Complementary Split Ring Resonator Structure Research Articles

Wide-Angle Frequency Scanning Leaky Wave Antenna Loaded CSRR Patch Based on SSPP Transmission Line

A novel composite left-and-right-composite-handed leaky wave antenna is proposed based on Spoof Surface Plasmon Polaritons slow-wave transmission line at microwave band in this paper. Wide-angle frequency scanning of the antenna is achieved by combining the slow-wave dispersion characteristics of Spoof Surface Plasmon Polaritons and the left-and-right-composite-handed characteristics of the complementary split ring resonator structure. The simulated and experimental results show that, with the increase of frequency, the radiation mode of the antenna gradually changed from slow-wave mode to fast-wave radiation mode, and the pattern changed continuously. The scanning region of the main beams proposed covers 110° in φ=0° plane when the frequency increases from 8GHz to 15GHz, and the gain of the antenna kept between 7dBi and 10.4dBi.

A Proposed Model of Metamaterial Complementary Split- Ring Resonator to Reduce Microstrip Array Antenna Dimension

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Mutual Coupling Reduction of Slot Antenna Array by Controlling Surface Wave Propagation

In this communication, we present a methodology to reduce mutual coupling in a planar slot antenna array by using electric metamaterial. The proposed methodology is based on resisting and steering the propagation of surface wave. Initially, an array of complementary split-ring resonator (CSRR) is designed between the two slots for suppressing the surface wave propagation. Afterward, to steer the surface wave propagation, complementary fishnet structures are designed on the two sides of the slot array. Finally, for a better level of isolation improvement, both CSRR and complementary fishnet structures are simultaneously used. The final design has achieved at least 14 dB improvements in isolation level throughout the wide operating bandwidth of around 2 GHz, even if the gap between the slots is only 3.4 mm. The efficiency and the realized gain of the proposed antenna have also been studied. Because of the use of both metamaterial structures as a complementary, the overall configuration becomes fully planar and easy to realize.

Microwave subsurface imaging of dielectric structures using fractal geometries of complementary split ring resonators

In this paper, newly proposed complementary split ring resonator (CSRR) structures of fractal geometries are used for microwave imaging of coated dielectric structures in order to detect concealed voids or similar inclusions. The proposed fractal-based CSRR structures are found to display improved sensitivity as compared to the conventional square CSRR sensors of same cross-sectional dimensions, and thus appear to be more appropriate for imaging applications. Detailed analyses of different orders of square Sierpinski fractals have been carried out. Raster scanning of the test region is performed and various parameters such as the magnitude and phase at unloaded resonant frequency, along with the shift in resonant frequency when loaded with the test structure are measured. Furthermore, both qualitative and quantitative images of the test structure are retrieved in terms of all the three measured parameters. Simulation and experimental results demonstrate the applicability of the proposed sensor for microwave imaging.

Miniaturization of rectangular patch microstrip antenna by using complementary split ring resonator

The mobile device miniaturization requires the applied antenna microstrip size be much smaller to reduce the radio front-end load. This paper discusses the rectangular patch microstrip antenna miniaturization by using complementary split ring resonator (CSRR) structure for 3G mobile communication system on 2.1 GHz. The structure is implemented on the microstrip ground plane. Simulation evaluation by using the AWR simulator shows that the CSRR structure is able to reduce antenna dimension about 62.71% from 3192 mm2 (56mm×57mm) to 1190 mm2 (34mm×35mm). Beside miniaturization, VSWR and return loss also experience improvements about 1.05 and -33.83 dB subsequently. Bandwidth increment about 70.37% is also achieved.

Tunable Fano resonance in plasmonic MDM waveguide with a square type split-ring resonator

Plasmonic metal-dielectric-metal (MDM) type waveguide structures with a split ring resonator (SRR) or a complementary split-ring resonator (CSRR) are proposed. The waveguides can support Fano type transmission. It is observed that the asymmetric non-integer modes in addition to the symmetric integer modes can be excited in the SRR structure. Simulation results indicate that the transmission spectra can be efficiently tuned by changing the position of the split as well as other parameters. However, for the symmetrical CSRR structure, the non-integer modes can not be excited. The transmission properties of the proposed structure are numerically studied by the finite element method (FEM). The proposed structures have potential application in the area of the plasmonic filter, the refractive index nanosensor, the integrated slow-light devices, and so on.

Improved approach using symmetric microstrip sensor for accurate measurement of complex permittivity

A novel symmetrical planar sensor based on splitter/combiner microstrip sections with a pair of interdigital capacitors (IDCs) and 2 complementary split ring resonators (CSRRs) structure is presented. A high sensitivity area to the dielectric property of surrounding materials has been established by locating IDC unit on the top-plane while a rectangular CSRR structure etched out on the ground plane. The symmetrical circuit makes the sensitivity further improved to the introduction of sample to be tested because of the destruction of the symmetry. The complex permittivity of the dielectric samples has been evaluated from the actual experimental scattering parameters by using back propagation neural network techniques. The proposed methodology is validated by fabricating the sensor on Rogers5880 substrate and testing various standard dielectric samples viz. PVC, Glass epoxy, FR4, and Glass in C-band. The measured complex permittivity of the test specimens is found to be in close agreement with their values available in literature with maximum error of <5%.

A Compact Dual-Band Antenna Enabled by a Complementary Split-Ring Resonator-Loaded Metasurface

In this paper, the design of a compact dual-band antenna with operational bands centered at 1.9 and 2.5 GHz is introduced and validated numerically as well as experimentally. The proposed antenna is comprised by placing a monopole feeding antenna above an engineered multilayer metasurface (MS) which functions as an artificial ground plane. Moreover, complementary split-ring resonator structures are incorporated into the multilayer MS design to realize the dual-band operation of the proposed monopole-MS integrated antenna system. Dispersive analysis of the MS unit cell reveals the underlying radiation mechanism of the antenna. It is observed that the designed MS resonates in both frequency bands with a resonance mode pattern resembling that of the $TM_{10}$ mode of a rectangular patch antenna, thereby yielding a broadside radiation pattern in both bands. The overall footprint of the antenna is only $\mathrm {0.062}{\lambda }_{0}^{2}$ , where ${\lambda }_{0}$ is the free space wavelength at 1.9 GHz. Importantly, by using the proposed artificial ground plane, even with a highly miniaturized form factor, the antenna still maintains a peak gain of above 5 dBi and a front-to-back ratio higher than 6 dB within the two operational bands.

High‐sensitivity structure for the measurement of complex permittivity based on SIW

In this study, a substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) combined with complementary split-ring resonator (CSRR) structure is proposed for high-sensitivity measurement of complex permittivity of low loss material at 2.45 GHz. The simulated results demonstrated that the small changes can be sensed through loading the CSRR structure on both sides of SIW. Then, the experiments are performed on various dielectric samples to validate the proposed structure by measuring the particulate samples with different moisture contents and solution samples in different mixed volume ratio. The measured results show that the sensitivity of the proposed SIW with CSRR structure is always higher than the structure without CSRR. Furthermore, neural network based on actual experimental scattering parameters is used for obtaining the permittivity of samples under test. The experimental values agree well with the theoretical values, and the relative errors of and are <5 and 10%.

Miniaturized Sierpinski fractal loaded QMSIW antenna with CSRR in ground plane for WLAN applications

In this paper, electrically small substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) antenna based on Sierpinski fractal and complementary split ring resonators (CSRR) are proposed. The antenna size is electrically reduced by the use of quarter-mode substrate integrated waveguide (QMSIW) and Sierpinski fractals. The CSRR added on the ground plane introduces additional inductance and capacitance to the overall structure to further reduce the size. The overall size of the proposed antenna is 23 mm × 20.5 mm. The resonant frequency for the first mode of the antenna is tuned by rotating the CSRR structure, while maintaining almost identical radiation pattern and performance. The S-parameters and radiation characteristics have been investigated by full-wave EM-simulation and measurement. For the first mode, the resonant frequency varies from 4.96 GHz to 5.88 GHz by the rotation of CSRR structure from 0° to 315° making it suitable for IEEE 802.11 WLAN applications. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 59:1291–1295, 2017

225–255-GHz InP DHBT Frequency Tripler MMIC Using Complementary Split-Ring Resonator

In this paper, a novel design of frequency tripler monolithic microwave integrated circuit (MMIC) using complementary split-ring resonator (CSRR) is proposed based on 0.5-μm InP DHBT process. The CSRR-loaded microstrip structure is integrated in the tripler as a part of impedance matching network to suppress the fundamental harmonic, and another frequency tripler based on conventional band-pass filter is presented for comparison. The frequency tripler based on CSRR-loaded microstrip generates an output power between −8 and −4 dBm from 228 to 255 GHz when the input power is 6 dBm. The suppression of fundamental harmonic is better than 20 dBc at 77–82 GHz input frequency within only 0.15 × 0.15 mm2 chip area of the CSRR structure on the ground layer. Compared with the frequency tripler based on band-pass filter, the tripler using CSRR-loaded microstrip obtains a similar suppression level of unwanted harmonics and higher conversion gain within a much smaller chip area. To our best knowledge, it is the first time that CSRR is used for harmonic suppression of frequency multiplier at such high frequency band.

Effect of Complementary Split Ring Resonator Structure on PIFA Antenna

This paper proposes a new design of Planar Inverted-F Antenna with complementary split ring resonators (CSRRs). The operating frequency of this antenna is 2.425 GHz for Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) application. The method is to incorporate a single CSRR cell and a periodic array CSRRs on the radiating patch. We studied the effect of this method on the characteristics of antenna in free space and in the presence of the user. We used a homogeneous model of a human head near our antenna. The parameters that considered in these works are gain, electric field, magnetic field, return loss, radiation pattern, power loss density and Specific Absorption Rate. The addition of CSRRs on to PIFA antenna will improve the gain from 4.76 dB to 4.81 dB and will reduce the Specific Absorption Rate from 3.57 W/kg to 2.95 W/kg.

A novel compact dual‐band filter based on quarter‐mode substrate integrated waveguide and complementary split‐ring resonator

ABSTRACTThis article proposes a novel miniaturized dual‐band filter, which is implemented by combining quarter‐mode substrate integrated waveguide (QMSIW) and complementary split‐ring resonator (CSRR). The resonator consists of a QMSIW cavity and CSRR structure, which can miniaturize SIW filter by increasing electrical length of the CSRR. With the combination of two second‐order QMSIW filters of different size, two propagating passbands can be generated. Based on the proposed structure, a dual‐band prototype is designed, fabricated, and measured. The measured passbands are centered at 3.5 GHz with about 3.3% bandwidth and 5.7 GHz with about 6.4% bandwidth. The measured minimum insertion loss for lower and upper bands is 0.98dB and 0.81dB respectively. While the insertion loss for all passbands is better than 2dB. The propose dual‐band filter has good performance in insertion loss with compact size, which has a great potential in the application of communication systems. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 58:2704–2707, 2016

Design and characterization of a tunable patch antenna loaded with capacitive MEMS switch using CSRRs structure on the patch

In this paper, the design and characterization of a tunable patch antenna loaded with complementary split ring resonators (CSRRs) on the patch have been realized. To achieve tunable resonant frequency, bandwidth and radiation pattern, the antenna is further loaded with coplanar waveguide (CPW) on which Microelectromechanical System (MEMS) capacitive switches are placed periodically. The tunable property is achieved, when the switches moves from up state with the capacitive gap 1.5μm to down state having capacitive gap of 1μm. A parametric analysis has been presented to check the sensitivity of the antenna in terms of S11 parameter by varying different parameters of the MEMS switches and CSRRs. This work, strives to improve the degree of reconfigurability with increase in the number of switches. The value of actuation voltage to move switch from up to down state is 10.4V, which is very low over the other design. The switches exhibit fundamental frequency 14.6kHz, switching time 28.59μs, and capacitance ratio 15.27. Simulation has been carried out in Ansoft HFSS v. 13 and the distinct characterization property of the tunable antenna is shown through simulation.

A CSRR-Fed SIW Cavity-Backed Fractal Patch Antenna for Wireless Energy Harvesting and Communication.

This paper presents a novel compact dual-band and dual-polarized complementary split-ring resonator (CSRR)-fed substrate-integrated waveguide (SIW) cavity-backed fractal patch antenna for wireless energy harvesting and communication. The proposed antenna is composed of a Giuseppe Peano fractal radiation patch with a backed SIW cavity. To enhance the bandwidth and minimize the dimensions, the CSRR structure is designed to feed the Giuseppe Peano fractal patch orthogonally. A prototype of the proposed antenna is simulated, fabricated and measured. The proposed antenna exhibits good directionality and high cross-polarization level with especially compact size.

Wideband three section branch line coupler using triple open complementary split ring resonator and open stubs

This paper presents the design of a wideband three section branch line coupler using three cascaded open complementary split ring resonator structures and open stubs connected between them. The slow wave effect offered by the open complementary split ring resonator is utilized to achieve size reduction. The low impedance lines of the conventional three section branch line coupler are replaced by the proposed structure which is 50–52% less in length. The fabricated prototype gives a bandwidth of 53% and occupies an area of 17.46% of the conventional one.

Improved RF Metamaterial Band-Pass Filter Design Using CSRR Structures on LCP Substrate

In the past decade, the emergence of man-made structures with unusual electromagnetic properties not seen in nature—commonly known as “metamaterials”—has generated much interest in designing filters, antennas, lenses, and other devices based on negative values of permittivity (ε) and permeability (μ). Manipulating negative values of these electromagnetic parameters has found applications in communication technology and cloaking research by taking advantage of interesting phenomena such as a negative index of refraction and the reverse Doppler Effect. RF and microwave filters with different frequency responses (low-pass, high-pass, band-pass, and band-stop) can be realized by varying microstrip signal line shapes at a frequency of interest due to the fact that the metamaterial frequency response is dependent on the physical dimensions of the structures. For example, the center frequency of a filter can be determined by adjusting the physical dimensions of metamaterial building blocks called split-ring resonators (SRR) or their duals, complementary split-ring resonators (CSRR). To further metamaterial applications, however, non-planar surfaces and effects of curvature on frequency response must also be considered. In this work, an RF metamaterial filter is presented to demonstrate an improvement in the band-pass frequency response from a previous design at Auburn University by enhancing the upper band behavior of the filter. This is achieved by modifying the metamaterial design on the microstrip device to incorporate new additions to the signal line to combine both high-pass and low-pass metamaterial design concepts, resulting in a band-pass response. The filter is designed using a liquid crystal polymer (LCP) slab as a substrate due in part to its dielectric properties, but also to investigate the filter's performance on a flexible structure. An exploration into the roles of different signal line and CSRR dimensions in filter design is given, and a microstrip filter designed using ANSYS HFSS is shown along with simulation results to verify band-pass filter response. LCP was selected due to its excellent RF properties, its resistance to moisture absorption, and its ability to be micromachined.

Electrically Small Dual-Band Reconfigurable Complementary Split-Ring Resonator (CSRR)-Loaded Eighth-Mode Substrate Integrated Waveguide (EMSIW) Antenna

In this paper, we propose a novel electrically small dual-band reconfigurable antenna. By using a compact eighth-mode substrate integrated waveguide (EMSIW) structure, we designed a compact antenna. This antenna is capable of dual-band operation by additionally loading an electrically small complementary split-ring resonator (CSRR) structure. The EMSIW and CSRR structures are designed for satisfactory operations at bandwidths of 1.575 GHz [global positioning system (GPS)] and 2.4 GHz [wireless local area network (WLAN)], respectively. We load the CSRR with a varactor diode to achieve a narrow bandwidth and to enable the resonant frequency to continuously vary from 2.4 GHz to 2.5 GHz. Thus, we realize a channel selection function, which is used according to WLAN standards. Irrespective of the variation in the varactor diode voltage, the resonant frequency of the EMSIW is not varied, such that the antenna maintains a constant frequency at the GPS bandwidth even at different voltages. Consequently, as the DC bias voltage varies from 11.4 V to 30 V, the resonant frequency at the WLAN bandwidth continuously varies between 2.38 GHz and 2.5 GHz. We observe that the simulated and measured s-parameter values and radiation patterns are in good agreement with each other.

이중 대역 주파수 가변 1/8차 소형 기판집적형 도파관 안테나

새로운 주파수 가변 이중 대역 안테나를 제안한다. 기존의 기판집적형 도파관(SIW: Substrate-Integrated Waveguide)에 비하여 1/8 크기를 갖는, 전기적으로 작은 1/8차 기판집적형 도파관(EMSIW: Eighth-Mode Substrate-Integrated Waveguide) 공진기 구조를 이용하여 전기적으로 작은 크기의 안테나를 설계하였다. 설계한 EMSIW 안테나 표면에 상보적 분할 링 공진기(CSRR: Complementary Split Ring Resonator) 구조를 추가적으로 탑재하여 이중 대역에서 동작할 수 있게 하였다. EMSIW와 CSRR 구조는 각각 1.575 GHz(GPS), 2.4 GHz 대역(WLAN) 주파수 대역을 만족시킬 수 있어 이중 공진 특성을 만족하였다. 기본적으로 CSRR은 대역폭이 좁기 때문에 Varactor 다이오드를 탑재시켜 주파수를 2.4 GHz에서 2.5 GHz까지 연속적으로 가변할 수 있게 하였다. 그에 따라 WLAN 표준에서 사용하고 있는 채널 선택 기능 또한 구현할 수 있다. Varactor 다이오드에 따라 EMSIW의 공진은 독립적으로 고정되어 GPS 주파수 수신을 안정적으로 유지할 수 있도록 설계하였다. 결과적으로 DC 바이어스 전압을 11.4 V에서 30 V로 변경함에 따라 GPS 대역 주파수는 고정되어 있고, WLAN 대역의 공진 주파수가 2.38 GHz에서 2.5 GHz까지 연속적으로 변화한다. 시뮬레이션, 측정값 사이에 반사 손실, 방사 패턴 특성이 잘 일치함을 관찰할 수 있었다. In this paper, we propose a new frequency reconfigurable dual-band antenna. By using an electronically compact eighth-mode substrate-integrated-waveguide(EMSIW) resonator, we have designed a compact antenna, which performs dual-band movement by additionally loading a complementary split ring resonator(CSRR) structure. The EMSIW and CSRR structures are designed to satisfy the bandwidths of 1.575 GHz(GPS) and 2.4 GHz(WLAN), respectively. We load the CSRR with a varactor diode to allow a narrow bandwidth and to enable the resonance frequency to continuously vary from 2.4 GHz to 2.5 GHz. Thus, we realize a channel selection function that is used in the WLAN standards. Irrespective of how a varactor diode moves, the EMSIW independently resonates so that the antenna maintains a fixed frequency of the GPS bandwidth even at different voltages. Consequently, as the DC bias voltage changes from 11.4 V to 30 V, the resonance frequency of the WLAN bandwidth continuously changes between 2.38 GHz and 2.5 GHz, when the DC bias voltage changes from 11.4 V to 30 V. We observe that the simulated and the measured S-parameter values and radiation patterns are in good agreement with each other.

NOVEL SHORT TAPERED LEAKY WAVE ANTENNAS WITH COMPLEMENTARY SPLIT RING RESONANTOR FOR BACK LOBE SUPPRESSION

Two novel short tapered leaky wave antenna (LWA) designs with a complementary split ring resonator (CSRR) structure are proposed in this paper. The CSRR structure is positioned at 1=4‚g away from the open-end edge of the LWA. For one of the antenna designs, the CSRR is placed at the ground plane; for the other one, the CSRR is placed on the antenna plane. The re∞ected wave caused by the open-end edge of the LWA is cancelled by the re∞ected wave caused by the CSRR, thus, the back lobe can be efiectively suppressed. The length of these two short tapered LWAs with CSRR design is only 1:2‚g at 4.3GHz. According to the measurement results, the impedance bandwidth is 650MHz for 7dB return loss, which covers the range from 4.3GHz to 4.95GHz. The back lobe can be suppressed efiectively about more than 12dB at the whole operating frequency band. The scanning range of the main beam is about 34 - , which cover the scanning angle from 10 - to 44 - .