Competitiveness Of Countries Research Articles

Analysis of Competitiveness and Export Performance: Indonesian Crude Palm Oil (HS 15111000) Commodity against Major Competitor in Indian Market

International trade has become a key pillar in driving a country's economic growth. The stability of international trade is reflected in export-import activities. The amount of exports that exceeds the amount of imports will increase national income and positively affect the country's economic growth. Crude Palm Oil (CPO) is Indonesia's dominant export product that plays a critical role in the country's economic growth. Indonesia's CPO production in 2018 was recorded at 40.57 million tons. India is Indonesia's largest main market in exporting CPO. The purpose of this study is to determine the competitiveness and performance of Indonesia's CPO exports compared to the main competitor countries, namely Malaysia and Thailand. The data analysis process utilizes Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA), Constant Market Share (CMS), and the Man-Whitney Test with the period of research statistics from 2013-2022.The results show that Indonesia's RCA value has competitiveness and comparative advantage in CPO exports against Thailand, but does not show significant differences with Malaysia in the Indian market. The results of data analysis using Constant Market Shares (CMS) to measure Indonesia's CPO export performance through standard growth, commodity composition effects, market distribution effects and competitiveness effects show that the export performance of CPO commodities against major competitor countries in the Indian market tends to have a positive trend.

Analysis of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the development of the international tourism market

The COVID-19 pandemic has dealt a significant blow to the international tourism market, resulting in job losses, reduced incomes, and rising unemployment. Therefore, studying the impact of the pandemic on the development of the international tourism market is relevant and important. This article focuses on analyzing the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the international tourism industry in the context of globalization. It highlights key aspects and trends that emerged during the crisis period and influenced the development of the tourism market. The authors specifically concentrate on the pandemic's effects on the global travel network, encompassing changes in demand, restrictions on international travel, and the industry's adaptation to new global challenges. The COVID-19 pandemic has been identified as the cause of the most significant drop in international tourism in human history. It led to a sharp decline in the number of international tourist arrivals, export earnings from tourism, and the economic contribution of tourism to the world economy. The impact of the pandemic on international tourism varied across regions, with the Asia-Pacific region being the most affected, experiencing an 84% decrease in international tourist arrivals. The authors pinpoint the main challenges facing the industry after the pandemic, such as changes in demand, restrictions on international travel, and the reorganization of tourism services and infrastructure. The study also explores possibilities for recovery and adaptation of the tourism industry to new realities post-pandemic, with particular attention given to strategies and innovations that can restore interest in international travel and enhance the competitiveness of countries in the global tourism market. It was found that the recovery of international tourism is progressing slowly. In 2022, international tourist arrivals were still 34% lower than in 2019. The study determined that the development of tourism in the post-pandemic period will be influenced by trend changes such as the prioritization of health and safety, shifts in consumer behavior, a desire for unique emotional experiences, new forms of employment, digital transformation, and the emphasis on ecotourism. Taking these trends into account will contribute to the recovery of the tourism industry and ensure its sustainable development in the future.

БӘСЕКЕЛЕСТІК САЯСАТ ЖӘНЕ ЭКСПОРТҚА БАҒДАРЛАНҒАН ӨНІМДІ ДАМЫТУ

Abstract. Kazakhstan chose a competitive model of the economy and set a course for industrial and innovative development of the country, which will allow building an economically strong and prosperous state, because the country's competitiveness implies the competitiveness of the nation, state institutions and business. This is what the country's competitive policy is aimed at [1]. The Republic of Kazakhstan has great potential for the development of the manufacturing industry and the agro-industrial complex, a significant increase in the export of grain and its processing products, the production of a wide range of meat and dairy products, vegetable oil, vegetables, fruits and other products of animal husbandry and crop production, that is, support and development of export-oriented agricultural production. The agricultural industry is greatly influenced by economic factors. The state regulation of this area is based on the methods of foreign trade in raw materials and food products. The article considers measures of the state system of support for agricultural producers, increasing the efficiency of the system of state management of the agro-industrial complex, the modern state of agriculture of the Republic of Kazakhstan.

ӨҢІРДЕГІ ИННОВАЦИЯЛЫҚ ДАМУ ЖӘНЕ ОНЫҢ КӘСІПКЕРЛІККЕ ӘСЕРІ

The experience of industrialized countries has proved that in the context of global competition in the world market, the one who has a developed infrastructure for creating and implementing innovations, who owns the most effective mechanism of innovation activity, will certainly win. The effective functioning of the country's innovative economy should be based on innovative infrastructure. The process of reforming the economy requires changes in the socio-economic life of the country and the expansion of innovative activities. The possession of natural resources does not guarantee the country's competitiveness on the world stage. It is necessary to form an innovative space in the economic system in a close relationship between intellectual potential and innovative activities, as the main factor in ensuring sustainable economic development and improving the standard of living of the country's population. The article analyzed the current state and use of innovations by business entities in the region, problems and prospects for the further development of this area

Policy approaches to stimulate exports: The case of Georgia

AbstractThis report examines exporters’ challenges and possible solutions for public intervention to promote foreign trade. Based on fieldwork conducted in Georgia, we explore which policy approaches can help to stimulate Georgian exports further. Our outcomes show that exporters face substantial barriers such as navigating complex trade regulations, lack of knowledge about target markets, trade finance gaps, as well as new export promotion programs (EPPs) in competitor countries. Other upper‐middle‐income countries can learn from our results that exporters can significantly benefit from a comprehensive export promotion strategy combined with an ecosystem‐based “team” approach. EPPs related to awareness and capacity building in Georgia should be part of this strategy, focusing on challenges such as a lack of knowledge about trade practices and international business skills. Other EPPs must help to mitigate related market failures, as information gathering is costly, and firms have no incentive to share this information with competitors. Furthermore, targeted marketing support and customer matchmaking can answer Georgian exporters’ challenges, such as lack of market access and low sector visibility. Our results also show that public intervention through financial support and risk mitigation is essential for firms with an international orientation. The high‐quality, rich outcomes provide significant value for other upper‐middle‐income countries by exploring the example of Georgia’s contemporary circumstances in an in‐depth manner based on extensive interviews and document analysis. Limitations include that our work primarily relies on qualitative data and further research could involve a quantitative study with a diverse range of sectors.

The Role of Large Competitive Countries Versus Political Rent on Business

Using the methodology of laws of physics, article has developed an understanding of perfect competition and according to the new integral index of the force of economic competition, it turns out that homogeneous markets of large countries, if all other factors are eliminated, are more competitive. One of the factors of the integral index of the force of economic competition is directly expressed in the growth of the force of competition with the growth of market capacity, by analogy with the voltage of an electric current. Based on the above, hidden monopolies operate more easily in small countries and political dictatorships are more often expressed in small countries. Political dictatorships create such preconditions for the so-called political rent that without political power and or mafia connections with political leaders, success in business or any other field of human activity is impossible to achieve. Since large scales are more resistant to the evil of hidden monopolies, we must strengthen global anti-monopoly structures and fight crime together. JEL Classification: A10, P10, P17.

Competitiveness Analysis of Indonesian Coffee Exports to The European Union Market

Indonesia will be the fourth largest coffee-producing country in the world by 2020, after Brazil, Vietnam, and Colombia. Coffee is one of the plantation commodities that is starting to be in great demand by the people of Indonesia. There are many types of coffee in the world that have the best quality and quality. This makes certain types of coffee so popular and sought after by many coffee lovers worldwide. The purpose of this study is to determine the competitiveness of coffee exports in the European Union market. The data used in this study are secondary data processed and sourced from the trade map. The data analysis method used is Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) to analyze a country's competitiveness and Comparative Export Performance (CEP) to evaluate a country's export specialization in certain products. Based on the results of the analysis, Indonesia is still ranked fourth with an RCA value of 6.89, this is due to the low quality of coffee in Indonesia. It can be seen that Colombia has an RCA value of 57.02 in the EU market followed by Brazil whose value is 25.78, slightly different from Vietnam's RCA value of 25.54.

Digital Competitiveness of V4 Countries

Digital technologies are gradually becoming a part of the everyday life of the entire population. As a result, there is room for mutual competition in this area between individual countries, as the development of each country is not uniform. Through this contribution, we aim to highlight the differences as well as similarities in the area of digitization in the V4 countries, not only in comparison with each other but also with Denmark as a leading country in digital competitiveness. For analysis, we used the IMD index, which measures three main factors influencing a country's digital competitiveness (Knowledge, Technology, Future Readiness). The results of the analysis showed that each country has several areas that still need to be developed. Overall, the most problematic sub-factor in all analyzed countries was capital.

Modelling the impact of innovation performance on digital competitiveness: The key role of innovation and technologies

The objective of this paper is to evaluate the innovation and digital competitiveness of the EU-27 countries and to reveal the effect of innovation performance on the changes in digital competitiveness. We obtained secondary data from the annual reports of the Global Innovation Index (GII), Summary Innovation Index (SII), and Digital Economy and Society Index (DESI) for the years 2017 to 2021. Using structural equation modeling, the main concept was to develop a new variable, Innovation Performance (IP), which was created by combining the indices of the GII and SII dimensions within a new three-factor model. The modelling findings revealed that both indexes had a statistically significant impact on the variations in the IP value, with the SII exerting a greater influence compared to the GII. The IP variable in the modified model has a significant positive impact on the change in the score of the DESI. We found a positive impact for 10 dimensions (from 19) and a negative impact for firm investments. The highest positive impact was confirmed for research systems, information technologies, and human resources. Our findings also highlight real economic contexts and drivers for EU countries' strategies and policies in the progress of digital competitiveness.

Textile Trade of India with RCEP Members: A General Equilibrium Assessment

The study quantified Indian textile trade with selected Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) countries, including Australia, China, Japan, Malaysia, South Korea, and Vietnam, based on their proportional share of the Indian textile trade to analyze the impact of RCEP on the Indian textile trade. The primary objective was to investigate the impact of a 10 per cent reduction in existing Indian tariffs with selected RCEP nations through Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) modelling. The study demonstrated that if India reduced tariffs on textile imports, it would allow a flood of imports from other competitive countries. As per the results, India will only achieve prosperity when selected RCEP nations reduce or eliminate their tariffs. The decision to withdraw from RCEP seems reasonable regarding its textile exports from India.

A study on coopetition using bipolar fuzzy bunch graphs

Several methodologies have been proposed in the literature of graph theory for depicting collaboration among entities. However, in these studies, the measure of collaboration is taken based on the crisp graphical properties and discusses only its positive effects. In this manuscript, we discuss the simultaneous collaboration and competition that are observed among individuals, organizations, countries, communities and many others. The notion of bipolar fuzzy bunch graph (BFBG) is introduced in this study to effectively capture the positive and negative effects of both the terms collaboration and competition, which is jointly called coopetition. The goal of this paper is to introduce an improved representation and analytical measure for coopetition. To further enrich the literature on competition graphs, the notion of survival and winning competition among species has been introduced and also provides its bipolar fuzzy competition degrees. We also introduce two types of coopetition measures to understand the ranking structure of entities (i.e. which node batter collaborates and competes with other nodes) in the network: a) bipolar fuzzy coopetition degree and b) bipolar fuzzy coopatition index. In the form of a bipolar fuzzy coopetition graph, we find evidence to validate our framework and computations. We gathered research articles on COVID-19 and their citations over a specific time period from a specific journal. To demonstrate our approach, we displayed bipolar fuzzy collaboration and competition of various countries on COVID-19 and classified their rankings based on their positive and negative coopetition indices.

INTERNATIONAL COMPETITIVENESS AND RECOVERY STRATEGY OF THE AVIATION AND SPACE INDUSTRY OF UKRAINE

The influence of the aviation and space industries on the development of the world economy and economic development, industrial potential, competitiveness and position of various countries in the world is shown in the article. Global aviation and space market has been studied and an economic analysis of the aviation and space sector of the industry of the countries that are among ten world leaders in the industry was carried out. The main indicators of the development of the aviation and space industry of world countries-leaders and Ukraine have been systematized. The volumes of income of the leading companies of the industry producers, between which there is fierce competition, have been given. International competitiveness has been analyzed and ways of recovery and development of the aviation and space sector of Ukraine were proposed, taking into consideration the significant losses and damages caused by full-scale military invasion of aggressive neighbor on the territory of Ukraine. Scenarios of competitive behavior were considered and a strategy for the restoration of one of the largest enterprises in the world and single one in the aviation and space industry in Ukraine that has completed the cycle of engine production – Joint Stock Company Motor Sich has been made.

Export Performance of Indonesian Processed Tuna Commodities in the Japanese Market

Tuna commodity is globally competitive, but its performance is still below its competitor country, namely Thailand and is starting to compete with other countries, namely the Philippines, Vietnam and China. This study aims to evaluate the competitiveness performance and analyze the demand for processed tuna commodities in the Japanese market. Export competitiveness analysis is processed using the Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) index and the Revealed Competitiveness Advantage (RC) index. The level of competition and export demand will be analyzed using the Almost Ideal Demand System (AIDS) model. The results showed that the export performance of Indonesian processed tuna commodities was comparatively and competitively competitive in the Japanese market. The demand for Indonesian processed tuna commodities in the Japanese market has fulfilled the demand theory. Indonesian processed tuna is a normal item for Japanese consumers. For Indonesia, processed tuna from competitor countries Thailand, the Philippines, Vietnam, and China are substitute goods. Thus, an increase in prices in these four countries will increase Indonesia's share.

Analysis of Differences Between Chinese and American Teaching Methods

With the competition of various countries in the world in education, to further consolidate and improve national education, China and the United States are major countries with greater influence in the world, and both countries attach great importance to student education. Due to the differences in political and economic systems and ideological and cultural aspects, there are differences in the content, path and method of education between the two countries. This paper analyzes the different educational styles of China and America. In this paper, the Chinese and American classroom forms, assessment methods and the impact of different education methods on students are mentioned respectively, and finally some suggestions are given. Educational administrators should combine the excellent educational methods of the United States from various aspects to improve education, and to improve the competitiveness of education in the world, and people should also know the shortcomings of education in other countries to cope with the future development of education in country.

Measuring national economic resilience through industrial portfolios

Even though the importance of economic resilience has increased as economic shocks have become more frequent in the world, there is still a knowledge gap on how to measure it. In search for effective ways to measure national resilience, this article identifies and mathematically proves the existence of direct correlation between resilience and competitiveness through time-specific global correlation rate. This research proposes an economic performance evaluation method that measures the competitiveness of countries facing economic shocks and recovering from them. A quantified method for identification of global economic shocks through industrial portfolio is proposed as well. The holistic approach internalises most externalities and a nation’s resilience is pared down to its ability to compete in the international trade, linking the main determinants of resilience to the basics of human behaviour. The proposed methodology can be used effectively for national and global economic performance estimations. It also opens a range of new possibilities for economic resilience studies.

The development of the North–South International Multimodal Transport Corridor and the measures to integrate the regional transport infrastructure

The problems of the North–South Transport Corridor development are directly interrelated with the integration of the regional infrastructure of the countries participating in this project. The importance of this corridor currently affects not only the economic sphere, but also the geopolitics of the world community as a whole, as the power balancing issues in the world economy are engaged. Based on the results of the statistical data study from open sources, the analysis of extensive periodical literature, the pros and cons of the North–South Multimodal Transport Corridor (MTC) project are substantiated, and the promising ways of implementing and improving its effectiveness are identified. Political pressure on a number of participating countries and an asymmetry of interests are highlighted as factors that hinder the active implementation of the project (the most interested participants are Iran and Russia, other parties may have negative geopolitical and economic consequences from participating in the project). There are major challenges concerning the infrastructure development and the insufficient degree of harmonization of the institutional conditions within which the transport corridor operates. On the other hand, the greatest advantages of the North–South Transport Corridor are reducing dependence on other transport routes, including those passing through competitive countries, increasing national security and sovereignty of Russia, consolidating Eurasian integration, improving foreign policy links with the countries in Asia and Africa. In order to maximize the potential of the North–South MTC and increase its competitiveness in comparison with other transport hubs, the following ways are proposed: 1. One-time solution to a set of tasks: modernization of infrastructure, primarily, port infrastructure in Russia, railway infrastructure in Iran; full digitalization of the transport and logistics sphere in all the participating countries; harmonization of institutional conditions for the project implementation in the domain of legislation, customs procedures, business processes, management. 2. More active use of free economic zones and special economic zones. 3. Formation of a special supranational organizational structure that will directly deal with the development of the North– South International Transport Corridor.

태국시장에서 한국 수출상품의 국제경쟁력에 관한 연구

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to analyze the competitiveness of Korea’s export products against China, Japan, and Malaysia in the Thai market. Design/Methodology/Approach – The analysis tools used were RCA and TSI to the world and Thailand. Trade volume data was extracted using the UN Comtrade DB for 5 years (2018 to 2022) between Korea and its competitors. Through this analysis, this study examines how each country's competitiveness has changed and presents implications. Findings – The international competitiveness of Korean export products in the Thai market was analyzed using RCA and TSI indices with those of China, Japan, and Malaysia. As a result, Korea's products that were competitive in the global market and those that were competitive in the Thai market showed conflicting results. Products from China, Japan, and Malaysia also showed similar competitiveness. Research Implications – Regarding the degree of TSI in the global market for the analyzed items, Korea has an advantage in items in which it is traditionally strong, such as HS 8542 electronic integrated circuits and HS 8708 automobile parts. In the Thai market, items such as HS 7403 refined copper and copper alloy and HS 3304 cosmetics show strong performance.

МЕТОДИЧНІ ПІДХОДИ ЦИФРОВОЇ ЕКОНОМІКИ В РАКУРСІ СТАТИСТИЧНИХ МЕТОДІВ ПРОГНОЗУВАННЯ

The spread of digital technologies over a long period determines the development trajectories of the economy and society and has more than once led to radical changes in people's lives. The formation of a digital economy is one of the priority directions for most countries of the world. As a rule, they are characterized by a long period of implementation of the "digital development agenda" and the succession of priorities - from the construction of the basic information and communication infrastructure to the formation of a coordinated policy in this area and programs to support the wide implementation of digital technologies. In recent years, the transformation of activity models in the business and social sphere has been unfolding, caused by the emergence of digital technologies of the new generation, which, due to the scale and depth of influence, have received the name "end-to- end": artificial intelligence, robotics, the Internet of Things, wireless communication technologies. According to estimates, their widespread implementation can significantly increase labor productivity. In the near future, it is the effective use of modern statistical methods of forecasting that will shape new methodological approaches to the digital economy and determine the competitiveness of both individual companies and entire countries that form the infrastructure and legal environment for further digitalization. The article considers the methodological aspects of the use of multidimensional statistical methods, methods of economic statistics and information technologies in the study of the economic direction "digital economy". The peculiarities of the application of various statistical approaches, as well as the possibility of their combined use, are noted. Features of forecasting the main indicators of the socio- economic sphere are presented.

Assets of foreignness in a regulated industry

Purpose Foreign subsidiaries incur substantial institutional conformity costs because they have to respond to host-country institutional pressures (Slangen & Hennart, 2008). The purpose of this paper is to study this type of cost from institutional and regulatory perspectives. The authors argue that these costs decrease when the host country adopts concepts of international regulations that multinationals may be familiar with due to their own home country regulation experience. This prior regulatory experience gives foreign subsidiaries an advantage of foreignness (AoF), which can offset their liability of foreignness (LoF). Design/methodology/approach This study compared the returns on assets of 35 domestic firms with those of foreign subsidiaries in the Brazilian energy industry between 2002 and 2021, using regression dynamic panel data. Findings The existence of a relationship between the international regulatory norm and the Brazilian regulator has transformed the LoF into an advantage of foreignness to compete with local energy firms. The results also suggest that the better the regulatory quality of the subsidiary’s country of origin, the better its performance in Brazil, as it can reduce compliance costs. Finally, the greater the psychic distance between Brazil and the foreign subsidiary’s home country, the worse its performance. Research limitations/implications The research suggests that one of the keys to competitiveness in host countries is local regulatory ties. Prior international regulatory experience gives foreign subsidiaries an asset of foreignness (AoF). This result complements the current institutional and regulatory foreignness studies on emerging economies (Cuervo-Cazurra & Genc, 2008; Mallon et al., 2022) and the institutional asymmetry between home and host country (Mallon & Fainshmidt, 2017). Practical implications This research suggests that one of the keys to competitiveness in host countries is local regulatory ties. Prior international regulatory experience gives foreign subsidiaries an asset of foreignness (AoF). This result complements the current institutional and regulatory foreignness studies on emerging economies (Cuervo-Cazurra & Genc, 2008; Mallon et al., 2022) and the institutional asymmetry between home and host country (Mallon & Fainshmidt, 2017). The practical implication is that the relationship between conformity costs, capital budget calculation and strategic planning for internationalization will be related to the governance quality of the home country of multinationals. The social implication is that a country interested in attracting more direct foreign investment to areas that need foreign technology transfer and resources may consider adopting international regulatory standards. Social implications The social implication is that a country interested in attracting more direct foreign investment to areas that need foreign technology transfer and resources may consider adopting international regulatory standards. Originality/value This research discuss firm and local regulator tie is one of core competitiveness in host countries (Yang and Meyer, 2020). This study also complements the current institutional and regulatory foreignness studies in emerging economy (Cuervo-Cazurra & Genc, 2008; Mallon et al., 2022). Second, prior regulatory experience of multinational enterprise in similar environment can affect its foreign affiliate performance (Perkins, 2014). Third, this study confirms current literature that argues that knowledge and ability to operate in an institutionalized country can be transferred from parent to affiliate. In the end, this study investigates whether AoF persists when host governments improve the governance of their industries.

PERAN AKUNTANSI MODERN DALAM PEMBANGUNAN EKONOMI INDONESIA

Globalization creates high competitiveness of countries globally. In order to overcome this, it is necessary to have a role for modern accounting in planning and deciding policies for equitable distribution and economic development in Indonesia as a developing country. This research uses a descriptive qualitative research method with secondary data sources originating from literature reviews in the form of books, scientific works and online websites related to research data. Based on the results of research conducted, it shows that Indonesia needs the application of modern accounting to restore and improve the country's economy. Accounting will play a role in controlling costs, operations, reporting and planning so that fraud does not occur in the context of Indonesia's economic development as a developing country. Accounting will also provide the latest data or report information that can be used by the government or interested parties.