlOx/La2CoMnO6-δ ceramic membrane (IAPCM) with nano-confinement characteristics was prepared via sol–gel based block copolymer self-assembly route. Benefiting from the well-designed pore structure, IAPCM exhibited excellent pure water permeance (313 L·m−2·h−1·bar−1) and size-exclusion performance (complete rejection of MS2 phages with a diameter of ∼ 20 nm). With the addition of peroxymonosulfate (PMS), IAPCM achieved ultrafast degradation of organic micropollutants (e.g. atrazine, carbamazepine and sulfamethazine) at 0.5 bar (equivalent to a retention time of 4.3 × 10−4 s). Finite-Element analysis confirmed that high-concentration radical fields were generated in the confined nanoscale-pores within the isoporous La2CoMnO6-δ layer. The boosted mass transfer rates and high-concentration radical fields induced ultrafast degradation of micropollutants in IAPCM based oxidation-filtration system. This work highlights the significance of pore structure design for high-performance AOP-CM processes.

Single-layered fluorinated graphene nanopores for H2/CH4 and H2/CO2 separation with high efficiency and selectivity.

The utilization of hydrogen gas (H2) as an energy resource is a critical alternative to relieve the current greenhouse effect exacerbated by the excessive use of fossil fuels. The production of pure H2 is usually achieved by its separation from H2/CH4 and H2/CO2 mixtures; however, such process still represents a great challenge due to the inevitable contamination that occurs after the membrane sieving. Here, we investigate the ability of a 2-dimensional material, a nanoporous fluorinated graphene (F-GRA), to perform the separation of H2/CH4 and H2/CO2 using molecular dynamics simulations. We generated three representative nanopores with different morphologies in F-GRA sheets to separately explore their sieving performances for the H2 separation in the H2/CH4 and H2/CO2 mixtures. Our results revealed that the three F-GRA pores have an excellent performance for the H2/CH4 separation, displaying a high permeance for H2 (over 104 GPU) and a complete rejection for CH4; these results suggest an ideal permeability and selectivity for these 2D systems. Additionally, two F-GRA pores, namely, pore2 and pore3, also displayed high separation performance in the case of the H2/CO2 mixture, while the remaining pore, namely, pore1, exhibit poor performance due to the tight obstruction of the CO2 gas inside the nanopore. Combined, our findings exploit the utilization of the nanoporous F-GRA 2D material for the separation of H2/CH4 and H2/CO2 gas mixtures, which might open new possibilities for the future of gas sieving membrane preparation.

Perioral dermatitis: Modern methods of therapy

One of the most common causes of perioral dermatitis (PD) is the use of glucocorticosteroids (topically, intranasally, inhaled, systemically). If PD is caused by topical corticosteroids, they must be canceled (according to the authors, without using a sparing reduction technique: a decrease in the frequency of application of corticosteroids and the strength of corticosteroid activity). With a pronounced withdrawal syndrome, it is advisable to start treatment with ‘zero’ therapy: either a complete rejection of the use of external agents, or a lotion with chamomile (5–10 minutes 2 times a day) followed by the use of dermatolichthyol paste (exposure in increasing from 10 minutes to 40 minutes) for 7–10 days, as well as irrigation with hypochlorite thermal water (5–6 times a day). With mild severity of oral dermatitis, monotopic therapy may be prescribed, including cream with activated zinc pyrithione and calcineurin inhibitors. The duration of therapy is determined individually and averages 1.0–1.5 months. In moderate to severe cases, topical therapy should be supplemented with systemic drugs: tetracycline antibiotics (7–10 days) or low-dose isotretinoin (2–4 months). The duration of therapy is determined individually and averages 2 months.

On Classification and Taxonomy of Coronaviruses (Riboviria, Nidovirales, Coronaviridae) with Special Focus on Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Related Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)

Coronaviruses are highly virulent and therefore important human and veterinary pathogens worldwide. This study presents the first natural hierarchical classification of Coronaviridae. We also demonstrate a “one-step” solution to incorporate the principles of binomial (binary) nomenclature into taxonomy of Coronaviridae. We strongly support the complete rejection of the non-taxonomic category “virus” in any future taxonomic study in virology. This will aid future recognition of numerous virus species, particularly in the currently monotypic subgenus Sarbecovirus. Commenting on the nature of SARS-CoV-2, the authors emphasize that no member of the Sarbecovirus clade is an ancestor of this virus, and humans are the only natural known host.

ПРАВО ПОСТІЙНОГО КОРИСТУВАННЯ ЗЕМЕЛЬНИМИ ДІЛЯНКАМИ В УКРАЇНІ: ПРОБЛЕМИ ЗАКОНОДАВЧОГО ЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННЯ ТА ПРАКТИКИ ЗАСТОСУВАННЯ

The right to permanent use of land plots in Ukraine is characterized as one of the main legal forms of land use. It is emphasized that the legislative consolidation of modern, market rights to land did not lead to a complete rejection of all Soviet forms of land use, including the right to permanent use of land plots. The genesis of legal regulation of the land plots use on the ground of the right to permanent use in the Ukrainian land legislation is clarified, on the basis of what a conclusion concerning the tendency to abolishment of the institution of the right to permanent land use in the current land legislation is made. The main advantages and disadvantages of the right to permanent use of land plots as a legal form of land use in Ukraine are determined. It is established that its advantages over other legal forms of land use such as perpetuity, free acquisition and some others, determine its long-term «survival» in the land legislation of Ukraine. It is emphasized that the most significant shortcoming of the right to permanent use of land plots is the inability of the disposal of land plots by the subjects of this right. The current Land Code of Ukraine significantly limited the scope of application and the range of subjects of the right to permanent use of land plots. At the same time, persons who had received this right earlier, but did not own it in accordance with the Land Code, had to reregistrate it to the right of ownership or to the right of lease. However, the Constitutional Court of Ukraine recognized this obligation as unconstitutional. Different types of land disputes that arise in the field of implementation of the right to permanent use of land are analyzed. The issue of the transfer of the right to permanent use of land plots in the order of legal succession is the most complicated hereby. It is emphasized that the right to permanent use of land plots should be transferred to legal successors in the process of their reorganization. It is defined that in practice there are numerous cases of abuse of the right to permanent use of land plots granted to state enterprises and research institutions. Most often, in such cases, the agreements on joint cultivation of land or on joint activity are concluded between permanent users and persons interested in the use of their land. The conclusion of such contracts is nothing more than attempts to circumvent the requirements of the law and a hidden lease. The conclusion of such contracts, the constant expansion of the range of subjects of the right of permanent use, the free transfer of land for permanent use indicate to serious problems in the field of application of the right to permanent use of land plots. The proposal to abolish the institution of the right to permanent use of land plots, replacing it with the right of operative management or economic management, is substantiated. The draft law on the abolition of the institute of the right of permanent land use is analyzed, its main content, positive and negative aspects are determined. It is concluded that replacing the right to permanent use of land plots with other land use titles will make it possible to use land more efficiently by economic entities, to solve other problems in the field of land use with the right to their permanent use.

Insight into the Prospects for Tumor Therapy Based on Photodynamic Immunotherapy.

Malignancy is one of the common diseases with high mortality worldwide and the most important obstacle to improving the overall life expectancy of the population in the 21st century. Currently, single or combined treatments, including surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy, are still the mainstream regimens for tumor treatment, but they all present significant side effects on normal tissues and organs, such as organ hypofunction, energy metabolism disorders, and various concurrent diseases. Based on this, theranostic measures for the highly selective killing of tumor cells have always been a hot area in cancer-related fields, among which photodynamic therapy (PDT) is expected to be an ideal candidate for practical clinical application due to its precise targeting and excellent safety performance, so-called PDT refers to a therapeutic method mainly composed of photosensitizers (PSs), laser light, and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Photoimmunotherapy (PIT), a combination of PDT and immunotherapy, can induce systemic antitumor immune responses and inhibit continuing growth and distant metastasis of residual tumor cells, demonstrating a promising application prospect. This article reviews the types of immune responses that occur in the host after PDT treatment, including innate and adaptive immunity. To further help PIT-related drugs improve their pharmacokinetic properties and bioavailability, we highlight the potential improvement of photodynamic immunotherapy from three aspects: immunostimulatory agents, tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) as well as different immune cells. Finally, we focus on recent advances in various strategies and shed light on their corresponding mechanisms of immune activation and possible clinical applications such as cancer vaccines. Having discovered the inherent potential of PDT and the mechanisms that PDT triggers host immune responses, a variety of immunotherapeutic strategies have been investigated in parallel with approaches to improve PDT efficiency. However, it remains to be further elucidated under what conditions the immune effect induced by PDT can achieve tumor immunosuppression and to what extent PDT-induced antitumor immunity will lead to complete tumor rejection. Currently, PIT presents several outstanding intractable challenges, such as the aggregation ability of PSs locally in tumors, deep tissue penetration ability of laser light, immune escape, and biological toxicity, and it is hoped that these issues raised will help to point out the direction of preclinical research on PIT and accelerate its transition to clinical practice.

Extended State-Based OSG Configurations for SOGI PLL With an Enhanced Disturbance Rejection Capability

Changes in the orthogonal signal generator (OSG) configuration of the standard second-order generalized integrator-based phase-locked loop (S-SOGI PLL) have shown to offer an improved low-voltage ride-through capability. However, the resulting PLLs: highpass SOGI (H-SOGI) and lowpass SOGI (L-SOGI) PLLs have no dc-offset estimation capability and lack robustness to disturbances. Therefore, this article focuses on maximizing the merits of H-SOGI and L-SOGI PLLs for grid and industrial applications by incorporating dc-offset estimation and enhancing their disturbance rejection capability. Accordingly, two varieties of SOGI PLLs, namely: extended state highpass SOGI (ES-H-SOGI) and extended state lowpass SOGI (ES-L-SOGI) PLLs are proposed. In the proposed PLLs, states of the OSGs are extended to achieve dc-offset estimation and rejection, while frequency-adaptive implementation of the moving average filter (MAF) is developed to achieve complete harmonic rejection at off-nominal frequencies of the input voltage. To alleviate the undesirable effect of the MAF in terms of the PLL's slow transient response, frequency-adaptive implementation of a phase-lead compensator is introduced. In this article, design guideline that achieves an optimal tradeoff between disturbance rejection and dynamic performance in the ES-H-SOGI and ES-L-SOGI PLLs is presented. Finally, experimental comparison between the proposed ES-H-SOGI and ES-L-SOGI PLLs and their ES-S-SOGI PLL counterpart is carried to show that the proposed PLLs outperform the ES-S-SOGI PLL in terms of dynamic performance while achieving enhanced disturbance rejection capability.

The denial of shame: representations and annual commemorations of the Ethiopian war in the news magazine Epoca (1950–60)

AbstractThis article investigates how the Ethiopian war was represented by Epoca – the most prolific Italian weekly news magazine for illustrated reportage in postwar Italy – during the last phase of Italian colonialism (1950–60). The analysis focuses specifically on two photographic commemorations published on the twentieth (1955) and twenty-fifth anniversary (1960). The aim of this contribution is to examine these iconotexts in order to display how the interplay between images and words transmitted a selective and codified memory whose path mainly moved from nostalgia to pride while remaining characterised by a complete rejection of the feeling of shame. This representation was not even questioned by the references to those elements that will be considered, in the long-term, as evidence of the brutality of this colonial enterprise: those signals appear not to have been removed, but rather silenced and not truly comprehended, preventing the sense of shame from taking root in Epoca until 1995.

Efficient Splitting of Alkane Isomers by a Bismuth‐Based Metal‐Organic Framework with Auxetic Reentrant Pore Structures

AbstractThe isolation of di‐branched alkanes from their isomers is vital in gasoline upgrading to achieve high octane numbers but is significantly challenging and energy‐intensive. Here, we report the highly efficient separation of hexane isomers by combing molecular recognition and size‐sieving in a bismuth‐based MOF, UU‐200. The unique auxetic structure with reentrant honeycomb‐like pore cavities connected by narrow pore windows endows UU‐200 with a complete rejection of di‐branched alkanes and high capacities for linear and mono‐branched isomers. The molecular sieving effect, unprecedented separation selectivities, and excellent efficiencies are proved via adsorption isotherms and breakthrough experiments with high research octane numbers obtained (>96), indicating a benchmark for alkane separation under ambient conditions. The molecular recognition mechanism was unveiled by theoretical simulation and in situ Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy.

Efficient Splitting of Alkane Isomers by a Bismuth-Based Metal-Organic Framework with Auxetic Reentrant Pore Structures.

The isolation of di-branched alkanes from their isomers is vital in gasoline upgrading to achieve high octane numbers but is significantly challenging and energy-intensive. Here, we report the highly efficient separation of hexane isomers by combing molecular recognition and size-sieving in a bismuth-based MOF, UU-200. The unique auxetic structure with reentrant honeycomb-like pore cavities connected by narrow pore windows endows UU-200 with a complete rejection of di-branched alkanes and high capacities for linear and mono-branched isomers. The molecular sieving effect, unprecedented separation selectivities, and excellent efficiencies are proved via adsorption isotherms and breakthrough experiments with high research octane numbers obtained (>96), indicating a benchmark for alkane separation under ambient conditions. The molecular recognition mechanism was unveiled by theoretical simulation and in situ Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy.

Synthesis and Characterization of a Polydioxanone-Coated Dipeptide-Functionalized Magnetic γ-Fe2O3 Nanoparticles-Modified PES Membrane and Its Biological Applications

This work is focused on the synthesis of leucyl-glycine-functionalized γ-Fe2O3 magnetic nanoparticles coated by polydioxanone (γ-Fe2O3-CA-Leu-Gly-PDX) as a polyethersulphone (PES) membrane for biotechnological applications. The physicochemical characteristics were investigated by FT-IR, SEM, XRD, a vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), and ICP-OES. The present investigation also centered on the several biological activities of γ-Fe2O3-CA-Leu-Gly-PDX. The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging and metal chelating activity was studied for evaluation of its antioxidant activity potential. It exhibited 100% DPPH radical scavenging and 93.33% metal chelating activity. With applicability to antimicrobial photodynamic therapy, DNA cleavage and antimicrobial activity, the cell viability of γ-Fe2O3-CA-Leu-Gly-PDX was investigated in detail. The γ-Fe2O3-CA-Leu-Gly-PDX demonstrated the significant biofilm inhibition activity as being 81.54% and 86.34% for P. aeruginosa and S. aureus, respectively. Moreover, a novel polyethersulphone nanocomposite membrane incorporated with γ-Fe2O3-CA-Leu-Gly-PDX was prepared. The performance of the γ-Fe2O3-CA-Leu-Gly-PDX-blended polyethersulphone (PES) membrane was investigated by measuring the antifouling and E. coli rejection. The nanocomposite membranes demonstrated remarkable antifouling properties in contrast with the pristine PES when BSA (bovine serum albumin) and E. coli were filtrated. A complete rejection was obtained by the composite membrane. After an application of the membrane study, the modified polyethersulphone (PES) membrane blended with γ-Fe2O3-CA-Leu-Gly-PDX removed 100% of the E. coli.

АНАЛІЗ КОНСТРУКТИВНИХ ЗАХОДІВ З УКРІПЛЕННЯ НИЖНІХ Б’ЄФІВ ГІДРОТЕХНІЧНИХ СПОРУД У ТРАНСПОРТНОМУ БУДІВНИЦТВІ З ДОРОЖНІХ ВОДОПРОПУСКНИХ ТРУБ

Introduction. Road culverts are one of the most massive hydraulic structures of transport construction in Ukraine. The bottom beef of such structures works in difficult operating conditions: with significant unevenness of the distribution of specific costs; high kinetics of the discharge flow and its saturation with sediments, floating garbage; small flooding of the diversion channel, etc. The main difficulty of the problem lies in the fact that a two-dimensional flow takes place in the area of free spreading, and in the area of quenching of excess kinetic energy, this two-dimensional flow turns into a three-dimensional turbulent flow, which makes it practically impossible to obtain a theoretical solution for the movement of water in the lower bay of hydrotechnical structures . The need to improve the structures of the lower bief of hydraulic structures of transport construction from road culverts is urgent, taking into account that the existing approaches do not lead to the desired positive results. Problems. From the literature analysis, it was established that the strengthening of the lower biefs of hydraulic structures of transport construction from road culverts is an important component for the durability of the structure itself and its proper functioning. Goal. It consists in the analysis of constructive measures to strengthen the lower banks of hydraulic structures of transport construction from road corrugated metal culverts. The results. An analysis of the main approaches to strengthening the lower beams of hydraulic structures of transport construction from road culverts was carried out. The analysis of the calculation of the structural elements of active type energy extinguishers was performed. Conclusions. To date, there are two most common approaches to the solution of the problem of fixing the lower biefs of hydraulic structures of transport construction from road culverts: complete rejection of the arrangement of energy extinguishing structures, which causes a significant shift of the erosion gap from the road embankment; or the use of jet-type energy quenchers (of the water well type formed by a ledge or wall), breakers or dispersants of various types. However, both approaches do not completely solve the problem of extinguishing the energy of the water flow behind the structures of road culverts. The method of hydraulic calculations of ordinary concrete (conditionally smooth) pipes and metal corrugated pipes (with increased roughness of the inner surface) is performed according to the same method, the difference is only in the constants used in the calculation: roughness coefficient, friction slope, depth at the entrance to the pipe, etc. d., which in turn indicates the need for additional calculations and experimental studies. In addition, the existing methods of calculation for the optimization of the structures of energy quenchers in the lower biefs need experimental clarification.

Carbon ion irradiation plus CTLA4 blockade elicits therapeutic immune responses in a murine tumor model

Radiotherapy can act as an in situ vaccine, activating preventive tumor-specific immune responses in patients. Although carbon ion radiotherapy has superior biophysical properties over conventional photon irradiation, the immunological effects induced by this radiation type are poorly understood. Multiple strategies combining radiotherapy with immune checkpoint inhibition (radioimmunotherapy) to enhance antitumor immunity have been described; however, immune cell composition in tumors following radioimmunotherapy with carbon ions remains poorly explored. We developed a bilateral tumor model based on time-shifted subcutaneous injection of murine Her2+ EO771 tumor cells into immune-competent mice followed by selective irradiation of the primary tumor. αCTLA4-, but not αPD-L1-based radioimmunotherapy, induced complete tumor rejection and mediated the eradication of even non-irradiated, distant tumors. Cured mice were protected against the EO771 rechallenge, indicating long-lasting, tumor-specific immunological memory. Single-cell RNA sequencing and flow cytometric analyses of irradiated tumors revealed activation of NK cells and distinct tumor-associated macrophage clusters with upregulated expression of TNF and IL1 responsive genes. Distant tumors in the irradiated mice showed higher frequencies of naïve T cells activated upon the combination with CTLA4 blockade. Thus, radioimmunotherapy with carbon ions plus CTLA4 inhibition reshapes the tumor-infiltrating immune cell composition and can induce complete rejection even of non-irradiated tumors. Our data suggest combining radiotherapy approaches with CTLA4 blockade to achieve durable antitumor immunity. Evaluation of future radioimmunotherapy approaches should not be restricted to immunological impact at the irradiation site but should also consider systemic immunological effects on non-irradiated tumors.