Agent Competition Research Articles

Scheduling two job families on a single machine with two competitive agents

We consider the scheduling problems arising when two agents, each with a family of jobs, compete to perform their respective jobs on a single machine. A setup time is needed for a job if it is the first job to be processed on the machine or its processing on the machine follows a job that belongs to another family. Each agent wants to minimize a certain cost function, which depends on the completion times of its jobs only. The aim is to find a schedule for all the jobs of the two agents that minimizes the objective of one agent while keeping the objective of the other agent being bounded by a fixed value $$Q$$Q. Polynomial-time and pseudo-polynomial-time algorithms are designed to solve the problem involving various combinations of regular scheduling objective functions.

Impact of the exopolysaccharide layer on biofilms, adhesion and resistance to stress in Lactobacillus johnsonii FI9785.

BackgroundThe bacterial cell surface is a crucial factor in cell-cell and cell-host interactions. Lactobacillus johnsonii FI9785 produces an exopolysaccharide (EPS) layer whose quantity and composition is altered in mutants that harbour genetic changes in their eps gene clusters. We have assessed the effect of changes in EPS production on cell surface characteristics that may affect the ability of L. johnsonii to colonise the poultry host and exclude pathogens.ResultsAnalysis of physicochemical cell surface characteristics reflected by Zeta potential and adhesion to hexadecane showed that an increase in EPS gave a less negative, more hydrophilic surface and reduced autoaggregation. Autoaggregation was significantly higher in mutants that have reduced EPS, indicating that EPS can mask surface structures responsible for cell-cell interactions. EPS also affected biofilm formation, but here the quantity of EPS produced was not the only determinant. A reduction in EPS production increased bacterial adhesion to chicken gut explants, but made the bacteria less able to survive some stresses.ConclusionsThis study showed that manipulation of EPS production in L. johnsonii FI9785 can affect properties which may improve its performance as a competitive exclusion agent, but that positive changes in adhesion may be compromised by a reduction in the ability to survive stress.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12866-015-0347-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Development and evaluation of 99mTc-tricarbonyl-caspofungin as potential diagnostic agent of fungal infections.

Infections by Candida spp and Aspergillus spp are the most common causes of invasive fungal infections. The main diagnostic methods are blood culture, and antigen-based techniques, but they are still suboptimal, leading to delays in the initiation of therapies and resulting in high mortality rates despite the availability of several new antifungal agents. The aim of this work was the development, synthesis and evaluation of a potential radiopharmaceutical enable the rapid and accurate diagnosis by scintigraphic images of fungal infection using caspofungin, a lipopeptide, radiolabelled with (99m)Tc. Caspofungin was radiolabeled with (99m)Tc-tricarbonyl precursor. The complex was assessed for in vitro stability, lipophilicity, plasma protein binding and plasma stability. Biological evaluation was conducted in four groups of CD1 female mice. G1 healthy animals, G2 was induced sterile inflammation with turpentine oil. G3 and G4 were infected with Candida albicans and Aspergillus Niger. Scintigraphicimages were acquired before sacrifice. The Caspofungin - tricarbonyl complex was obtained with RCP higher than 95%, it was stable in labeling milieu for at least 20 hours, and in plasma for 4 hours. Challenge with competitive agents showed no ligand exchange during 200 min. The product was well tolerated by mice and showed mainly hepatobiliar excretion. Lesion uptake was markedly higher in infected tissues than in sterile inflammation. Scintigraphic images clearly distinguished inflammation from infection. The high RCP yields and in vitro stability, the targeted biodistribution profile and good T/NT ratios, outlines this complex as a potential agent for rapid and specific diagnosis of infections caused by pathogenic yeasts.

Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles Coated by Layer-by-Layer Self-assembly Using Cucurbit[7]uril for in Vitro and in Vivo Anticancer Drug Release.

Mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) are promising solid supports for controlled anticancer drug delivery. Herein, we report biocompatible layer-by-layer (LbL) coated MSNs (LbL-MSNs) that are designed and crafted to release encapsulated anticancer drugs, e.g., doxorubicin hydrochloride (DOX), by changing the pH or by adding competitive agents. The LbL coating process comprises bis-aminated poly(glycerol methacrylate)s (BA-PGOHMAs) and cucurbit[7]uril (CB[7]), where CB[7] serves as a molecular bridge holding two different bis-aminated polymeric layers together by means of host–guest interactions. This integrated nanosystem is tuned to respond under specific acidic conditions or by adding adamantaneamine hydrochloride (AH), attributed to the competitive binding of hydronium ions or AH to CB[7] with BA-PGOHMAs. These LbL-MSN hybrids possess excellent biostability, negligible premature drug leakage at pH 7.4, and exceptional stimuli-responsive drug release performance. The pore sizes of the MSNs and bis-aminated compounds (different carbon numbers) of BA-PGOHMAs have been optimized to provide effective integrated nanosystems for the loading and release of DOX. Significantly, the operating pH for the controlled release of DOX matches the acidifying endosomal compartments of HeLa cancer cells, suggesting that these hybrid nanosystems are good candidates for autonomous anticancer drug nanocarriers actuated by intracellular pH changes without any invasive external stimuli. The successful cellular uptake and release of cargo, e.g., propidium iodide (PI), in human breast cancer cell line MDA-231 from PI-loaded LbL-MSNs have been confirmed by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), while the cytotoxicities of DOX-loaded LbL-MSNs have been quantified by the Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) viability assay against HeLa cell lines and fibroblast L929 cell lines. The uptake of DOX-loaded LbL-MSNs by macrophages can be efficiently reduced by adding biocompatible hydrophilic poly(ethylene glycol) or CB[7] without destroying the capping. In vivo tumor-growth inhibition experiments with BALB/c nude mice demonstrated a highly efficient tumor-growth inhibition rate of DOX-loaded LbL-MSNs, suggesting that the novel type of LbL-MSN materials hold great potentials in anticancer drug delivery.

Magnetic separation of proteins by a self-assembled supramolecular ternary complex.

The easy and effective separation of proteins from a mixture is crucial in proteomics. A supramolecular method is described to selectively capture and precipitate one protein from a protein mixture upon application of a magnetic field. A multivalent complex self-assembles in a dilute aqueous solution of three components: magnetic nanoparticles capped with cyclodextrin, non-covalent cross-linkers with an adamantane and a carbohydrate moiety, and lectins. The self-assembled ternary complex is precipitated in a magnetic field and readily redispersed with the aid of a non-ionic surfactant and competitive binding agents. This strategy to purify proteins by supramolecular magnetic precipitation is highly selective and efficient.

Procesos de avance territorial del capitalismo en Mendoza (Argentina): Transformaciones en la ganadería al quiebre del siglo XXI

Since the 70s, and especially after the 90s, rural territories in Argentina undergo deep structural transformations. The new model of accumulation associated with the rise of neoliberalism will result in establishment of an agricultural financial model heavily relying on producing commodities for export. Soybean production, regarded in Argentina as a paradigmatic case of the advance of capitalism on rurality, will have profound repercussions, first on Pampean territories and afterwards on extraPampas areas which constituted a second expansion front. On the country’s west, Mendoza’s territories, and each of the productive activities that make up their rurality, will experience productive transformation and/or restructuring processes of varying magnitudes. In this context, we analyze the transformations occurred in livestock farming in Mendoza, based on exhaustive analysis of statistical data and giving priority to a time span of 20 years (1988-2008). The hypothesis points out that Mendoza’s livestock production shows changes that match the trends towards concentration of production, introduction of technologies and inflows of foreign capital, from which follows disappearance of those social actors that do not count as competitive agents in the current economic system.

Transferrin-conjugated nanodiamond as an intracellular transporter of chemotherapeutic drug and targeting therapy for cancer cells.

PEGylated fluorescent nanodiamond (FND) conjugated with Tf (FND-PEG-Tf) was investigated for targeted drug delivery. Human hepatoma (HepG2) and normal (L-02) cell lines were used to investigate the difference in cellular uptake of FND-PEG-Tf and its loading drug system. Nanoparticle uptake was evaluated by flow cytometry and laser scanning confocal microscopy. FND-PEG-Tf showed highly specific TfR-mediated uptake by HepG2 cells, relative to negative controls (L-02 cell), which was a strong correlation among TfR density on the cell surface. The mechanism of TfR-mediated uptake was attested by free Tf with Fe³⁺ as a competitive agent. The difference in cell viability between L-02 and HepG2 cells treated with doxorubicin hydrochloride (DOX) nanoparticles (FND-PEG-Tf-DOX) can be explained by FND-PEG-Tf, which can target drug delivery to cancer cells. FND-PEG-Tf can potentially be utilized in targeted cancer cell imaging and effective drug delivery for cancer therapy.

When educational agents meet surrogate competition: Impacts of competitive educational agents on students' motivation and performance

The design of educational agents increasingly attracts researchers' attention recently. One of major reasons is that educational agents could enhance student learning in various aspects. Although research in this area has mushroomed, such research mainly emphasizes on students in higher education. It is still unclear how educational agents influence young student learning. In addition, competition is a significant element, but fewer studies take competition into account while designing educational agents. Although some studies have indicated that educational agents in competitive environments has positive effects on students' perception and attribution, its impacts on students' motivation and performance are unclear. Thus, the study develops an integrative agent that combines educational and competitive elements for young students, and further examines its influences, in terms of motivation and learning performance. The results revealed that such competitive educational agents could enhance students' motivation and learning performance.

Pharmacoeconomics of Cancer Therapies: Considerations With the Introduction of Biosimilars

Biologics are important treatments for a number of cancers, but they are also significant drivers of globally escalating healthcare costs. Biosimilars have the potential to offer cost-savings with comparable efficacy and safety to innovator products. They are being used in the European Union, Canada, Japan, and Australia and may help with improving health outcomes while minimizing costs to patients and global healthcare systems. The overall value of a biosimilar is not determined solely by its pricing. Efficacy and safety relative to the reference biologic drug and competitive agents as well as development and manufacturing costs, treatment administration costs, and results from long-term safety monitoring are considered. Optimizing economic efficiency is one part of an ongoing healthcare decision-making process with all therapeutics that aims to attain high levels of quality-of-care and safety given available resources. Some analytic tools stakeholders use to determine the pharmacoeconomic value of a therapy that are highlighted in this review article are opportunity cost, cost-effectiveness, and cost-minimization analyses. These methodologies can provide information to physicians, patients, and payers that may help reaffirm the value of a given biosimilar compared with its reference product throughout its life cycle.

Representing How Rabbits Quack and Competitors Act: Limits on Preschoolers' Efficient Ability to Track Perspective

This study investigated whether humans have two mind-reading systems whereby the efficient system, unlike the flexible system, is naturally limited. There were two experiments and the first included adults as well as children (3- to 4-year-olds; total N=128). In Experiment 1, all groups efficiently gazed in anticipation of an agent's beliefs about object location but not object identity (an ambiguous figure). In Experiment 2, children showed limits in anticipating a competitive agent's action in terms of his perspective on what is desirable. Flexibility in verbally predicting agents' actions across contexts developed with age. Convergence on signature limits across different ages and methods suggests that indirect anticipations involve minimal mind reading, whereas direct predictions tap a refined understanding of perspective.

SIMULTANEOUS STATE ESTIMATION AND LEARNING IN REPEATED COURNOT GAMES

The aim of this article is to propose that an intelligent agent can be able to decide properly in an incomplete information repeated Cournot game. The market model and the competitors’ decision models are not known to the players. The proposed agent employs a combination of the k-nearest neighbor (KNN) method and the Bayes classifier to predict the next action of its rivals, using the market decision history. The agent takes the predicted actions as an estimate of its next state and learns the expected payoff of its state-action pairs interactively using the reinforcement learning (RL) algorithm. The results of the proposed agent's competition with two benchmark competitors in different simulated Cournot games are presented. The simulation results show that the proposed agent can significantly earn more payoffs in comparison with the two benchmark agents.

Enhanced Spore Production of <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> Grown in a Chemically Defined Medium

Spores of Bacillus subtilis are being used as probiotics and competitive exclusion agents for animal consumption. Commercial production media often include relatively expensive components of animal origin that are a potential source for the presence of adventious agents, therefore undesirable for use in production scale. In this study a new animal-free component, chemically defined medium, was tested for B. subtilis spore production. Medium composition was optimized with respect to vitamin composition, carbon, nitrogen and calcium concentrations. A fed-batch bioprocess was developed, being the effect on sporulation of the carbon to nitrogen ratio at the end of the exponential growth phase studied. The developed strategy consisted of an initial and a final batch phase and an intermediate fed-batch phase with the addition of a feeding solution containing glucose and calcium and the addition of a feeding solution of ammonium sulphate, using an exponential and a constant feeding profile, respectively. Using the fed-batch strategy, it was possible to achieve a maximum spore production of 3.6 × 1010 spores/mL, corresponding to a 5 folds increase when compared to the preliminary batch experiments.

Stimuli-responsive biocompatible nanovalves based on β-cyclodextrin modified poly(glycidyl methacrylate)

β-Cyclodextrins (β-CDs) were grafted onto star-shaped poly(glycidyl methacrylate)s (S5-PGMAs) with a straightforward and efficient ring-opening addition of amine groups to result in PGMA–CDs, which not only possess good water-solubility and biocompatibility, but also can serve as polymeric supramolecular hosts to form inclusion complexes with suitable guests. They can be easily assembled on the surface of azobenzene-functionalized mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) via host–guest interactions to obtain MSN@PGMA–CD hybrid nanoparticles, which have been fully characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and elemental analysis. The experimental results showed that these types of inorganic–organic hybrid mesoporous nanocomposites possess good cargo encapsulation and release properties, as compared with the simple supramolecular nanovalves with β-CD itself as the gating component, upon activation by light, temperature variation, and competitive binding agents. In addition, the extremely low cytotoxicity of the nanocomposites demonstrated by MTT assay can further broaden their applications in controlled drug release.

Implementing COOL: Comparative welfare effects of different labeling schemes

Country-of-origin labeling (COOL) is being implemented in different forms and degrees in the United States and other countries across the world. The first implementation of mandatory country of origin labeling (MCOOL) in the United States was for seafood in 2005. This is an example of partial MCOOL because it exempts the foodservice sector and excludes processed seafood from labeling. Using a conceptual framework, we analyze the welfare impacts of partial MCOOL when compared to no, voluntary, and total mandatory COOL, taking into account imperfect competition in the downstream markets, information asymmetry, and diversion of low-quality product to the unlabeled market. The model is general enough to apply to any incomplete regulation for which the perceived low-quality product is required to be labeled, such as the labeling of genetically modified food in the European Union. Our results show that when consumers have a strong enough preference for domestic relative to imported product, regulators can overestimate the gain in consumer welfare from partial mandatory labeling if they ignore the diversion of lower quality imports to the unlabeled sector. We show that if the preference for domestic product is large enough, total MCOOL benefits the home market the most overall, including domestic consumers and producers, but not the imperfectly competitive downstream agents. However, if total MCOOL is too costly to implement, partial MCOOL is the second-best solution, but only if consumers falsely believe the unlabeled product to be of higher quality than it truly is. Our results suggest more research is needed to determine the extent to which consumers value the information provided by MCOOL and to enable regulators to consider the welfare impact of diversion in evaluating incomplete mandatory labeling regulations.

Mean Field Games Models—A Brief Survey

The mean-field framework was developed to study systems with an infinite number of rational agents in competition, which arise naturally in many applications. The systematic study of these problems was started, in the mathematical community by Lasry and Lions, and independently around the same time in the engineering community by P. Caines, Minyi Huang, and Roland Malhame. Since these seminal contributions, the research in mean-field games has grown exponentially, and in this paper we present a brief survey of mean-field models as well as recent results and techniques.

Structure and Biosynthesis of Two Exopolysaccharides Produced by Lactobacillus johnsonii FI9785

Exopolysaccharides were isolated and purified from Lactobacillus johnsonii FI9785, which has previously been shown to act as a competitive exclusion agent to control Clostridium perfringens in poultry. Structural analysis by NMR spectroscopy revealed that L. johnsonii FI9785 can produce two types of exopolysaccharide: EPS-1 is a branched dextran with the unusual feature that every backbone residue is substituted with a 2-linked glucose unit, and EPS-2 was shown to have a repeating unit with the following structure: -6)-α-Glcp-(1-3)-β-Glcp-(1-5)-β-Galf-(1-6)-α-Glcp-(1-4)-β-Galp-(1-4)-β-Glcp-(1-. Sites on both polysaccharides were partially occupied by substituent groups: 1-phosphoglycerol and O-acetyl groups in EPS-1 and a single O-acetyl group in EPS-2. Analysis of a deletion mutant (ΔepsE) lacking the putative priming glycosyltransferase gene located within a predicted eps gene cluster revealed that the mutant could produce EPS-1 but not EPS-2, indicating that epsE is essential for the biosynthesis of EPS-2. Atomic force microscopy confirmed the localization of galactose residues on the exterior of wild type cells and their absence in the ΔepsE mutant. EPS2 was found to adopt a random coil structural conformation. Deletion of the entire 14-kb eps cluster resulted in an acapsular mutant phenotype that was not able to produce either EPS-2 or EPS-1. Alterations in the cell surface properties of the EPS-specific mutants were demonstrated by differences in binding of an anti-wild type L. johnsonii antibody. These findings provide insights into the biosynthesis and structures of novel exopolysaccharides produced by L. johnsonii FI9785, which are likely to play an important role in biofilm formation, protection against harsh environment of the gut, and colonization of the host.

Genome analysis of Pseudoalteromonas flavipulchra JG1 reveals various survival advantages in marine environment.

BackgroundCompetition between bacteria for habitat and resources is very common in the natural environment and is considered to be a selective force for survival. Many strains of the genus Pseudoalteromonas were confirmed to produce bioactive compounds that provide those advantages over their competitors. In our previous study, P. flavipulchra JG1 was found to synthesize a Pseudoalteromonas flavipulchra antibacterial Protein (PfaP) with L-amino acid oxidase activity and five small chemical compounds, which were the main competitive agents of the strain. In addition, the genome of this bacterium has been previously sequenced as Whole Genome Shotgun project (PMID: 22740664). In this study, more extensive genomic analysis was performed to identify specific genes or gene clusters which related to its competitive feature, and further experiments were carried out to confirm the physiological roles of these genes when competing with other microorganisms in marine environment.ResultsThe antibacterial protein PfaP may also participate in the biosynthesis of 6-bromoindolyl-3-acetic acid, indicating a synergistic effect between the antibacterial macromolecule and small molecules. Chitinases and quorum quenching enzymes present in P. flavipulchra, which coincide with great chitinase and acyl homoserine lactones degrading activities of strain JG1, suggest other potential mechanisms contribute to antibacterial/antifungal activities. Moreover, movability and rapid response mechanisms to phosphorus starvation and other stresses, such as antibiotic, oxidative and heavy metal stress, enable JG1 to adapt to deleterious, fluctuating and oligotrophic marine environments.ConclusionsThe genome of P. flavipulchra JG1 exhibits significant genetic advantages against other microorganisms, encoding antimicrobial agents as well as abilities to adapt to various adverse environments. Genes involved in synthesis of various antimicrobial substances enriches the antagonistic mechanisms of P. flavipulchra JG1 and affords several admissible biocontrol procedures in aquaculture. Furthermore, JG1 also evolves a range of mechanisms adapting the adverse marine environment or multidrug rearing conditions. The analysis of the genome of P. flavipulchra JG1 provides a better understanding of its competitive properties and also an extensive application prospect.

Synergistic Effects of 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and N-nitrosodiethylamine on Cell Malignant Transformation

ObjectiveThe present paper aims to investigate the effect of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and N-nitrosodiethylamine (DEN) on tumorigenesis and its potential mechanism. MethodsThe potentials of TCDD and DEN in separation or in combination to induce malignant transformation were tested in Balb/c 3T3 cells by using a cell transformation assay method. The possible mechanism of observed effects was studied further by adding α-naphthoflavone (α-NF), a competitive binding agent of TCDD, to the Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) pathway. The mRNA expressions of Cyp1a1 and Cyp2a5 gene in Balb/c 3T3 cells treated by DEN and TCDD in separation or in combination with or without presence of α-NF were measured with fluorescence quantification RT-PCR technique. ResultsThe cell transformation frequency (TF) was significantly higher in case of induction with TCDD in combination with DEN, as compared to that with either TCDD or DEN alone. These effects were not inhibited via α-NF. The mRNA expression levels of both Cyp1a1 and Cyp2a5 were enhanced by TCDD treatment alone, but this inducible effect was blocked in cells treated by TCDD and DEN in combination. ConclusionTCDD and DEN had a significant synergistic effect on tumorigenesis when they were used in combination. AhR pathway may not be the key mechanism of this synergistic effect. Thus, it is necessary to further test the potential mechanism involved in cancer development.

Mechanized Silica Nanoparticles Based on Pillar[5]arenes for On‐Command Cargo Release

Mechanized silica nanoparticles, equipped with pillar[5]arene-[2]pseudorotaxane nanovalves, operate in biological media to trap cargos within their nanopores, but release them when the pH is lowered or a competitive binding agent is added. Although cargo size plays an important role in cargo loading, cargo charge-type does not appear to have any significant influence on the amount of cargo loading or its release. These findings open up the possibility of using pillar[n]arene and its derivatives for the formation of robust and dynamic nanosystems that are capable of performing useful functions.

Abstract 3406: Evaluation of (E)-Styrylsulfonyl methylpyridine: A novel kinase inhibitor targeting mitotic pathways.

Abstract ON01910.Na, a styryl benzylsulfone, is a Phase III stage, non-ATP competitive anti-cancer agent. It is multi-targeted, promoting selective mitotic arrest and apoptosis in cancer cells. Extensive Phase II/III trials conducted in patients with solid tumors and hematological cancers have proved its excellent efficacy and impressive safety profile. However, incomplete understanding of mechanisms of action and relatively low drug oral bioavailability remain obstacles to development. By modifying the structure of ON01910.Na, a novel class of (E)-Styrylsulfonyl methylpyridines was designed and synthesized. We report herein the evaluation of a selected compound, TL-77, (E)-N-(2-methoxy-5-((2,4,6-trimethoxystyrylsulfonyl)methyl)pyridin-3-yl)methanesulfonamide, as a potent small molecule inhibitor targeting mitotic pathways. MTT assays were performed to assess in vitro anti-proliferative effects. In a panel of 10 tumor and 2 non-transformed human cell lines following 96 h exposure, TL-77 gave consistent GI50 values in the sub-micromolar range in tumor cells, whereas, it was non-toxic to non-transformed human mammary endothelial cells (HMECs). Cell cycle was analyzed by flow cytometry. TL-77 caused significant G2/M arrest ≥ 6 h, whereas ON01910.Na caused the same effect after longer exposure periods (≥ 12 h). An OD-based tubulin polymerization assay allowed us to explain obstruction of cell division caused by TL-77. TL-77 retarded tubulin polymerization between 1μM and 6μM, intriguingly, microtubules were stabilizes at TL-77 concentrations > 8μM. Western blot analyses of cell lysates following treatment of cells with TL-77 revealed dose-dependent reduction of phosphorylated Cdc25c, a known substrate of Plk1 and/or Chk1/2, indicating Plk1 and/or Chk1/2 inhibition. Finally, dose- and time-dependent apoptosis triggered by TL-77, detected by Annexin-V assays, was closely associated with induction of caspase 3/7 activity. Importantly, pharmacokinetics studies in mice revealed that the oral bioavailability of TL-77 was optimized to 56% compared with 9% for ON01910.Na. In summary, TL-77 is a potent anti-cancer agent. It disturbs tubulin during cell division, resulting in G2/M cell cycle arrest, followed by caspase-dependent apoptosis. TL-77 appears to share an analogous mechanism of action with ON01910.Na, but exhibits greater selectivity towards cancer cells and possesses superior oral bioavailability. Therefore, further evaluation of TL-77 as a promising anti-tumor agent is justified. Citation Format: Tiangong Lu, Shudong Wang, Charles Laughton, Tracey Bradshaw. Evaluation of (E)-Styrylsulfonyl methylpyridine: A novel kinase inhibitor targeting mitotic pathways. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3406. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-3406