Exchange Competition Research Articles

Internet Exchange Formation and Competition When Potential Participants Can Coordinate

We analyze the formation and competition of market intermediaries when there are positive participation externalities between the two sides of the market; negative participation externalities within the same side; competition with traditional market; and implicit coordination among potential participants. The impact of implicit coordination is studied in two ways. First, we develop both static models - which are appropriate when the number of potential participants is large - and dynamic models - which are appropriate when a limited number of participants observe each other's choices. Potential participants can better coordinate their decisions in the dynamic participation process. Second, we assume that participation decisions are coordinated by a pessimistic belief about formation or entry of a new intermediary. In order to overcome the pessimism, the owner of an intermediary has to offer a fee schedule that implements her preferred outcome as the unique (subgame-perfect) Nash equilibrium outcome. The theory explains when and in which direction cross-subsidization strategies appear and when the incumbent intermediary can deter entry profitably.

Control of micromagnetics in Permalloy nanomagnets by means of indentation

The competition of exchange and magnetostatic interaction in nanomagnets is known to lead to the formation of configurational anisotropy. We present an effective method of controlling the configurational anisotropy and underlying micromagnetic configurations in isotropic Permalloy square prisms by edge indentation. Finite difference micromagnetic modeling of such indented square prisms gives five ground state micromagnetic configurations, the relative energies of which are determined by the structure size and depth of indentation. A micromagnetic phase diagram for the system is constructed on a size-indentation plane and is confirmed by direct magneto-optical measurements on nanofabricated Permalloy structures. The effect of indentation is to suppress curling micromagnetic configurations resulting in single domain behavior in indented structures as large as 400 nm.

CLEC: An Insider’s Look at the Rise and Fall of Competition in the Local Exchange Competition

CLEC: An Insider’s Look at the Rise and Fall of Competition in the Local Exchange Competition

CLEC: An Insider's Look at the Rise and Fall of Competition in the Local Exchange Competition

CLEC: An Insider's Look at the Rise and Fall of Competition in the Local Exchange Competition

Local exchange competition and the Telecommunications Act of 1996

The Telecommunications Act of 1996 is intended as a comprehensive national policy for local exchange competition. Capital market data for nineteen carriers beginning one year prior to the enactment of the Act and ending one year after the FCC’s implementation orders, provide mixed evidence that the Act has had its intended effect: the Act produced no excess returns, positive or negative, for the ILECs; it produced slightly positive excess returns for the CLECs, totalling 1.2 percent of their market value, and slightly negative excess returns for the IXCs, totalling 0.6 percent of their market value. These results are consistent with the frequent claim that the ILECs’ acted to protect their local markets. In all cases these are relatively small effects, not an indication of a major restructuring of local exchange competition.

Policy-induced competition: the telecommunications experiments

Over the past 30 years, the US has initiated a number of regulatory initiatives to open segments of the telecommunications market to competition. I develop a hypothesis regarding why such initiatives succeed or fail, based on a review of these initiatives, and informally test the hypothesis. On the basis of this evidence, I predict the failure of the current local loop unbundling model designed to induce local exchange competition. I also consider other sources of competition and focus on deregulatory actions (in the spirit of the Telecommunications Act) that could unblock alternative technologies that would bring competition to this market.

The Supreme Court Weighs in on Local Exchange Competition: The Meta-Message

The Supreme Court Opinion on local exchange competition in general and on pricing and unbundling in particular was much anticipated and will be much discussed. Because of the very technical nature of the pricing and unbundling rules facing incumbent local exchange carriers there is a considerable risk that students of the Court's Opinion will be mired in the details of that Opinion and miss what we believe is a clear, unequivocal meta-message embedded in the Opinion. Specifically, this decision unequivocally affirms a fundamental shift in regulatory policy reflected in the Telecommunications Act of 1996. That is, the Act dictates that regulators act not merely to disable monopoly but to adopt policies that affirmatively enable competition. The Court's Opinion now confirms this interpretation of the congressional intent behind the legislation. Thus, while it is fair to say that the Court's specific decision with respect to the pricing and unbundling issues represents an important component of a regulatory policy designed to promote competition in local exchange telephony, there is a larger lesson embedded in the Court's reading of the Telecommunications Act. In this paper we first consider in some detail the Opinion and how it reflects an unambiguous endorsement of a competition-enabling framework for the development of local exchange competition. Next, we point out that, despite the Court's unambiguous and clear ruling, a dispassionate scrutiny of economic and regulatory conditions present in local exchange markets — even in the wake of the Court's ruling — reveals a number of extraordinary obstacles to the successful emergence of effective local exchange competition that still remain.

The Supreme Court Weighs in on Local Exchange Competition: The Meta-Message

The Supreme Court Opinion on local exchange competition in general and on pricing and unbundling in particular was much anticipated and will be much discussed. Because of the very technical nature of the pricing and unbundling rules facing incumbent local exchange carriers there is a considerable risk that students of the Court's Opinion will be mired in the details of that Opinion and miss what we believe is a clear, unequivocal meta-message embedded in the Opinion. Specifically, this decision unequivocally affirms a fundamental shift in regulatory policy reflected in the Telecommunications Act of 1996. That is, the Act dictates that regulators act not merely to disable monopoly but to adopt policies that affirmatively enable competition. The Court's Opinion now confirms this interpretation of the congressional intent behind the legislation. Thus, while it is fair to say that the Court's specific decision with respect to the pricing and unbundling issues represents an important component of a regulatory policy designed to promote competition in local exchange telephony, there is a larger lesson embedded in the Court's reading of the Telecommunications Act. In this paper we first consider in some detail the Opinion and how it reflects an unambiguous endorsement of a competition-enabling framework for the development of local exchange competition. Next, we point out that, despite the Court's unambiguous and clear ruling, a dispassionate scrutiny of economic and regulatory conditions present in local exchange markets - even in the wake of the Court's ruling - reveals a number of extraordinary obstacles to the successful emergence of effective local exchange competition that still remain.

NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS TRANSPORT IN SOIL USING SIMULATED WATERLOGGED CONDITIONS

The diffusive and convective transport of ammonium (NH4-N) and phosphate (PO4-P) was investigated under laboratory conditions using two soils which had been waterlogged for a period of 21 days. Ammonium and PO4-P diffusion studies were conducted using a krasnozem soil and the organic surface material from a Melaleuca wetland. Approximately 30 g of each material were placed into a 60 mL polypropylene tube, and mixed with 45 mL of either deionized water, di-ammonium phosphate or potassium nitrate solution. The concentrations of water-soluble NH4-N and PO4-P were determined on day 0 and day 21. The diffusive flux of these nutrients into or out of the soil materials over the 21 day period was calculated using Fick's First Law. Ammonium-N diffusive fluxes for the krasnozem ranged from 147 to 808 mg m−2 d−1, and from 7 to 621 mg m−2 d−1 for the wetland material.Waterlogging increased porewater NH4-N concentrations in the krasnozem, and this was attributed to displacement of resident NH4-N by iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn) solubilized under reducing conditions. In contrast, waterlogging decreased porewater NH4-N concentrations in the wetland material, and this was attributed to sorption by newly created exchange sites. Phosphate diffusive fluxes for the krasnozem ranged from 3 to 1,050 mg m−2 d−1, and from 1 to 1,175 mg m−2 d−1 for the wetland material. Waterlogging increased porewater PO4-P concentrations in both soils, which was attributed to loss of sorption sites with solubilization of Fe and Mn hydous oxides under reducing conditions. Column (10 cm i.d.× 25 cm long) leaching studies were undertaken using samples of wetland material that had been previously waterlogged for 21 days, and samples which had not been waterlogged. Retention of surface-applied NH4-N and PO4-P was greater for waterlogged samples compared with retention by non-waterlogged material. Increased NH4-N retention was attributed to an increase in cation exchange capacity generated under waterlogged conditions, while increased PO4-P retention may be due to sorption and/ or precipitation reactions with solubilised Fe. Much of the sorbed NH4-N was readily desorbed by 0.01 M CaCl2, suggesting this cation was primarily retained by weak electrostatic forces, while the limited desorption of PO4-P suggests this anion was retained by much stronger forces. Results from this study demonstrate the importance of fundamental soil properties such as cation exchange capacity and competition for sorption sites on NH4-N and PO4-P transport in waterlogged sediments.

Competition of exchange and crystal field interactions in cerium monopnictides and monochalcogenides

We have applied two ab initio based methods to study the dramatic change of magnetic properties across a series of strongly correlated electron systems consisting of cerium monopnictides and monochalcogenides. While, the fully ab initio method gives good results for the magnetic moments in the lighter chalcogenides, it entirely fails to give, even qualitatively, the trend of their unusual magnetic behavior. On the other hand, the second approach, which explicitly takes into account the interplay between the hybridization, the Coulomb exchange, and the crystal-field interactions, gives results in excellent agreement with experiment for all compounds in the series, including the moment collapse from CeSb to CeTe and the trend of moments and ordering temperatures across the series.

Local exchange competition in early US network development: considerations for developing countries

This paper examines the claim that competition between the Bell system and independent telephone companies, and not AT&T's regulated monopoly, was responsible for the rapid growth in telephone penetration in the United States. A mathematical model is developed to test if competition contributed to network expansion, when alternative explanations such as diffusion and economic growth are also taken into account. The model is estimated with time series data on telephone penetration in the US from 1876 to 1982, using both Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) and Feasible Generalized Least Squares (FGLS). The results indicate that local exchange competition is indeed a significant influence on increase in telephone penetration, even in the early stages of network development. This has clear policy implications for the current transition to competition in developing countries.

Competition of Multiple Spin Exchanges in Submonolayer Solid3He

We have made NMR measurements of the first layer of solid ${}^{3}\mathrm{He}$ adsorbed on graphite down to $120\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{K}$. Magnetization varies from antiferro- to ferromagnetic on increasing the coverage except for the region around the $\sqrt{3}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}\sqrt{3}$ commensurate phase. This behavior is very similar to that of the second layer and is understood as due to the competition among various multiple spin exchanges. The $\sqrt{3}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}\sqrt{3}$ phase exhibits a ferromagnetic behavior which is not expected from a simple coverage dependence of the multiple exchange energies.

Exchange rate and competitiveness of national economy. Calculation of indices of nominal and real effective exchange rates for Ukraine

Exchange rate and competitiveness of national economy. Calculation of indices of nominal and real effective exchange rates for Ukraine

The role of resale entry in promoting local exchange competition

This article examines the role of resale entry in achieving competition in local exchange telecommunications markets in the US under the Telecommunications Act of 1996. Contrary to the claims of many incumbent local exchange providers, we argue that: (1) resale entry produces direct competitive benefits; (2) resale entry will not reduce incumbent incentives to invest in the local network; and (3) resale entry will not reduce more beneficial facilities-based entry. We also examine avoided cost estimation issues in determining wholesale discounts.

Local exchange competition, rate restructuring and universal service

Some perceive a dilemma between ‘Universal Service’ and competition in local telecommunications markets. Universal service objectives have been met primarily by a system of cross-subsidies that keep rates artificially low for some (usually residence) and artificially high for others (usually businesses). Increasingly regulators realize that these subsidies are untenable, but voice concern that cost-based rate restructuring will produce ‘rate shock’ and lower subscribership. Based on a quantitative analysis, the authors show that rate rebalancing may raise local rates in some cases, but these increases will be more than offset by reductions in intra-LATA toll prices. More importantly, declines in business rates will reduce enduser operating costs, ultimately translating to substantial indirect benefits to all consumers through lower prices for goods and services.

Competition of deprotonation and tin-lithium exchange in the generation of a glycosyl dianion

The deprotonation and the tin-lithium exchange of the glycosylstannane 1 are not decoupled when BuLi is used. Deuteration experiments show that the side product 2H (glycitol) is formed during the deprotonation/transmetallation reaction sequence and not by subsequent protonation of the glycosyl dianion. Decoupling of the two reaction steps is possible by using MeLi ∗LiBr for deprotonation and BuLi for tin-lithium exchange. The described procedure optimizes the preparation of a β-lithium-configurated glycosyl dianion by preventing the reduction side reaction.

Efficient Local Exchange Competition

Efficient Local Exchange Competition

Innovation delayed is innovation denied

A discussion is given on the information marketplace and the need to take advantage of the new technologies in these areas. In an era in which the Soviet Union has fallen and capitalism is ascendant in Eastern Europe, it should be no surprise that competition is about to reach even local telephone exchanges. Competitive access providers are increasingly providing interstate telephony service to businesses that were once the sole domain of local telephone companies. Cable companies are seeking authority to provide local telephone service, and a recent survey reports that a third of cable subscribers would be willing to subscribe to comparably priced telephone services provided by their cable company. New technologies offer the promise of competition. Competition in the local telephone exchanges is a fundamental component of competition in the information marketplace. Techniques and actions which must be done in order to compete successfully in the information marketplace are presented. >

Local competition for telephone services

A policy discussion and overview of the development and scope of local exchange competition in U.S. Telecommunications markets is presented. The primary focus is on access and cable competition. In the future, we will see policies which encourage cable to enter telephone services, telephone companies to develop a video dialtone, and transportation networks which allow interexchange carriers to bypass the access charges of the local network. Regulatory policy needs to manage these competitive changes so that there is parity between the various service providers.

Magnetization in current carrying iron whiskers (abstract)

The structure deduced for a 〈100 〉 iron whisker carrying a current along its axis in the presence of a magnetic field is shown in Fig. 1. An analytic model of the ac response is obtained by considering the competition of exchange, anisotropy and magnetostatic energies. For the analytic model the magnetization is assumed to point either along an easy axis in the plane or out of the plane everywhere except in the walls where the energies of the walls per unit area are assumed to be independent of field. It is argued that the energy scales with that of the central cross section subjected to demagnetizing fields that depend on the magnetization along the axis in that cross section. The model is shown to account for the ac susceptibility of a current carrying whisker. The calculation is refined by considering a pattern that is divergenceless. The pattern is generated by taking the curl of a vector potential to produce the components in the plane and adding a component perpendicular to the plane to conserve the magnitude. The vector potential has a single component given by Az = Msq cothB/q[(1/√2) (q/{a ln [cosh(x/a)cosh (y/a)] })q/B − Ac[(x/a), (y/a)], where the parameter q determines the size of the central region of Fig. 1, the constant a sets the scale for the 90° domain walls between the four outer domains, and B sets the scale for the 90° domain wall between the central region and the outer domains. The term Ac is added to turn the magnetization along the axis of the whisker in each corner of the central cross section. The only parameter in Ac is a. The total energy is minimized for parameters q, B, and a. The field dependence of q accounts for the magnetic behavior.