Complete Mineral Fertilizer Research Articles

Влияние минеральных удобрений в различных сочетаниях на урожайность и качество зерна яровой мягкой пшеницы в условиях Предкамья Республики Татарстан

The results of two-year experiments to study the effect on the yield and grain quality of spring soft wheat of a full dose of mineral fertilizers in various combinations for pre-sowing cultivation, as well as foliar top dressing at a dose of N30 in the tillering and milk ripeness phase are reported. Fertilizers increased grain yield to varying degrees and had different effects on the technological qualities of grain. According to the grain yield of spring wheat of the Ulyanovsk 105 variety, on average for 2 years, the best options were: N90P90K30 (an increase of 3,6 t /ha) and N30P90K30 + N30 with top dressing in the tillering phase (an increase of 3,71 t/ha). According to the Tulaykovskaya Nadezhda variety, the best is the introduction of a complete mineral fertilizer (N30P90K30) with one and two top dressing (an increase in yield of 0,53 and 0,57 t/ha). Mineral fertilizers had a positive effect on grain quality in both varieties of spring wheat. The grain quality of the Ulyanovsk 105 variety is significantly improved under the influence of fertilizers. The vitreous content of the grain in the control was 52% in 2022 and 64% in 2023. In all variants with fertilizer, it is in the range of 60,0-79,0% in 2022 and 68,5-75,9% in 2023. In the Tulaykovskaya Nadezhda variety, the vitreous content of grain in 2022 increased from 45% in the control to 49 ...60% in other variants, and in 2023, respectively, from 57 to 60 ... 71%. The content of the mass fraction of gluten in the grain of the control variant in 2022 was 17,1%, protein 10,5%. The use of fertilizers contributed to an increase in the amount of gluten to 28,8%, protein to 11,6...13,8%. A similar situation was observed in 2023. The highest content of protein and gluten in the grain of the harvest of 2022 and 2023. it was observed in the variant with one and two nitrogen fertilizers (13,5...13,8% and 14,5...14,9%), 26,0...28,8 % and 33,0...33,6%, respectively.

Productivity and basic indicators of common bean (haricot) modern varieties suitability for mechanized harvesting

Goal. Investigation of plants height, a lower bean attachment height, 1000 seeds weight, ripening period duration, and productivity of common bean (haricot) modern varieties, depending on cultivating technological methods.
 Methods. Field method — to determine the plants height and grain crop capacity; laboratory one — to determine the basic elements of common bean plant crop structure; statistical — for mathematical data processing by variance analysis method.
 Results. All the six common (haricot) bean varieties investigated in the research, were bushy. However, the varieties Nata and Bukovynka showed the «chick-pea» (twisted) top appearance in years with excessive humidity. The variety Slavia was characterized by the lowest height of the lower bean attachment — 8.1—8.8 cm. Other researched varieties were more technologic. Particularly, the variety Galaktyka had the lower bean attachment height 10.1—10.6 cm, Bukovynka — 10.5—11.5, Nata — 10.5—11.8, Ros’ — 11.4—12.4 cm. The lower bean elevated location of the variety Otrada (12.9—13.5 cm) allows to minimize the losses during direct combine harvesting. All the varieties investigated by us had a medium-sized seed (from 201 tо 400 g). The smallest seed was in the variety Bukovynka — 204—212.6 g. The largest 1000 seeds weight was in the variety Galaktyka — 323.5—337.9 g. All the common bean vaieties researched in the experiment, except Galaktyka, exceeded the variety Bukovynka by grain yield. Thus, on the variant without seed inoculation and using potassium humate, the variety Galaktyka grain yield made 1.33 t/hа, which was by 34.5% less, compared to the variety Bukovynka. A complex use of inoculants and potassium humate provided a significant grain yield increase of the researched common bean varieties. The maximum yield increase in the research (0.27 t/hа or 11.0%) was obtained during pre-sowing seed inoculation and two foliar feedings with potassium humate of common bean stands of the variety Otrada.
 Conclusions. All the varieties researched in the experiment are bushy, and bushy with a «chick-pea» (twisted) top and suitable for direct combine harvesting. The maximum grain yield level was provided by the following varieties: Otrada — 2.72 t/ hа; Nata — 2.65 t/hа, and Ros’ — 2.54 t/hа, during seed inoculation with biologics Rhizoactive + Rootella, complete mineral fertilizer introduction in dosage N32Р32К32, and two foliar feedings with potassium humate.

FEATURES OF MAIZE GROWING FOR GRAIN IN THE WESTERN FOREST ZONE OF UKRAINE IN THE CONDITIONS OF CURRENT CLIMATE CHANGES

Modern climatic changes, namely significant warming in the northern Forest-Steppe and Polissia zones of Ukraine, provide opportunities for the cultivation of a number of grain and leguminous crops (maize for grain, soybeans, sunflower, and others), previously uncharacteristic of this region. Among the above-mentioned crops, corn has the greatest grain yield potential, therefore it is one of the most common crops in world agriculture. If 10-15 years ago corn was not grown for grain in the Polissia zone, then in recent years its sown areas have grown significantly, and the yield in some years is not inferior to the regions of the Forest Steppe and Steppe, which are traditional for this crop. The results of experimental studies of the station showed that under favorable conditions on the most fertile slopes of the drained sod-podzolic soils of the Western Polissia zone, with intensive technologies, it is possible to obtain more than 10-12 t/ha of corn grain.
 The analysis of hydrothermal indicators shows that with the current indicators of heat supply of the growing season in the zone of Western Polissia on mineral soils, it is possible to achieve not only early-ripening, but even medium-early hybrids of corn with FAO up to 280-300. Drained peat soils, due to their high nitrogen content and sufficient amount of moisture, have sufficient potential for obtaining a high yield of corn grain. However, its indicators over the years of research vary greatly and depend to a large extent on the agro-meteorological conditions of the growing season. It has been established that the main limiting factors for achieving a high yield of corn grain on peat soils are less favorable microclimatic features (less amount of active heat, shorter growing season and frost-free period, etc.) compared to adjacent sod-podzolic soils located nearby on dry land. It has been experimentally established that under conditions of minimum duration without a frost period, only the most early-ripening hybrids of corn with FAO up to 220-240 will have time to form a full-fledged crop of grain on drained peat soils in the Western Polissia zone. By choosing late-ripening hybrids, there is a risk of a significant shortfall in the harvest due to the premature termination of vegetation caused by early autumn frosts. It was established that the highest yield of corn per grain, both on sod-podzolic and peat soils, was provided by the organo-mineral fertilization system, which was based on the application of complete mineral fertilizer at the rate of N90Р90К90 on turf-podzolic soils and N35Р60K120 on peat soils in combination with phosphorus mobilizing drug Rice Pi. The use of the organo-mineral fertilization system (N90Р90К90 + phosphorus mobilizing drug Rice Pi) ensured an increase in the yield of corn on sod-podzolic soils by 30,2 ct/ha compared to the basic fertilization system (N30Р30К30). The use of the organo-mineral fertilization system (N35Р60K120 + phosphorus mobilizing drug Rice Pi) ensured an increase in the yield of corn on peatlands by 56.8 ct/ha compared to the natural background of fertility.

FORMATION OF THE PHOTOSYNTHETIC PRODUCTIVITY OF SOYBEAN CROPS UNDER A BIOLOGIZED FOOD SYSTEM

The process of photosynthesis and the intensity of its work are the basis of the formation of productivity and the level of productivity of agrophytocenoses of agricultural crops, including soybeans. One of the main tasks of modern intensive cultivation technologies is the creation of optimal conditions for the development of the assimilation surface, its long-term operation and the maximum accumulation of organic matter by plants. This scientific article presents the results of field research on the impact of biological preparations of different mechanisms of action created on the basis of phosphorus and potassium mobilizing and mycorrhizal forming bacteria on the photosynthetic productivity of soybean crops at different levels of mineral fertilization, namely on the dynamics of the leaf surface area, the formation of the photosynthetic potential of crops and net productivity of photosynthesis. Field research was conducted on gray forest medium-loamy soils at the experimental field of the Agronomic Research Field of VNAU during 2017-2021. According to the results of the research and the processing of the obtained data, it was established that the use of Groundfix soil biofertilizer at the rate of 5 l/ha during the pre-sowing cultivation period and the pre-sowing treatment of seeds with the biological preparation Micofrend at the rate of 1,5 l/t against the background of complete mineral fertilization ensured the formation of the maximum in the experiment the area of the assimilation surface was 40,4 thousand m2/ha, which exceeded the control by 11,6 thousand m2/ha. In addition, based on the calculations, it was found that this version of fertilizer provided the formation of the highest photosynthetic potential in the experiment at the level of 3,153 million m2 days/ha, and the net productivity of photosynthesis, which, depending on the interphase period, was 5,44, 2,16, 1,76, 2,53 and 1,34 g/m2 per day. The article also provides the results of correlation calculations of the closeness of the connection between the area of the leaf surface, the amount of accumulated dry matter and the level of productivity.

The effect of microbiological and mineral fertilizers on the productivity of fodder crop rotation and the fertility of sod-podzolic soil

Relevance. For the first time, new biofertilizers Azotovite and Phosphatovite in combination with mineral and organic fertilizers were studied on sod-podzolic soil (83% of the arable area) in the conditions of the Novgorod region in the fodder crop rotation. The study of the influence of the methods of using microbiological fertilizers together with mineral and organic fertilizers in the developed crop rotation is relevant.Methods. Studies for 2019–2022 in the fodder crop rotation according to the 2 × 4 scheme were carried out on sod-podzolic soil underlain by clays. We studied three methods of using Azotovite (A) and Phosphatovite (F) — (factor B) on two backgrounds of complete mineral fertilizer (factor A), affecting the yield and nutritional value of crops in crop rotation.Results. Application in technological operations (twice) azotovite and phosphatovite (pickling of seed material at 2 l/t and non-root spraying in the phases of plant formation at a height of up to 30 cm, 1 l/ha of each preparation) together with mineral fertilizers for the estimated yield ensured the productivity of the phytomass of the vico-oat mixture of 35 t/ha with high nutritional value: collection of dry matter (SV) — 11.0 t/ha, digestible protein — 0.83 t/ha, exchange energy — 32.0 GJ/ha. The use of this technology provided for the rotation of crop rotation high nutritional value of feed from 1 ha of digestible protein — 0.45 t, exchange energy — 33.0 GJ, SV — 5.3 t with a low energy intensity of production thousand tons of units 2.6 GJ and an increase in the energy potential of the soil for crop rotation by more than 35 GJ/ha.

Root rot of spring wheat in field crop rotations in the forest-steppe of the Irkutsk region

The paper presents the results of the studies to assess the prevalence of root rots and yields of spring wheat in the forest-steppe zone of the Irkutsk region in field crop rotations on different back-grounds of fertilization and tillage practices. The experiment scheme: forecrops – fallow in crop rotation (fallow – wheat – oats), pea-oat mixture and corn in crop rotation (pea-oat mixture – wheat – corn – wheat); tillage methods – plowing with PLN-5-35 plow to a depth of 20-22 cm, BDT-3 disking to a depth of 12-14 cm; fertilization - no fertilizer, complete mineral fertilizer N45P45K45. The prevalence of root rot decreased on average for 3 years in the crop rotation with 33 % saturation of wheat and its sowing on a fallow forecrop in comparison with 50 % saturation in pea-oats by 6.1 %, in corn by 0.9 %; disc tillage compared to plowing in fallow forecrop by 11.8 %, in pea oats by 4.7 %, in corn by 9.2 %; on fertilized background in three-field crop rotation in fallow by 4 %, in pea oats by 1.9 %, in corn by 4.8 %. Statistically reliable highest yield of spring wheat was observed in three-field crop rotation with 33 % saturation of wheat on fallow at soil plowing, which is higher than similar soil treatment in crop rotation with 50 % saturation of wheat at sowing on pea and oat mixture by 31.3 %, on corn by 23.8 %. Application of mineral fertilizers N45P45K45 increased the yield, while tillage with discing and the forecrops such as pea and oat mixture and corn decreased the yield. Over the rotation, root rot incidence decreased from baseline with a concomitant increase in yield – with 33 % wheat saturated in the rotations by 9.0 % and 35.0 %, and with 50 % wheat saturated in the rotations by 6.6 % and 45.7 %.

Nitrogen regime of soddy-podzolic soil with long-term use of different types and combinations of mineral fertilizers

The purpose of the work is to study the effect of various types and combinations of mineral fertilizers on the fractional composition of nitrogen in soddy-podzolic soil in a long-term stationary experiment and compare it with a virgin analogue. The studies were carried out in 2016 and 2018 on the experimental field of the Perm Research Institute of Agriculture after harvesting barley in an eight-field crop rotation deployed on soddy-podzolic heavy loamy soil. The experiment scheme: without fertilizers: N90; Р90; К90; N90P90; N90K90; P90K90; N90Р90К90. To assess the effect of nitrogen, phosphorus, potash fertilizers and their combinations on the nitrogen regime of soddy-podzolic soil, the arable soil was compared with the virgin analogue. The nitrogen fund of soddy-podzolic soil of a long-term stationary experiment is represented by 64…71 % non-hydrolyzable and 17…22 % hardly hydrolyzable forms of nitrogen. Long-term use of various types and combinations of mineral fertilizers did not significantly change the ratio of nitrogen fractions characteristic of virgin soils of this type. Nitrogen fertilizers, both with one-sided application and in combination with potassium chloride (N90К90) and superphosphate (N90P90), contributed to an increase in the total nitrogen content in the arable soil layer by 10…20 % relative to the control, mineral nitrogen compounds - by 2…3 times. Unilateral application of potash fertilizer provided an increase in the content of total nitrogen in the soil by 12 %, the introduction of superphosphate did not have a signi cant effect on the nitrogen regime of the soil. Long-term use of complete mineral fertilizer (N90P90K90) only in this way: (N90P90К90) contributed to maintaining total nitrogen at the level of virgin soil - 1490 mg/kg. Long-term unilateral application of nitrogen fertilizers increased the content of nitrate nitrogen in the soil over the entire meter layer by 1.5-2.5 times, ammonium - by 1.5-14.6 times. The reserves of mineral nitrogen in the variants N90P90, N90K90, and N90P90K90 in the 0-20 cm layer increased 2-3 times, in the 0-100 cm layer - 2 times relative to the control variant.

Урожайность и плодородие дерново-подзолистой почвы при различных системах удобрения сенокоса

Studies to determine the effectiveness of various intensification systems have shown that as a result of long-term use of agrophytocenosis without replanting, the composition of the grass stand is re-formed depending on the care systems and the mode of alienation of the overgrown mass. In the technogenic system without the use of fertilizers and against the background of PK and manure, a low-grass-forb herbage is formed with a predominance of grassroots grasses. The type of herbage desirable for haymaking is preserved when a complete mineral fertilizer is applied. At the same time, the yield increases from 3.2 t/ha of dry matter in the control (on average over the past 30 years) by 80–150%, depending on the level of intensification. Long-term use contributes to an increase in the accumulation of underground mass and the content of humus in the soil.

Обоснование норм применения минеральных удобрений при выращивании пшеницы озимой в условиях Западного Предкавказья

The influence of rates of mineral fertilizers on the yield and grain quality of soft winter wheat on leached chernozem in the conditions of the Western Ciscaucasia is considered. The effect of foliar fertilization with a polycomponent fertilizer Aqualis of a type 18 : 18 : 18 + 3MgO + ME on winter wheat crops in the fourth rotation of grain-grass-rowed crop rotation was studied. An agrochemical analysis of leached chernozem was carried out according to the vegetation phases of soft winter wheat: spring tillering, budding and flowering. According to the research results, the average yield of winter wheat in the control variant was 5.08 t/ha, at the application of a single rate of a complete mineral fertilizer (N40P30K20), the yield was 6.0 t/ha. The increase to the control amounted to 0.92 t/ha (18.1%). The application of double (N80P60K40) and triple rates of the mineral fertilizer (N120P90K60) increased the yield to 6.75 and 6.85 t/ha, respectively. The increase relative to the control is 1.67 t/ha (32.9%) and 1.77 t/ha (34.8%), respectively. The protein content in grains in the control variant was 10.9%, the protein yield was 553.72 kg/ha. The application of single (N40P30K20), double (N80P60K40), and triple rates (N120P90K60) of the complete mineral fertilizer increased the protein content in grains and amounted up to 11.6, 12.2, and 12.2%, protein yield – 696.0, 823.5, and 835.7 kg/ha, respectively. The gluten content in the control was 20.1%; the maximum gluten content was found in the variant when applied the water-soluble polycomponent fertilizer Aqualis at the application of a triple rate of the complete mineral fertilizer (N120P90K60) – 23.8%, which is 3.7% more than in the control variant. Foliar fertilizing with water-soluble polycomponent fertilizer Aqualis at the application of single (N40P30K20), double N80P60K40), and triple (N120P90K60) rates of the complete mineral fertilizer provided a significant in-crease in winter wheat yield, which amounted to 1.60, 2.67, and 2.82 t/ha. This is higher than the control by 31.5, 52.6, and 55.5%. The protein content in grains and protein yield when applying Aqualis at the application of the complete mineral fertilizer ranged from 12.4–12.8% and 976.5–1011.2 kg/ha, respectively.

The influence of the aftereffect of long-term use of mineral fertilizers on sorghum grain productivity and quality on ordinary blackearth of the Central Pre-Caucasus

There have been presented the study results of the experiment of the Geographical Network of Experiments with fertilizers, established in 1975 on ordinary chernozem under conditions of unstable moisture in the Stavropol Territory. The purpose of the current study was to reveal the influence of the aftereffect of the long-term use of mineral fertilizers on the agrochemical properties of soil, productivity, and quality of sorghum grain, depending on the weather conditions of the year. There has been established that, after 30 years of action and 14 years of aftereffect of the use of phosphorus fertilizers in doses of 60–180 kg/ha of a.i. the content of residual phosphorus in the soil layer of 0–20 cm before sowing sorghum varied from 25 to 55 mg/kg. The crop productivity was closely dependent on weather conditions and the agrochemical condition of the soil. In arid conditions in 2020, the largest grain productivity (2.5–3.16 t/ha) was obtained in areas of phosphorus fertilizer’s aftereffect with a high content of P2O5 in soil (more than 30 mg/kg). In the wet year, the largest productivity (5.10–5.64 t/ha) were obtained in nitrogen fertilizers’ aftereffect against the background of low phosphates availability (12–16 mg/kg). In different weather conditions, the maximum level of sorghum productivity was obtained in the aftereffect of complete mineral fertilizer or with a balanced nutrient regime of the soil, in 2020 it was 3.81–4.96 t/ha and in 2022 it was 5.4–6.14 t/ha. Sorghum grain quality was also determined by the weather and soil properties. Grain with the highest crude protein percentage (9.9–13.6 %) was obtained in a dry year after the effect of nitrogen fertilizer. In both years of the study, the products obtained after the application of high doses of one phosphorus fertilizer (120–180 kg/ha a.i.) had the least nutritional value. The crude protein percentage in grain did not exceed 2.2–7.8 %. To stabilize productivity and increase the nutritional value of sorghum, it is necessary, first of all, to optimize the nitrogen nutrition of plants, especially in conditions of good moisture supply.

EVALUATION OF THE EFFECT OF DRUGS WITH PHYSIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE PROPERTIES ON THE ANTIOXIDANT PROPERTIES OF POTATO SOLANUM TUBEROSUML. (USING ASCORBIC ACID AS AN EXAMPLE)

The paper discusses the problem of reducing the content of ascorbic acid (as a plant-protective antioxidant compound in Solanum tuberosumL. potato tubers) while improving the nutritional regime - the use of complete mineral fertilizer in low doses, humidity and temperature conditions and physiologically optimal for potato growth pH values (weakly alkaline). The possibilities of using exogenous antioxidants (humic preparations) to maintain the level of ascorbic acid in commercial products are considered. Experimental data were obtained in f eld studies on two types of soils and in two climatic regions (Voronezh and Moscow regions). It has been shown that humic preparations can maintain the level of ascorbic acid as an independent top dressing, and against the background of full mineral fertilizer with an increase in yield.

Grain yield and protein content in different ripening varieties of soft winter wheat using various types and doses of fertilizers

Purpose. To study of yield formation and protein content in the grain of different ripening varieties of soft winter wheat under the condition of using various types and doses of fertilizers. Methods. Field and laboratory (determination of protein content), calculation (collection of protein), mathematical and statistical. Results. It was found that different fertilization systems reliably increased the grain yield of soft winter wheat. The use of N75 increased this indicator by 1.2 times and N150 by 1.4 times in the varieties studied, compared with the no-fertilizer variant. Yield with incomplete return of phosphorus-potassium fertilizer was only 2–3% lower than with complete mineral fertilizer. With the nitrogen-phosphorus and nitrogen-potassium fertilization systems, the yield was 5–7% higher than with the nitrogen system. At the same time, this indicator was 6% lower than in the full mineral fertilizer version of the trial. The use of 75 kg/ha nitrogen fertilizer per year increased the protein content to 13.5%, or by 10% compared to the control. In the double dose nitrogen fertilizer variant, the protein content increased to 14.2% or by 15%. The use of nitrogen fertilizers with phosphorus-potassium only contributed 2–4% to the increase of this indicator. Cultivation of winter wheat under the condition of application of N75 increased the collection of protein up to 724 kg/ha or by 33%, and with a double dose of nitrogen fertilizer – up to 848 kg/ha or by 55% compared to the option without fertilizer. In the N75P30K40 variant, protein yield increased by 10% compared to the nitrogen system. The application of a complete mineral fertilizer (N150P60K40) increased this indicator by 12%. Conclusions. It was found that the use of N75P30K40 increased the grain yield of soft winter wheat by up to 5.9 t/ha, or 7%, compared to the option where only 75 kg/ha of nitrogen fertilizer was applied. Yield development in soft winter wheat varies considerably from variety to variety. For example, this indicator was 35% higher in the ‘KWS Emil’ variety than in the ‘Prino’ line. In addition, the grain yield of both varieties is reliably influenced by the weather conditions during the growing season. The protein content of soft winter wheat varies considerably depending on the variety and the weather conditions. When growing soft winter wheat varieties, the protein content can vary by 12.8–15.1%. Weather conditions during the growing season can change this indicator by 13.1–14.7%. The protein content index in the grain of the ‘Prino’ line is significantly higher than that of the ‘KWS Emil’ variety. According to the protein yield per hectare indicator, the ‘KWS Emil’ variety (896 kg/ha) has a significant advantage over the ‘Prino’ line (774 kg/ha).

ВЛИЯНИЕ БИОСТИМУЛЯТОРА БИОДУКС И МИНЕРАЛЬНЫХ УДОБРЕНИЙ НА ПРОДУКТИВНОСТЬ ПРОСА

The aim of the study was to determine the optimal dose of the «Biodux» biostimulator, containing a complex of biologically active polyunsaturated fatty acids of the fungus Mortierellaalpina, for presowing treatment of millet (Panicum miliaceum) seeds. The study was conducted in 2019-2020. in the conditions of the Pre-Kama region of the Republic of Tatarstan. The experimental plot is located on light gray forest soil, which has a slightly acidic reaction (pHsalt. = 5.3), an increased content of mobile forms of phosphorus (142-148 mg/kg) and potassium (153-162 mg/kg), the average content of organic matter (3.6-3.8%). Agrochemical analyzes of the soil were performed by generally accepted methods: GOST 26213-91 (organic matter content); GOST 26207-91 (content of mobile compounds of phosphorus and potassium according to the Kirsanov method in the modification of TsINAO); GOST 26483-85 (pH value). The effect of the biostimulator on the yield of millet variety Varyag was studied against the background of a complete mineral fertilizer, calculated to obtain 3.0 t/ha of grain (N78-84P69-74K88-94). The doses of «Biodux» for seed treatment were 1, 3, 4 and 6 ml/t. The agrometeorological conditions of the vegetation periods during the years of the study were favorable for the growth and development of millet. The presence of a close curvilinear correlation between the increments of the millet yield and increasing doses of the biostimulant was established. For the description of this dependence for two years, a polynomial equation of the second degree was better suited: in both cases, the coefficient of determination (R2) of the increase in millet grain yield from the doses of the tested biostimulant «Biodux» was 0.97. The greatest increase in the yield of millet was provided by the average (3 ml/t) dose of «Biodux», which increased the yield of grain by 14-15% compared to the background level. Increases in grain yield from mineral fertilizers exceeded the maximum increase from the «Biodux» biostimulator by 3.1-3.6 times.

Yields and grain quality of winter rye cultivated on sod-podzolic radioactively contaminated soil depending on the applied means of chemicalization

Relevance. The effect of mineral fertilizers of various degrees of saturation and the biological preparation Albit on the yields and quality of winter rye grain of the Moskovskaya-12 variety has been studied in a stationary field experiment on the radioactively contaminated sod-podzolic sandy loam soil. Methods. The researchers conducted (2019–2021) at the experimental field of the Novozybkov branch of the Bryansk State Agrarian University established that the highest yield of winter rye grain (4.37 t/ha) was formed when using full mineral fertilizer N90P60K150 against the background of treatment of winter rye plants with biopreparation Albit. Results. Under the influence of the applied means of chemicalization, an improvement in the biophysical parameters of winter rye grain has been noted. The content of raw protein in winter rye grain, depending on the fertilizer systems used, has varied from 11.3 to 13.5% with its highest collection (0.599 t/ha) per unit area when using the N90P60K150 fertilizer system in combination with the biopreparation Albit. The use of the complete mineral fertilizer (NPK) with consistently increasing doses of potassium both separately and in combination with the biopreparation Albit has contributed to a decrease in the specific activity of 137Cs in winter rye grain by more than 2.1 times in comparison with the control.

The influence of biological techniques in the feed crop rotation link on soil productivity and fertility

Relevance. New fertilizers Azotovite and Phosphatovite do not pollute the soil and provide significant savings when applying in combination with traditional fertilizers. Studies on the use of Azotovite and Phosphatovite in the conditions of the Novgorod region on sod-podzolic soil in improved fodder crop rotations have not yetbeen conducted, therefore research on the influence of Azotovite and Phosphatovite together with mineral fertilizers in improved crop rotations is relevant.Methods. The results of studies of two-factor field experiment, carried out in 2019–2021 on sod-podzolic soil in the conditions of the Novgorod region, are presented to study the influence on the yield and nutritional value of forage cropsof three methods of using Azotovite (A) and Phosphatovite (P) — factor H— and mineral fertilizers in full dosagesfor a programmed yield (background 1) andin dosages, reduced by 50% (background 2) (factor B) in the feed crop rotation link: spring rapeseed for siderate; winter rye and spring barley for grain. The use of crop-root residues, siderates and grain straw serves as a basis for increasing soil fertility.Results. It was established that the introduction of a complete mineral fertilizer based on the planned harvest, the double use of Azotovite and Phosphatovite in technological operations— etching of seed material (by 2 l/t of each preparation) and non-root spraying of plants in the period up to 30 cm (by 1 l/ha of each preparation) —provided high productivity of siderate (38.2 t/ha),grain of winter rye (7.1 t/ha) and spring barley (4.1 t/ha); digestible proteinin amount 0.65 and 0.34 t/ha was obtained, low energy intensity of grain production (less than 3.0 GJ/t) is combined with high energy efficiency of production — 5.8 units. The use of siderate and grain straw as organic fertilizers allowed to increase soil fertility on average per crop rotation link for all variants of the experiment by more than 47 GJ/ha.

FIBRE FLAX YIELD AND QUALITY DEPENDING ON INCREASED DOSES OF MINERAL FERTILIZERS

The article presents results of a three-year study (from 2019 to 2021) on evaluation of application of various doses of complete mineral fertilizer on fiber flax. The soil of the experimental plot is soddy-podzolic, medium loamy, with a low content of humus, with slightly acidic reaction of the soil medium, a high content of phosphorus and an average content of potassium. The object of the study was a new promising fiber flax variety Phoenix of Smolensk breeding. The purpose of the work was to study the effect of various doses and combinations of mineral fertilizers on yield and quality of seeds and fiber of a new variety of fiber flax. It was established that application of mineral fertilizers for fiber flax significantly increased the yield of seeds (by 80%) and flax straw (by 76%). Maximum yield was observed on variants 333 and 444 (48 - 64 kg a.r./ha of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium). The crop structure and the quality parametres of the obtained products improved under the influence of mineral fertilizers. In particular, a tendency of increase of plant height and the weight of 1000 seeds by 15% in relation to the control up to appropriate variant (N64P64K64 inclusive) was revealed. The number of capsules formed on the plant directly depended on the dose of mineral fertilizer and was maximum when nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium were applied at 112 kg a.r./ha and amounted to 78% compared to the variant without fertilizer. The yield of long flax fiber increased by 112.5% and its yield by 28% in case of increase of the dose of mineral fertilizers (from 90 kg a.r./ha). When using medium and high doses of mineral fertilizers, the fiber had high strength values up to 32.3 kg/s, but its flexibility decreased.

PHOTOSYNTHETIC AND SEED PRODUCTIVITY OF SOYBEAN DEPENDS ON INOCULATION AND FERTILIZING IN THE CONDITIONS OF RIGHT-BANK FOREST STEPPE

At the current stage of world agricultural production development, soy occupies the leading place among the most critical high-protein and oil crops. Ukraine is the leader in soybean production on the Eurasian continent, however, the biological yield potential of domestic soybean varieties is not yet sufficiently realized, and therefore there is a need to find ways to increase the productivity of soybean agro phytocoenoses. The basis of the creation of the dry weight of the soybean seed crop, like any agricultural crop, is photosynthesis. The intensity of which reflects plants' reaction to the conditions of growth and development, including the technological model of cultivation. Therefore, studying laws that determine the photosynthesis process productivity is an essential way of managing the level of crop productivity. The purpose of the research was to establish the influence of seed inoculation by microbial preparation of multifunctional action Phosphonitragin and rates and terms of mineral fertilizers application on photosynthetic and seed productivity formation. Visual, measuring-weighing, calculation, and statistical-mathematical methods of observation and research were used during the research. Field research was conducted during 2013-2016 at the experimental field of the State Enterprise "DG Salivonkivske" of the Institute of Bioenergy Crops and Sugar Beet of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. The soil of the experimental site is a typical low-humus chernozem. Humus content in the 0-20 cm layer - 4.55%, easily hydrolyzed nitrogen (according to Kornfield) - 154-160 mg/kg of soil, mobile phosphorus (according to Chirikov) - 43-55 mg/kg of soil, exchangeable potassium - 94-106 mg/kg of soil, the pH of the salt extract is 6.7-7.1. The field experiment was laid according to the scheme: factor A - variety: Vilshanka (early ripening), Suzirya (medium ripening); factor B – pre-sowing seeds treatment: without inoculation, bacterial preparation Phosphonitragin; factor C – mineral fertilizer: without fertilizers (control); P60K60; N15P60K60; N30P60K60; N45P60K60; P60K60 +N15; N15Р60K60 + N15; N30Р60K60 + N15. Phosphorous and potash fertilizers were applied during the main tillage, nitrogen fertilizers were applied in accordance with the scheme of the experiment: for pre-sowing cultivation and extra-feeding of soybean plants in the budding phase. Seed inoculation was carried out by a complex bacterial preparation based on phosphorus-mobilizing microorganisms (B. mucilaginosus) and strains of nodule bacteria (Br. japonicum). In our research, both soybean varieties were characterized by a high level of leaf surface growth, but the medium-ripe Suzirya variety formed a larger leaf area in all phases of development. The most powerful in terms of size - at the level of 34.3-44.9 thousand m2/ha (variety Vilshanka) and 35.5-46.4 thousand m2/ha (variety Suzirya) - the leaf surface in soybean crops was formed in the phase of seeds swelling. The growth of the maximum leaf area was ensured by the combined action of the inoculant and mineral fertilizers in a dose of N30P60K60 + N15 – 44.9-46.4 thousand m2/ha. The highest content of chlorophyll pigments was noted for the retail application of nitrogen fertilizers - N30 in pre-sowing cultivation on the background of P60K60 and N15 in extra-feeding the budding phase. Compared with a single application of the same amount of nitrogen fertilizers sum of chlorophyll "a" and "c" content was increased by 0.26-0.30 mg/g of raw mass. Bacterization of soybean seeds by Phosphonitragin increased the content of chlorophylls a+b by 20.0-23.1%. Improvement of nutrition conditions due to the introduction of mineral fertilizers and seeds bacterization by Phosphonitragin had a positive effect on the formation of the net productivity of photosynthesis. Seed inoculation provided an increase in the dry matter by 20.0-29.1%, application of phosphorus-potassium fertilizers by 16.1-17.7%, complete mineral fertilizer by 22.0-45.0% (Vilshanka variety) and 19.1-44.1% (Suzirya variety), including the retail application of nitrogen fertilizers - by 41.0-45.0 and 37.3-44.1%, respectively. The most productive according to this indicator - at the level of 6.28-7.04 t/ha, were the options where seeds were inoculated by Phosphonitragin and N15-30Р60K60 + N15 was applied in the budding phase. In all years of research, the medium-ripe variety Suzirya formed a higher yield of dry mass. According to the results of the correlation-regression analysis, it was determined that the strength of the relationship between the yield level is significant and closely correlated with dry matter accumulation - the correlation coefficient for the Vilshanka variety is r = 0.957, for the Suzirya variety - r = 0.971. The main criterion for evaluating the performance of the photosynthetic potential is the yield level. The maximum yield - at the level of 2.86 t/ha (early-ripening variety Vilshanka) and 3.15 t/ha (medium-ripening variety Suzirya) was formed in the areas with the highest photosynthetic productivity. Compared to the absolute control the yield increase in the specified options was 53.9 and 44.6%.

The role of abiotic and anthropogenic factors in the development of Alternaria leaf spot on potato plantings in the North-West of Russia

For effective control of the phytosanitary state of agrocenoses, it is important to have knowledge of the influence of abiotic and anthropogenic factors on the population density of pests, weeds and the development of diseases. Among all the factors influencing the development of Alternaria leaf spot in potato planting in the North-West of Russia, the most significant was the influence of weather conditions (55.5%). The intense development of this illness occurred in the years with the high average diurnal temperatures in the second and third decades of June along with the high level of precipitation in the first decade of July. The contribution of mineral nutrition and the integrated plant protection system turned out to be unequal, which accounted for 9.6 and 0.9%. At the same time, in some years, the application of mineral fertilizers determined the development of potato Alternaria leaf spot by 11.6–87.5%, and the implementation of protective measures – by 1.2–17.6%. The strong development of Alternaria leaf spot was influenced by the increased air temperatures in the second and third decades of June, combined with abundant humidity in the first decade of July. The introduction of complete mineral fertilization led to a significant decrease in the development of Alternaria leaf spot in potato plantings, while the effectiveness of fungicidal treatments was not high enough.

Dependence of spring wheat seed productivity on mineral fertilizer doses and seeding rates

The article presents the results of field studies conducted in 2018-2020 on the leached chernozem of the Volga foreststeppe. The objects of the research are the varieties of spring wheat Tulaykovskaya 10 (control), Yoldyz and Tulaykovskaya 108. At seeding rates of 5.0 and 5.5 million viable seeds per 1 ha the effect of mineral fertilizers was studied. The fertilizers were represented by a complete NPK mineral fertilizer of 16 kg a.i. and by top-dressing with mineral nitrogen fertilizer in the tillering phase at the doses of 30, 60 and 90 kg a.i./ha against this background. An increase in the seeding rate of seeds from 5.0 to 5.5 million seeds per 1 ha led to a significant increase in the yield of spring wheat in all years of study (by 0.11-0.26 t/ha), the weight of 1000 seeds – by 1.44 g (LSD05 = 1.14), the nature of grain - by 8 g/l (LSD05 = 5). The effect of top-dressing with nitrogen fertilizers has been proved – the increase in yield ranged from 0.15 to 0.28 t/ha over three years on the average, the maximum from a dose of 60 kg a.i. A statistically significant increase in the weight of 1000 seeds was provided by nitrogen fertilization in doses of 60 and 90 kg a.i./ha – by 2.79 and 1.87 g, respectively (LSD05 = 1.47), grain nature increased at doses of 30, 60 and 90 kg a.i./ha by 34, 23 and 16 g/l, respectively (LSD05 = 2). The average yield of spring wheat varieties with the selected combination of factors (5.5 million seeds/ha, N60) was in the range of 2.64-2.70 t/ha with a mass of 1000 grains 44.03-44.56 g, the nature of grain 765-783 g/l. The studied varieties differed in responsiveness to nitrogen fertilization (N60 against the NPK background): Tulaykovskaya 10 (+0.43 t/ha), Tulaykovskaya 108 (+0.39 t/ha), Yoldyz (+0.24 t/ha). Increases in yield from an increase in the seeding rate were 0.20 (Yoldyz), 0.25 (Tulaykovskaya 108) and 0.26 t/ha (Tulaykovskaya 10). In general, according to the experiment relative to the control variety Tulaykovskaya 10, the variety Yoldyz stood out with a stable increase in yield over the years of research (+0.08 t/ha), statistically significant in years with insufficient moisture. The Yoldyz variety was distinguished by an increased profitability of cultivation – up to 59.4 % at a seeding rate of 5.5 million viable seeds/ha against the background of applying mineral fertilizers N16P16K16 for pre-sowing soil cultivation.

Fertilizers, plant density and nutritional properties of corn grain

The article presents data on the influence of an increasing plant density of an early-ripening corn hybrid on the biochemical composition and fodder properties of grain, depending on the level of mineral nutrition. It is shown that the highest protein supply was noted for the grain obtained in the variants with nitrogen feeding; the increase in crude protein in comparison with the variants on the natural agrobackground was 1.56%. The use of complete mineral fertilization had no advantages over a single application of nitrogen-phosphorus fertilizers; against these nutritional backgrounds, the increase of 0.97-1.05% was obtained in relation to the unfertilized agricultural background. As the crops crowd, there is a tendency for the crude protein content in the grain to increase. Over the years of testing, the stable influence of the conditions of mineral nutrition and the plants density on the content of crude fiber, crude ash and nitrogen-free extractive substances has not been established. The grain with a higher crude fat content was obtained with the introduction of complete mineral fertilization, and the crowding of the crops led to the decrease in its content in the grain.