Competitive Forces Research Articles

ДОКТРИНА ВЗАИМОСВЯЗЕЙ ЭЛЕМЕНТОВ КОНКУРЕНТОСПОСОБНОСТИ В ЦЕЛЯХ ОБЕСПЕЧЕНИЯ ИННОВАЦИОННОСТИ БИЗНЕС-СТРУКТУР В СФЕРЕ МЕБЕЛЬНОГО РЫНКА

The article examines the relationships between the elements of competitiveness in order to ensure the innovativeness of business structures. The doctrine, as a system of beliefs and basic principles, serves as the basis for developing a competitiveness strategy in order to enhance the competitive advantages of enterprises. Competitiveness is a multidimensional property, namely, product innovation, plays a big role in achieving a high status in a competitive market. It is necessary to study each element of competitiveness in order to ensure the innovativeness of business structures. Competition forces business structures to improve the quality of their products, use new product components, innovative technologies and innovations in design and sales systems. Business structures in the furniture market need to study the interrelationships of the elements of competitiveness and their impact on the final result. In order to substantiate the doctrine of the interrelations of elements to ensure the innovativeness of business structures, a quality management system for innovations of business structures in the furniture market was defined, built on the blocks of ensuring innovation and quality, quality management and quality improvement, including elements of competitiveness to ensure the innovativeness of business structures: development of a sustainable regulatory framework, creation of the most favorable investment climate and effective competition policy, promoting the innovative activities of business structures, simplifying barriers to doing business in the quality management system of innovations of business structures in the field furniture market. During the research, methods of structural, systemic and functional, quantitative and qualitative analysis, graphic and mathematical methods, and methods of structural and functional modeling were used.

Labour market inequality: a comparative political economy perspective

Abstract Large and rising earnings and employment inequalities in countries such as the USA and the UK pose fundamental questions for social scientists and challenges for policymakers. Mainstream economists have explained these outcomes mainly in terms of competitive market forces, particularly the mismatch between technology-driven demands for skills and those supplied by workers. In contrast, political economy perspectives focus on employer–employee bargaining power, driven by the monopsony power of firms and declining institutional and policy protections for workers. We critically assess the evidence on the education wage premium and employment polarization used to support the competitive market explanation for US wage inequality. We then show that the incidence of decent pay for young less-educated workers varies sharply across similarly rich countries and that new indices of institutional bargaining power closely correspond to differences in pay distributions but are uncorrelated with conventional measures of employment performance. We conclude that well-designed institutional and policy changes can substantially promote shared growth and the well-being of working families.

Analysis of perceived competitive forces influencing tree tomato value chains in Rwanda

The globalization of economies has added many new challenges to global agriculture. Agriculture not only needs to compete in foreign markets but also in domestic markets. The production and export of tree tomatoes remain extremely weak in Rwanda despite horticulture sector-specific economic policies in favour of the production and export of horticultural crops by the government of Rwanda. The goal of this study was to analyse the competitive performance of Rwanda's tree tomato value chain to shape the tree tomato industry in Rwanda for the benefit of smallholder farmers and the Rwandan Economy. One hundred twenty (120) respondents were surveyed for this study using a semi-structured questionnaire and focus group discussions. Participants were stratified into groups as traders (80), institutional consumers (12), and household consumers (28) all from Bugesera, Nyabihu, Rubavu districts and Kigali markets (Nyabugogo, Nyarugenge and Kimironko). Key enablers (International Centre for Research in Agroforestry, Rwanda Agricultural Board, National Agricultural Export Board, and Ministry of Commerce and Financial institutions) provided useful information related to the tree tomato value chain in Rwanda. The findings of this study show that factors that hamper the tree tomato value chain competitiveness in Rwanda are related to bargaining power. Overall 63% of respondents who were tree tomato suppliers and 58.43% of respondents who were tree tomato buyers agreed that the bargaining power of suppliers and buyers hamper the competitiveness of the value chain. The study found that 70% of traders and 57% of consumers and institutional consumers preferred the tree tomato. Therefore, tree tomato is highly linked to consumers, traders, and institutions than banana which is the 38th fruit highly scored. The severity of the threat to the tree tomato industry is new entrants into the tree tomato industry, the intensity of rivalry in existing key competitors, and the severity of the threat of substitutes. The strategies proposed to improve on the competitiveness of the tree tomato industry comprise of improving collaboration of tree tomato chain actors. This study found that 75.69% of the sampled key actors agree that the highest criteria to be considered are the product quality, and 64.74% of the sampled key actors settled on product quality as the least criteria. Key words: tree tomato, smallholder farmers, consumers, traders, competitiveness, value chain, Rwanda

Marketing Strategy Analysis in Increasing Participation Numbers in the Social Security Administration for Employment (BPJS Ketenagakerjaan) Tanjung Perak Branch Office Using SWOT Analysis Method

This study delves into the societal responsibility of nations for ensuring the well-being of their citizens through the implementation of social welfare systems, notably the social security program managed by the Social Security Organizing Agency (BPJS). The historical evolution of PT Jamsostek (Persero) underscores the development of social security programs in Indonesia, emphasizing the significance of safeguarding workers' economic and social interests. This research focuses on BPJS Ketenagakerjaan Tanjung Perak Branch, aiming to analyze its marketing strategies to augment membership through the SWOT analysis method. Employing a qualitative approach, the study employs interviews, observations, and documentation for data collection. The findings reveal strengths in BPJS Ketenagakerjaan's extensive social security offerings, weaknesses in communicating with and raising awareness among informal workers, opportunities for enhancing worker welfare, and threats posed by declining membership due to competitive forces. Drawing on the SWOT analysis, the study suggests a conglomerate diversification strategy, wherein BPJS Ketenagakerjaan Tanjung Perak can introduce new programs to previously untapped segments, thus bolstering its membership base. The research enriches the understanding of BPJS Ketenagakerjaan's marketing strategies and contributes insights for broadening its membership outreach.

‘Is Hockey Moving with the Times?’ Amateurism, the All England Women’s Hockey Association and Field Hockey at the Olympic Games, 1972–1996

The International Olympic Committee’s (IOC) decision in 1973 to include women’s field hockey in their event forced the All England Women’s Hockey Association (AEWHA) into a difficult position. The Olympic movement under Lord Killanin, and then his successor Samaranch, eventually dropped the amateur ethos in favour of a more open and commercial world tournament. The decision to form a Great Britain (GB) governing council and a team in 1977 had fundamental consequences for England. No longer fielding the premier national team or as influential internationally, the AEWHA could not dictate their own priorities as had been the case in previous decades. Chief among them was the undermining of their amateur ethos forced AEWHA to choose between participation in the Olympics or not. The AEWHA leaders pragmatic approach created an increasingly professionalized player base, but selection to the team remained a privileged, unpaid and voluntary position. Despite AEWHA’s compromised stance towards the Olympics, England and Great Britain teams remained a competitive force winning the European championships in 1991 and Olympic bronze in 1992. Paradoxically by maintaining amateurism in women’s field hockey it caused the eventual irrelevancy of the ideals by the time open status was announced in 1998.

Considering sustainability and resilience in a location-routing problem

Purpose: Sustainability and resilience have emerged as two important topics. Consumers and governmental entities are becoming increasingly aware of the existing environmental and social issues, motivating companies to adopt more sustainable practices. In addition, the uncertainty and unpredictability that characterize today's competitive environment force companies to be able to handle disruptions efficiently. Despite this, when looking at some classes of problems in literature, cost is still the most, or even the only, objective addressed. This work analyses the integration of sustainability and resilience concerns in a class of problems that is often found in logistics, the Location-Routing Problem (LRP).Design/methodology/approach: A multi-objective LRP is addressed with the following objectives: minimization of the total cost of the logistics network, minimization of the environmental impact of CO2 emissions, and maximization of the resilience of the distribution network. Aiming to explore the effect that designing a more sustainable and resilient distribution network can have on its operating costs, the ?-constraint method is applied.Findings: Results show that resilience and environmental impacts, from a practical point of view, should not be considered in isolation, as they can have significant impacts on costs. Nevertheless, it is conceivable to design logistics networks that ensure a good compromise between operating costs, environmental impacts, and resilience to disruptions.Originality/value: This paper is an exploratory study addressing a new type of location-routing problem which, besides the usual cost objective, considers sustainability and resilience as objectives. The paper evaluates the sensitivity of the costs of logistics networks to the improvement of their resilience and sustainability. A new multi-objective formulation is proposed for this class of problems, tested in instances based on real-world data. The paper may provide important managerial insights for designing sustainable and resilient logistics networks.

The effect of Porter’s competitive forces on competitive advantage and organisational performance and the moderating role of management accounting practices

This study examines the effect of the intensity of competitive forces on organisational performance and competitive advantage and the moderating role of the use of traditional and contemporary management accounting practices on this relationship. Using survey data collected from 505 US-based financial managers, the findings indicate that the use of traditional management accounting practices was found to positively moderate the effect of the intensity of competitive forces on competitive advantage. Additional exploratory analysis revealed that the extent of use of contemporary management accounting practices positively moderates the effect of the intensity of competitive forces on organisational performance in a product differentiation/high-force environment. The extent of use of contemporary management accounting practices was also found to positively moderate the effect of the intensity of competitive forces on competitive advantage in a low-cost/high-force. However, the extent of use of contemporary management accounting practices was found to negatively moderate the effect of the intensity of competitive forces on competitive advantage in a product differentiation/low-force environment. Finally, the extent of use of traditional management accounting practices was found to negatively moderate the effect of the intensity of competitive forces on organisational performance in the product differentiation/high-force model. These findings provide a preliminary insight into the important role of management accounting practices in the management of competitive forces.

THE IMPORTANCE OF COMPETITION IN THE FORMATION OF A FAVORABLE BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT

In the realm of economic theory and practice, competition stands as a cornerstone in shaping a conducive environment for businesses. This article delves into the paramount importance of competition in fostering innovation, efficiency, and ultimately, economic growth. By analyzing the multifaceted impact of competition on market dynamics, consumer welfare, and industry evolution, it becomes evident that competitive forces play a pivotal role in driving businesses towards excellence and sustainability. Furthermore, the article explores the regulatory frameworks and policies essential for maintaining fair competition, thereby ensuring a level playing field for all market participants. Each independent state, which is a part of the global economy, tries to form a favorable business environment within its borders. It is impossible to form a favorable business environment without forming a favorable competitive environment. Research shows that there is a reciprocal relationship between competition and business. Because a favorable competitive environment forms a favorable business environment, the absence of a favorable business environment results in a favorable competitive environment not being fully formed in that region. In this regard, the article talks about the interaction of both concepts, as well as the exceptional importance of competition in the formation of a favorable business environment. The author considers a favorable competitive environment as a trigger factor for a favorable business environment. In the article, a statistical table was formed with reference to the statistical indicators of the international economic form for the comparison of competitiveness at the global level by evaluating competition, interindustry and intra-industry from different aspects and competitiveness between countries was evaluated from different aspects.

On improving value chains by integrated companies

The article analyzes the development processes of integrated companies taking into account globalization processes. Three trends are shown that are changing the competitive environment of an integrated company, and the need to regularly normalize financial and economic indicators is stated. The driving forces of competition that ensure accelerated industrial production of high-demand military and dual-use products are examined. These forces ensure the attractiveness of the products of the enterprise (company, firm) and the industry as a whole in the domestic and world markets. It is also important to concentrate the firm’s efforts on developing those technologies whose impact on costs or differentiation will be the longest. It is especially advisable to orient the strategy of enterprises of the military-industrial complex (DIC) of Russia towards technological leadership. The choice of a position as a technological follower should also be considered as a conscious and active strategy. When developing a technology strategy, it is critical to evaluate technological trends in your chosen area.

Cross‐ownership, business dynamism, and wage inequality in general equilibrium

AbstractThis study examines the distributive and welfare effects of cross‐ownership by firms in a general equilibrium economy on the product and factor markets. The cross‐ownership of equities, such as collusion, tends to be anticompetitive, thereby narrowing the wage gap between skilled and unskilled labor in the short term with the existing number of firms. In the capital market, reducing capital cost through cross‐ownership causes new firms to enter the market in the long term. This firm‐entry effect induced by cross‐ownership through an increase in the number of competitors generates a competitive force that exacerbates wage inequality and reduces welfare in the economy.

Research on the Differences Between the Laws Designed to Protect Brands and Traditional Trademark Laws

Brand protection is an important and challenging issue in the contemporary market, as brands are valuable and influential intangible assets that create and sustain competitive advantage. However, there is a lack of a clear and comprehensive legal category that can adequately address the diverse and complex aspects of brand protection. This paper aims to explore how a law designed to protect brands might differ from traditional trademark law, which mainly focuses on the registration and protection of distinctive signs that identify the source and quality of goods or services. The paper adopts a qualitative and comparative approach, using online sources, such as web articles, research papers, and guides, as well as examples of famous brands and cases, to illustrate and analyze the possible ways, characteristics, challenges, and benefits of brand protection. The paper concludes that brand protection is a useful or viable legal category that recognizes and respects the value and importance of brands as intangible assets that create and sustain competitive advantage in the market, adapts and innovates to changing market trends, consumer preferences, and competitive forces, and harmonizes and cooperates with the existing trademark laws and standards across different countries and regions.

The Role of Expectancy Theory in the Organizational Management Process in Innovative Entrepreneurial Enterprises

The expectancy theory, originally put forth by psychologist Viktor Frankl, is a psychological framework that offers insights into human motivation and conduct. This theory suggests that the amount of effort individuals exert is directly influenced by their anticipation of particular outcomes and the degree to which those outcomes are personally appealing. Essentially, individuals adjust their behavior based on their assessment of the effort required to achieve specific outcomes and the value they attach to those outcomes. Within the realm of innovative entrepreneurship, organizational management faces a range of challenges. Among these, the rapidly evolving business environment stands out, necessitating constant adaptability and proactive planning. Additionally, attracting and maintaining talent is crucial, as the success of any enterprise heavily relies on its ability to recruit and retain key individuals. Furthermore, the establishment of an organizational culture has a profound impact on employee satisfaction, loyalty, and their capacity for innovation. Resource management also plays a pivotal role, particularly in the efficient allocation of funds, time, and technological resources. Lastly, competitive market forces and the need for strategic adjustments are realities that innovative entrepreneurial ventures must navigate, demanding continuous strategic realignment to maintain competitiveness. Against this backdrop of complexity and dynamism, the application of expectancy theory offers valuable insights for organizational management. By understanding and applying this theory, innovative entrepreneurial ventures can more effectively stimulate employee motivation, refine incentive systems, enhance goal management, and foster employee growth and engagement. To a certain extent, these functions can assist enterprises in overcoming various challenges in organizational management processes, thereby bolstering overall organizational performance.

Scientific Communication Initiative at a Medical Military Library

Implementation of new scholarly communication library service in the digital age is characterized by the competitive forces between the old library information services and the ambiguity of future information services. This research analyzes the development process of scientific initiative and collaborative partnership in the military medical library environment aimed to enhance the quality of scientific communication and information skills in military residents and clinicians. The hindering internal and external forces and facilitators of developing and implementing scientific initiative service in the military medical library are evaluated. The environmental analysis was conducted to determine the scholarly communication needs in the scholarly military medical environment. The ambassador-based model was used for the development of scientific communication initiative (SCI) at the military medical library. The SCI consisted of two components: library information communication and scientific communication. This implementation in the military medical environment enhanced scholarly communication, research skills development, and information education. A collaborative Scientific Hub, and liaison partnerships with military graduate medical education program directors and clinicians enhanced the scientific communication and information skills in residents. The Ambassador model, used in the development of scientific initiative in academic and military environments, was valuable for developing and implementing specialized interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary information services in the academic and military environment. Higher education hierarchy, educational needs, organizational hierarchy, academic culture, and educational environment influence the implementation of information services in academic and military environments.

A Social Media Platform Model of Supreme Court News

An economic model of news contends that the pressures of limited column space and market competition force media actors to be strategic concerning which notable events receive exhaustive coverage, if any at all. Applying this framework to the Supreme Court can explain why coverage of the Justices’ decision-making has historically been sensationalized and reserved for decisions sure to have a pronounced effect on public discourse. However, the emergence of social media as a practical alternative for mass media dissemination raises notable questions, chief among them being whether the economic framework fully extends to this newer medium. In this study, I analyze media coverage of the Court’s decisions using Twitter and observe important distinctions among environments for news dissemination. I argue that the apparent reduction in the economic costs associated with coverage dissemination and consumption on social media platforms like Twitter requires viewing Supreme Court news in these environments through an amended theoretical framework.

Digital Transformation of Incumbent Pipeline Firms through Platformization

ABSTRACT Advancements in digital technology necessitate a shift from traditional linear buyer-supplier value chains to a network-centric approach facilitated by digital platforms. Despite digital platforms being a dominant model for transformation, limited research has explored the enablers for incumbent pipeline firms to embrace platformization. To address this gap, this study reviews existing literature on digital transformation, identifying nine enablers for digital platformization: changing client behavior, information technology (IT) capabilities development, structural efficiencies, disruptive competitive forces, scope advantages, economic triggers, disruptive third-party technology, creation of autonomous corporate structures, and regulatory compliance. Case studies of platformization in diverse industries are analyzed using the modified total interpretive structural modeling (m-TISM) approach, resulting in a hierarchical model with five levels. This model delineates interrelationships among trigger events, external enablers, internal organizational enablers, process enablers, and outcome drivers. Furthermore, the study highlights that the creation and extraction of value from digital platforms are operationalized through e-business strategies, contributing insights to e-business literature by discussing the implications of these enablers on dimensions such as commerce, collaboration, communication, connection, and computing.

Kebutuhan untuk Pemulihan Dalam Perspektif Perilaku Organisasional: Sebuah Studi Literatur

This article discusses the concept of the need for recovery in the context of work well-beingand productivity. Understanding the need for recovery is expected to help design effectivestrategies for managing work stress, improving employee performance, and buildingorganizational resilience to unexpected events. This research uses a qualitative approachwith a literature study design. This article discusses the significant implications the need forrecovery has on individuals and organizations, and provides practical suggestions fordesigning work environments that support employee recovery. In conclusion, awareness andsupport of recovery needs not only creates a productive work environment but alsocontributes to employees' work and personal life balance. The recovery program initiative isexpected to be a competitive force for organizations in achieving long-term growth andsustainability.

CURRENT TRENDS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE COSMETIC MARKET

Cosmetics are an important consumer product, whose popularity is confirmed by the huge volume of sales in the global market. On the world market, perfumery and cosmetic products are produced by over 500 enterprises and firms, but about half of all production is concentrated in the hands of only seven largest companies. This article presents key economic indicators related to concentration and dominance in the cosmetics market, as well as major changes in the industry and individual companies. The importance of this problem lies in the fact that in light of growing consumer demand for new products, the development of brands in the cosmetics industry is becoming more intense. In such conditions, strong competition forces manufacturers to continuously introduce new products to the market to expand their range and increase sales volumes. Purpose. The purpose of this article is to study the market of cosmetic products to determine the trend in the development of the cosmetics market. Methods and materials. The article presents the result of a review of the global cosmetics market. To collect information, the method of desk research is used, that is, the processing of information that has been presented on official websites. The result is based on the systematic collection, structuring and analysis of qualitative and quantitative data during the review of the cosmetics market. The Herfindahl-Hirschman index is used to calculate the degree of monopolism in this market. Results. The analysis showed that today there are seven large corporations operating on the world market, owning a total of 182 companies producing a wide variety of goods. One of the leading companies is the French company L’Oreal, whose profit in 2022 amounted to $ 40.3 billion. The general state of the market is growing at different rates every year. For example, in 2019, the state of the market was estimated at $ 450 billion, but in 2020, due to covid-19, these figures decreased to $ 341 billion. But despite this, the cosmetics market will be able to recover, and by 2022 the cosmetics market was estimated at $ 518 billion. Analysis of the German research company GFK cosmetics market revealed several trends in consumer behavior, such as rationality, anti-aging cosmetics, etc.. Conclusion. In recent years, the consumption of perfumes and cosmetics worldwide has grown significantly. A large number of new products with new consumer properties have appeared on the world market, which have oversaturated the market. For several years, there has been a tendency to decrease the market concentration and market influence of individual companies, increasing competition. Advertising plays an important role in the cosmetics market, so most of the investment is invested in advertising products.

Platform business models and strategic price interaction

Business platforms delivering Mobility-as-a-Service (MaaS), alongside providing additional user services, have been shown to bring important price strategic interaction impacts which can be welfare improving. We show that the Integrator platform, whose structure alleviates harmful price externalities with two operators, such that it everywhere welfare dominates the Free-Market, can also limit beneficial competitive forces with more operators, reversing this welfare ordering. This is important since MaaS envisages platforms bringing together multiple operators and services in practice. However, calibrations show that where the Integrator platform fails to outperform the Free-Market (with higher operator numbers and lower substitutability), a new platform-based model that we introduce, is optimal. Furthermore, the Integrator is promoted in welfare terms in the presence of non-trivial marginal costs and mid- to high-end market demand elasticities, conditions both consistent with the inclusion in the MaaS journey mix of taxi cabs and other on-demand services which are common-place in MaaS offerings. We also introduce a number of extensions to the modelling framework incorporating additional real network characteristics. Though this can result in the welfare supremacy of the Integrator relative to the Free-Market being undermined, it again tends to be restored under mid- to high-range market elasticity calibrations. Finally, profit incentives tend to neither align across platform providers and operators, nor promote the welfare-best regime, indicating potential for regulatory oversight.

Analysis of Industrial Sector Competitiveness of Pakistan: An Application of Panzar-Rosse (PR-H) Statistic

This study utilizes the Panzar-Rosse (1978) PR-H Statistics framework to examine the competitiveness of Pakistan's industrial sector. Leveraging data from the Pakistan Stock Exchange (PSX) covering the period from 2007 to 2020 and focusing on insights from the 200 largest listed companies, our study sheds light on the complex market dynamics and competitive forces at play in the sector. By applying the Panzar-Rosse PH Statistic, we aim to demonstrate the presence of a competitive market structure that helps mitigate monopolistic tendencies. Our analysis, while managing endogeneity and employing the Generalized Method of Moments, reveals that the industrial sector in Pakistan is characterized by significant market dynamics that influence business behavior and performance. Despite this, the results of the PR-H Statistics suggest a relatively competitive market environment prevailing in Pakistan's industrial sector. However, there are indications of non-competitive behaviors attributed to weak institutional quality and the overall economic conditions of the country. Additionally, tendencies of weak and imperfect market structures are prevalent, compounded by undocumented and informal economic activities. Through this investigation, we aim to deepen understanding of the competitive landscape in Pakistan's industrial sector and its implications for industrial agents. By highlighting the challenges posed by non-competitive behaviors and weak market structures, our study offers valuable insights into the broader economic ecosystem of Pakistan.

Analysis of External Factors Based on Porter's Five Forces Method at PT Gipan Metal Teknik Indonesia

The industrial company providing and fabricating abrasion-resistant steel PT Gipan Metal Teknik Indonesia (PT GMTI) will face competition in the business, so the company must increase efficiency and optimize its potential. This study aims to determine the competitive advantage strategy of PT GMTI based on Porter's Five Forces method. Analysis of external factors as a planning strategy to find out opportunities and threats in running business processes so that they can affect the sustainability of the company. Michael A. Porter describes the five forces module as an analytical tool in industrial competition. The results of this analysis are in the form of external factors of the company in facing the Competitive Force used by the company in facing business competition. External factors faced by PT GMTI in running its business based on Porter's Five Forces method are a) Threat of New Entrans namely the need for company capital and government regulations, b) Rivalry Among Existing Competitors namely the quality of products offered and marketed, c) Bargaining Power of Buyers namely the number of similar competitors, d) Bargaining Power of Suppliers namely the price of raw materials from suppliers, e) Threat of Subtitute Products, namely the quality of substitute products. The results of this study show that the strategy that can be developed by PT GMTI is to increase business capital and training employees so that the company can develop and maintain the quality of services and products for business continuity. The determination of variables used in Porter's Five Forces analysis is based on the experience of one of our members who works as a supplier of abrasion-resistant materials and also works in one of the heavy equipment companies in Indonesia.