Complementary Behavior Research Articles

Ethnic differences in influencing factors of caregivers' first complementary food addition behavior in western rural areas

To investigate the status quo and influencing factors of the first-time complementary food addition behavior of caregivers in the multi-ethnic background in the western rural areas. In 2019, a multi-stage stratified cluster random sampling was used to selecting research subjects in western rural areas. A structured questionnaire was designed by ourselves with literature review and expert consultation method, and information such as sociodemographic characteristics, feeding knowledge, and complementary food addition of 1290 caregivers and infants were collected, ordered multi-classification Logistic regression was used to analyze the influencing factors of the first complementary food addition behavior of the Han nationality and the minority nationality. In the western rural areas, only 8.22% of the caregivers had better behavior of first complementary food addition, and 16.31% of the caregivers in the Han group had a good behavior of first complementary food addition. In the minority population, only 3.64% of infant caregivers had a good behavior of first complementary food addition. In Han, parents, as caregivers, had better first complementary food addition behavior than grandparents(OR=1.7829, 95% CI 1.1651-2.7283). Among ethnic minorities, education(OR=1.753, 95%CI 1.190-2.581), family fixed assets(OR=3.870, 95%CI 1.959-7.645)and feeding knowledge(OR=3.396, 95%CI 2.749-4.195) were the promoting factors for the first complementary food addition behavior. In western rural areas, caregivers' behavior of adding complementary food for the first time is generally poor.

Complementary Feeding Social and Behavior Change Communication for Fathers and Mothers Improves Children’s Consumption of Fish and Eggs and Minimum Meal Frequency in Kaduna State, Nigeria

ABSTRACTBackgroundFathers are key influencers of complementary feeding practices, but few studies in low- and middle-income countries have measured the effects of complementary feeding social and behavior change communication (SBCC) targeted at both fathers and mothers.ObjectivesThe aims of this study were to measure the effects of an SBCC intervention on children's dietary diversity (primary outcome) and other complementary feeding indicators, fathers’ and mothers’ complementary feeding knowledge, and fathers’ support for complementary feeding (secondary outcomes).MethodsThe 12-mo intervention in Kaduna State, Nigeria, engaged parents through community meetings, religious services, home visits from community health extension workers (CHEWs), mobile phone messages (fathers only), and mass media. Cross-sectional population-based surveys of cohabiting fathers and mothers with a child aged 6–23 mo were conducted, and regression models were used to compare results at baseline (n = 497) and endline (n = 495).ResultsChildren's minimum dietary diversity did not change from baseline to endline (62% to 65%, P = 0.441). Children's consumption of fish (36% to 44%, P = 0.012) and eggs (8% to 20%, P = 0.004) and minimum meal frequency (58% to 73%, P < 0.001) increased. Fathers’ and mothers’ knowledge of the timing of introduction of different foods and meal frequency improved. Fathers’ support for child feeding by providing money for food increased (79% to 90%, P < 0.001). Fathers’ and mothers’ reported intervention exposure was low (11–26% across types of SBCC). Child feeding outcomes were not associated with fathers’ exposure. Children's odds of both fish and egg consumption increased significantly with mothers’ exposure to community meetings, religious services, home visits, and television spots, and children's odds of minimum meal frequency increased significantly with mothers’ exposure to home visits.ConclusionsA multipronged SBCC intervention improved complementary feeding practices, fathers’ and mothers’ knowledge of complementary feeding, and fathers’ support for complementary feeding, despite low levels of reported exposure, which may have been influenced by coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) disruptions. This trial was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov as NCT04835662.

Estimated causal effects of complementary feeding behaviors on early childhood diet quality in a US cohort

Complementary feeding (CF) provides an opportunity to shape children's future dietary habits, setting the foundation for good nutrition and health. We estimated effects of 3 CF behaviors on early childhood diet quality using inverse probability (IP) weighting of marginal structural models (MSMs). Among 1041 children from the Boston-area Project Viva cohort, we estimated effects on the mean Youth Healthy Eating Index (YHEI) score in early childhood of 1) delayed (≥12 mo) compared with early (<12 mo) introduction of sweets and fruit juice; 2) continued compared with ceased offering of initially refused foods; and 3) early (<12 mo) compared with late (≥12 mo) introduction of flavor/texture variety. Mothers reported CF behaviors at 1 y and completed FFQs for children in early childhood (median age: 3.1 y). We estimated average treatment effects (ATEs) using IP weighting of MSMs to adjust for both confounding and selection bias due to censored outcomes and examined effect modification by child sex and breastfeeding compared with formula feeding at 6 mo. Twelve percent of mothers delayed introducing sweets/fruit juice, 93% continued offering initially refused foods, and 32% introduced flavor/texture variety early. The mean ± SD YHEI score was 52.8 ± 9.2 points. In adjusted models, we estimated a higher mean YHEI score with delayed (compared with early) sweets and fruit juice among breastfeeding children (ATE: 4.5 points; 95% CI: 1.0, 7.4 points), as well as with continued (compared with ceased) offering of refused foods among females (ATE: 5.4 points; 95% CI: 0.8, 9.1 points). The ATE for early (compared with late) flavor/texture variety was 1.7 points (95% CI: 0.3, 3.2 points) overall and stronger (2.8 points; 95% CI: 0.7, 5.1 points) among the formula-fed group. Delayed introduction of sweets/juice, continued offering of refused foods, and early flavor/texture variety may all result in higher childhood diet quality. Effects may depend on child sex and infant breastfeeding status.

No Policy is an Island: Mitigating COVID-19 in View of Interaction Effects.

Why are COVID-19 mitigation strategies successful in reducing infections in some cases but not in others? Existing studies of individual policies tend to neglect the many interaction effects that arise when multiple policies are enacted simultaneously. Particularly, if a socially undesirable behavior has a close (and equally problematic) substitute, then a prohibition of that behavior will simply cause people to switch to the substitute, resulting in no effect on infections. However, joint policies that prohibit both the targeted behavior and the substitute will create a positive interaction effect, which closes the loophole. Respectively, behaviors that are complements (rather than substitutes) can be discouraged by prohibiting one behavior because this discourages complementary behaviors as well.We provide a new argument for why COVID-19 policies can fail and why the evaluation of such policies may be incorrect: policies are effective only when they reduce infections as a general equilibrium, accounting not only for the targeted behavior but also for interaction effects.We illustrate our arguments by applying insights from traditional and behavioral law and economics to several examples. Thereby, we highlight regulators' challenge when facing interaction effects and factors such as social norms and time preferences.

Theoretical study of nimetazepam, a real-life chiral molecule without an asymmetric carbon atom

We investigate the potential energy landscape and the spectroscopic properties of the nimetazepam molecule using a density functional theory approach. Our calculations show that despite the lack of a chiral carbon atom or a stereochemically active bond, this molecule exhibits two conformational enantiomers, M and P. For the isomerization process we find an activation energy of 16.7 kcal/mol. The conformers are inseparable at room temperature, and consequently, the nimetazepam drug exists as a racemic mixture. The theoretical spectroscopic analysis of these enantiomers including IR, VCD, NMR, UV-Vis, and ECD has been performed, to identify suitable experimental techniques to detect the individual stereoisomers. The infrared spectrum of nimetazepam agrees well with the experimentally observed one, and vibrational bands have been assigned. Moreover, the 1H and 13C NMR experimental chemical shifts have been well reproduced using the gauge independent atomic orbital method. The calculations suggest a dynamic 1H NMR effect that can be used to follow the isomerization process. The TD-DFT approach enables us to simulate the UV-Vis spectra, and the obtained results coincide satisfactorily with the observed spectrum. The M and P conformers show a complementary behavior in their predicted VCD and ECD spectra.

How to take employees on the digital transformation journey: An experimental study on complementary leadership behaviors in managing organizational change

Digital transformation (DT) initiatives are often not successful. Research underlines leadership as a key to transformation success; however, studies have not systematically examined the impact of leaders on organizational change, particularly concerning organizations’ DT. To fill this research gap, we conducted an experimental study with 815 participants to analyze the effectiveness of complementary leadership behaviors that are relevant in the digital age: task-oriented (more precisely, digital transformation–oriented) and people-oriented leadership behaviors, and in particular their interaction. Surprisingly and in contrast to prior studies, the results show that the combination of complementary leadership behaviors did not lead to the highest (lowest) level of employees’ desirable (undesirable) affective, cognitive, and behavioral change responses. This study reveals that organizations are well-advised not to disregard people orientation when going digital as this leadership behavior buffers the potential downsides of digital transformation–oriented leadership behavior, which is mandatory to stay competitive in the digital era.

Multi-View Clustering Based on Multiple Manifold Regularized Non-Negative Sparse Matrix Factorization

Clustering of multi-view data has got broad consideration of the researchers. Multi-view data is composed through different domain which shows the consistent and complementary behavior. The existing studies did not draw attention of over-fitting and sparsity among the diverse view, which is the considerable issue for getting the unique consensus knowledge from these complementary data. Herein article, a multi-view clustering approach is recommended to provide the consensus solution from the multi-view data. To accomplish this task, we exploit non-negative matrix factorized method to generate a cost function. Further, manifold learning model is used to build the graph through the nearest neighbor strategy, which is effective to save the geometrical design for data and feature matrix. Furthermore, the over-fitting problem, sparsity is handled through adaption of frobenious norm, and <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$L_{1}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> -norm on basis and coefficient matrices. The whole formulation is done through the mathematical function, which is optimized through the iterative updating strategy to get the optimal solution. The computational experiment is carried on the available datasets to exhibits that the proposed strategy beats the current methodologies in terms of clustering execution.

Determination of Knowledge, Attitudes and Behaviors towards Traditional and Complementary Medicine in Patients Applying to Pamukkale University Medical Faculty Hospital Polyclinics

Objective: The aim of research was to investigate the attitudes and behaviors towards traditional and complementary medicine methods, the use of which has increased in recent years, in individuals admitted to the hospital.Material-Method: The descriptive study was performed by applying a questionnaire to 276 people. The questionnaire included questions about the sociodemographic characteristics of the participants, their knowledge, attitudes and behaviors about traditional complementary medicine methods, and the Complementary, Alternative, and Conventional Medicine Attitude Scale. Data were analyzed with the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 15. Chi-square test, Mann-Whitney U and Kruskall-Wallis H tests were used in the comparison of traditional and complementary medicine attitudes and behaviors with sociodemographic characteristics. p&amp;lt;0.05 was considered significant.Results: 33% of respondents had applied at least one traditional complementary medicine method. The most commonly used methods were cupping (n=40), phytotherapy (n=34) and acupuncture (n=17). The mean score of scale was found to be 109.05±15.44. The mean score of the individuals aged 45 and over is higher than the other ages and is 102.7±17.2 (p&amp;lt;0.048). A statistically significant difference was found between the use of at least one traditional and complementary method and the variables of age, marital status, place of residence for the longest time, and perceived health (p&amp;lt;0.05).Conclusion: TCM methods are known to the majority of people who visit polyclinics. Their attitudes towards traditional and complementary medicine are quite close to positive. Physicians should question whether their patients use traditional methods.

Multiplexed, High-Sensitivity Measurements of Antibody Affinity Using Interferometric Reflectance Imaging Sensor.

Anthrax lethal factor (LF) is one of the enzymatic components of the anthrax toxin responsible for the pathogenic responses of the anthrax disease. The ability to screen multiplexed ligands against LF and subsequently estimate the effective kinetic rates ( and ) and complementary binding behavior provides critical information useful in diagnostic and therapeutic development for anthrax. Tools such as biolayer interferometry (BLI) and surface plasmon resonance imaging (SPRi) have been developed for this purpose; however, these tools suffer from limitations such as signal jumps when the solution in the chamber is switched or low sensitivity. Here, we present multiplexed antibody affinity measurements obtained by the interferometric reflectance imaging sensor (IRIS), a highly sensitive, label-free optical biosensor, whose stability, simplicity, and imaging modality overcomes many of the limitations of other multiplexed methods. We compare the multiplexed binding results obtained with the IRIS system using two ligands targeting the anthrax lethal factor (LF) against previously published results obtained with more traditional surface plasmon resonance (SPR), which showed consistent results, as well as kinetic information previously unattainable with SPR. Additional exemplary data demonstrating multiplexed binding and the corresponding complementary binding to sequentially injected ligands provides an additional layer of information immediately useful to the researcher.

Grain boundary effect on the resistive switching characteristics of SrTi1-xFexO3 directly patterned via photochemical organic-metal deposition

Ionic memristors are a promising candidate for use in next-generation non-volatile memory and neuromorphic computing systems. To ensure that ionic memristors exhibit appropriate resistive switching characteristics, the precise control of oxygen vacancies is required. The ABO3 structure can accommodate various ions of different sizes in the A and B sites, and this flexibility allows for the accurate design of materials and for the oxygen defects to be controlled. This study systematically investigated the effect of Fe doping on the resistive switching characteristics of SrTi1-xFexO3 (x = 0, 0.05, 0.10, and 0.15) films fabricated using photochemical organic–metal deposition. The Fe dopant created oxygen vacancies via Schottky defects, especially at grain boundaries, with the space charge at the grain boundaries inhibiting grain growth and increased the number of defective grain boundaries. Since the defective grain boundary acts as a conducting path filament, an increase in the Fe content reduced the initial resistance of the films, and SrTi1-xFexO3 film optimized Fe content exhibited complementary resistive switching behavior without the need for a forming process. The Fe doping effects on the crystal and electronic structure were also analyzed using X-ray diffraction, valence band, O 1s X-ray absorption, and Raman spectra.

Foraging gene expression patterns in queens, workers, and males in a eusocial insect

Reproductive division of labour is based on biased expression of complementary parental behaviours, brood production (egg-laying) by queens and brood care (in particular, brood-provisioning) by workers. In many social insect species, queens provision brood when establishing colonies at the beginning of a breeding season and reproductive division of labour begins with the emergence of workers. In many social insect species, the expression of foraging (for) mRNA is associated with the intensity of foraging behaviour and therefore brood-provisioning. However, only two studies have compared queen and worker for expression levels and neither accounted for transcript splice variation. In this study, we compare the expression level of the for-α transcript variant across four life stages of the queen caste, two behavioural groups of workers, and males of a eusocial sweat bee Lasioglossum laevissimum (Smith, 1853). Foundresses collected prior to the onset of the foraging season and males had the highest for-α expression levels. All active (post-hibernatory) queens and workers had similar for-α expression levels independent of behaviour. These results suggest that the for gene in L. laevissimum acts as a primer before foraging activity and that caste-specific expression patterns correlate with the timing of foraging activity in queens and workers.

A unified approach for determining the strength of Frc members subjected to torsion—Part I: Experimental investigation

AbstractThe strength and behavior of fiber reinforced concrete (FRC) members subjected to torsion has received little attention in the literature. The primary objective of including fibers in concrete is to bridge cracks once they form, and in doing so, provide some post‐cracking resistance to the otherwise brittle concrete. This and the accompanying paper that follows present the results of a comprehensive experimental and analytical study aimed at describing the behavior and strength of FRC members subjected to torsion. In this paper, results are presented on large scale pure torsion tests which have been conducted on eighteen 2.7 m long by 0.3 m wide by 0.3 m high beams with varying transverse and longitudinal reinforcement ratios along with varying steel fiber types and dosages. The results of this study demonstrates that the addition of steel fibers significantly increases the stiffness, rigidity and the maximum resisting torque and maximum twist when compared to the same specimen without fibers. The addition of fibers substantially reduced crack widths and crack spacings induced by torsion. The complementary behavior of specimens containing fibers and stirrups is explored along with a critical discussion on members containing low amounts of conventional longitudinal and/or transverse reinforcement.

A high-performance electrochromic battery based on complementary Prussian white/Li4Ti5O12 thin film electrodes

Electrochromic energy storage devices (EESDs) have a wide range of applications from static displays to building windows. However, it is a great challenge to assemble EESDs with both high performance of energy storage and electrochromism. In this work, we design a multifunctional EESD composed of a Li4Ti5O12 and a Prussian white. Li4Ti5O12 (E = 1.55 V vs Li/Li+) film with excellent lithium-ion storage performance is used as the anode, and Prussian white film (E = 3.2 V vs Li/Li+) as the cathode. Thanks to the complementary electrochromic behavior, the suitable redox voltage gap, and the intrinsic electrochemical stability of Li4Ti5O12 film and Prussian white film, the as-assembled EESD exhibits excellent electrochromic performances including broad optical modulation (55.3% at 529 nm), high coloration efficiency (170.1 cm2 C−1), and long-term cycling stability (retention of 95.8% of initial optical modulation after 1000 cycles). And the EESD shows high energy density of 127.2 mWh cm−2 and exceptionally high power density of 24 mW cm−2. This EESD with an output voltage of 1.5 V and Coulombic efficiency of 98.8% is promising for applications of electrochromic smart windows and static displays to significantly reduce their energy consumption.

Spectral Transfer and Kármán–Howarth–Monin Equations for Compressible Hall Magnetohydrodynamics

Abstract We derive two new forms of the Kármán–Howarth–Monin (KHM) equation for decaying compressible Hall magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) turbulence. We test them on results of a weakly compressible, 2D, moderate-Reynolds-number Hall MHD simulation and compare them with an isotropic spectral transfer (ST) equation. The KHM and ST equations are automatically satisfied during the whole simulation owing to the periodic boundary conditions and have complementary cumulative behavior. They are used here to analyze the onset of turbulence and its properties when it is fully developed. These approaches give equivalent results characterizing the decay of the kinetic + magnetic energy at large scales, the MHD and Hall cross-scale energy transfer/cascade, the pressure dilatation, and the dissipation. The Hall cascade appears when the MHD one brings the energy close to the ion inertial range and is related to the formation of reconnecting current sheets. At later times, the pressure dilatation energy exchange rate oscillates around zero, with no net effect on the cross-scale energy transfer when averaged over a period of its oscillations. A reduced 1D analysis suggests that all three methods may be useful to estimate the energy cascade rate from in situ observations.

Blending the Evaporation Precipitation Ratio With the Complementary Principle Function for the Prediction of Evaporation

AbstractOne class of descriptions of landscape evaporation is based on the principle that actual evaporation E and atmospheric evaporative demand exhibit complementary behavior. A feature of some recent implementations of this approach is the need for the estimation of a free parameter, usually by calibration. In a different class of representations of landscape evaporation, several functional forms have been proposed in the past for the dependency of the mean annual evaporation precipitation ratio (E/P) on the mean annual aridity index —the Schreiber‐Oldekop hypothesis, also known as the Budyko framework. While there is no general agreement in the literature on the optimal formulation of the “maximum possible evaporation” the functional forms of appear to be quite insensitive to its exact nature. This observation allows to be equated with the atmospheric evaporative demand and this immediately leads to a blending of the mean annual evaporation precipitation ratio (E/P) with the complementary evaporation principle, and the prediction of its unknown free parameter. As this free parameter is found to be relatively insensitive to time scale, the complementary functions become not only calibration‐free at the mean annual time scale, but also applicable even at daily time scales. The results are shown to be applicable worldwide with experimental data from 524 catchment water balance set‐ups and 156 high quality eddy covariance flux stations. The present approach offers a practical tool for the prediction of daily evaporation using only routine meteorological inputs including air temperature, humidity, wind speed, net radiation, and long‐term average precipitation.

Development and Validation of a Tool to Assess Responsive Complementary Feeding: Sri Lanka’s Responsive Feeding Practices Assessment Tool (RFPAT)

ObjectivesTo develop and validate a scale to assess responsive feeding practices among mothers and infants between 6 and 12 months of age in Sri Lanka. MethodsThe Responsive Feeding Practices Assessment Tool (RFPAT) was developed and validated using standard scale development techniques using a three step approach. A comprehensive review was conducted in PubMed and Scopus to identify possible items for assessing responsive feeding (RF) practices. Then, an in-depth qualitative study explored RF practices in the Sri Lankan context. Finally, RFPAT was validated through a cross-sectional study. The study was conducted in Anuradhapura district, Sri Lanka in a purposeful sample of 170 mother-infant pairs. The initial tool had 17 items. All items had responses in an adjectival scale; i.e., always, often, sometimes, rarely and not at all that were scored as 4, 3, 2, 1 and 0, respectively. Content validation was performed among experts using standard techniques, followed by cognitive interviews among mothers. The revised 15-items tool was pretested on 30 mothers. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Parallel Analysis were carried out for Structural validation. Test-retest reliability was done with a sample of 50 mothers. Ethical clearance was obtained from the Faculty of Medicine and Allied Sciences, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka (ERC/2014/060). ResultsCognitive validation with mothers confirmed the applicability and comprehensiveness of a 15-item tool. The tool possessed good reliability with an intra-class correlation of 0.80 and internal consistency of 0.79. The PCA showed a clear 3-factor solution. The results of Parallel Analysis supported with the PCA results. The 3-factors were interpreted as responsive communication during feeding, appropriate feeding attentive to child’s signals and pro-active preparation of the feeding environment. An additive composite score was generated with a range of 0 to 60 (quartiles scores ranges: Poor 0–34, Moderate 35–36, Good 37–40, and Very Good 41–60 RF practices). ConclusionsRFPAT is a valid tool to assess RF. The tool can help assess complementary feeding behaviors and design and program evaluation of Infant and Young Child Feeding in order to influence policies across low- and middle- income countries. Funding SourcesNo funding source

Scale dependence and cross-scale transfer of kinetic energy in compressible hydrodynamic turbulence at moderate Reynolds numbers

We investigate properties of the scale dependence and cross-scale transfer of kinetic energy in compressible three-dimensional hydrodynamic turbulence, by means of two direct numerical simulations of decaying turbulence with initial Mach numbers M = 1/3 and M = 1, and with moderate Reynolds numbers, R_lambda ~ 100. The turbulent dynamics is analyzed using compressible and incompressible versions of the dynamic spectral transfer (ST) and the Karman-Howarth-Monin (KHM) equations. We find that the nonlinear coupling leads to a flux of the kinetic energy to small scales where it is dissipated; at the same time, the reversible pressure-dilatation mechanism causes oscillatory exchanges between the kinetic and internal energies with an average zero net energy transfer. While the incompressible KHM and ST equations are not generally valid in the simulations, their compressible counterparts are well satisfied and describe, in a quantitatively similar way, the decay of the kinetic energy on large scales, the cross-scale energy transfer/cascade, the pressure dilatation, and the dissipation. There exists a simple relationship between the KHM and ST results through the inverse proportionality between the wave vector k and the spatial separation length l as k l ~ 3^1/2. For a given time the dissipation and pressure-dilatation terms are strong on large scales in the KHM approach whereas the ST terms become dominant on small scales; this is owing to the complementary cumulative behavior of the two methods. The effect of pressure dilatation is weak when averaged over a period of its oscillations and may lead to a transfer of the kinetic energy from large to small scales without a net exchange between the kinetic and internal energies. Our results suggest that for large-enough systems there exists an inertial range for the kinetic energy cascade ...

Brain hemodynamic response in Examiner\u2013Examinee dyads during spatial short-term memory task: an fNIRS study

The Corsi Block-Tapping test (CBT) is a measure of spatial working memory (WM) in clinical practice, requiring an examinee to reproduce sequences of cubes tapped by an examiner. CBT implies complementary behaviors in the examiners and the examinees, as they have to attend a precise turn taking. Previous studies demonstrated that the Prefrontal Cortex (PFC) is activated during CBT, but scarce evidence is available on the neural correlates of CBT in the real setting. We assessed PFC activity in dyads of examiner–examinee participants while completing the real version of CBT, during conditions of increasing and exceeding workload. This procedure allowed to investigate whether brain activity in the dyads is coordinated. Results in the examinees showed that PFC activity was higher when the workload approached or reached participants’ spatial WM span, and lower during workload conditions that were largely below or above their span. Interestingly, findings in the examiners paralleled the ones in the examinees, as examiners’ brain activity increased and decreased in a similar way as the examinees’ one. In the examiners, higher left-hemisphere activity was observed suggesting the likely activation of non-spatial WM processes. Data support a bell-shaped relationship between cognitive load and brain activity, and provide original insights on the cognitive processes activated in the examiner during CBT.

Evaluation of five complementary relationship models for estimating actual evapotranspiration during soil freeze-thaw cycles

AbstractThe actual evapotranspiration (ETa) estimated models based on the complementary relationship (CR) theory have been applied in various climatic conditions around the world. However, in cold regions, the evaluation of the adaptability of the CR models was performed through complete freeze-thaw cycles, and the adaptability during various periods of soil freeze-thaw cycles has not been evaluated separately. Daily ETa was measured by lysimeters on alpine grassland in the Qilian Mountains from 2010 to 2017, and the measurements were used to evaluate five CR models during the thawing, thawed, freezing, and frozen periods, respectively. The five models comprised the advection-aridity (AA) model of Brutsaert and Stricker, the GG model proposed by Granger and Gray, Morton's CR areal evapotranspiration (CRAE) model, the Han model, and Brutsaert model. The results show that all five CR models were only able to estimate daily ETa during the thawed period. None of the models could estimate the daily ETa during the thawing, freezing, or frozen periods. The basic assumptions of the CR may not be suitable for non-thawed periods with complex energy processes, and no complementary behavior was shown in the non-thawed periods. The CR models must be applied with caution during freeze-thaw cycles in cold regions.

The discernible and hidden effects of clonality on the genotypic and genetic states of populations: Improving our estimation of clonal rates.

Partial clonality is widespread across the tree of life, but most population genetic models are designed for exclusively clonal or sexual organisms. This gap hampers our understanding of the influence of clonality on evolutionary trajectories and the interpretation of population genetic data. We performed forward simulations of diploid populations at increasing rates of clonality (c), analysed their relationships with genotypic (clonal richness, R, and distribution of clonal sizes, Pareto β) and genetic (FIS and linkage disequilibrium) indices, and tested predictions of c from population genetic data through supervised machine learning. Two complementary behaviours emerged from the probability distributions of genotypic and genetic indices with increasing c. While the impact of c on R and Pareto β was easily described by simple mathematical equations, its effects on genetic indices were noticeable only at the highest levels (c>0.95). Consequently, genotypic indices allowed reliable estimates of c, while genetic descriptors led to poorer performances when c<0.95. These results provide clear baseline expectations for genotypic and genetic diversity and dynamics under partial clonality. Worryingly, however, the use of realistic sample sizes to acquire empirical data systematically led to gross underestimates (often of one to two orders of magnitude) of c, suggesting that many interpretations hitherto proposed in the literature, mostly based on genotypic richness, should be reappraised. We propose future avenues to derive realistic confidence intervals for c and show that, although still approximate, a supervised learning method would greatly improve the estimation of c from population genetic data.