Competitive Motivation Research Articles

Cooperation in a differentiated duopoly when information is dispersed: A beauty contest game with endogenous concern for coordination

The paper contribution is twofold. It introduces heterogeneous information in a strategic delegation game of a differentiated oligopoly with price competition and it thus provides a micro-founded illustration of a beauty contest, in which the relative weight put on the competition motive of the payoffs is not exogenous but may be manipulated by the players. The conflict between the competition and the fundamental motives, already present in an oligopolistic setting under perfect information, is exacerbated when information is dispersed. A conflict arises also in this case between the competition and the coordination motives, ending up in the undervalueing of public information. We show how firm owners ease these conflicts by opting for some cooperation, thus moderating the competitive toughness displayed by their managers. By doing so, they also enhance the managers’ concern for coordination and consequently heighten the weight put on public relative to private information.

Performance, motivation, and enjoyment in young female basketball players: An interdisciplinary approach

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study was to examine the variation in accumulated basketball training experience, body size, functional performance, deliberate practice motivation, achievement and competitiveness motivation and sources of enjoyment among young female basketball players, partitioning the potential variation by individuals´ biological characteristics (menarche status) and contextual characteristics (competitive age group and competitive level). We considered 114 adolescent female basketball players aged 14.3 (1.8) years. We used multilevel regression and poststratification estimations. The adolescent female basketball players selected for state-level had more accumulated experience, were taller and with better functional performance. Conditional on the data, youth female coaches tend to value (probably overvalue) size and function when selecting/promoting players, even at early age groups, likely contributing to an overrepresentation of early maturing girls in at early age groups. Players from club- and state-level were similarly highly motivated for deliberate practice and to achievement. Only for competitiveness, state-level players had higher values than club level players. The sources of enjoyment were influenced by context (competitive levels) for self-referenced competencies and others-referenced competencies. Structured programs of training and competition in youth female basketball provide a nurturing environment for the development of players´ engagement and commitment to training and excellence attainment.

한국 영어 학습자의 동기 연구 분석: 영어 성취도 및 동기 증진과의 관련성을 중심으로

By reviewing previous studies in Korea, this paper analyzes the relationship between English learning motivation and achievement. For this purpose, first, previous research was classified into five categories based on major motivational constructs, which proved to have a significant influence on English proficiency. The five categories include the socio-educational model (Gardner, 1985), the self-determination theory (Ryan & Deci, 2000), the goal-orientation theory (Ames, 1992), the L2 motivational self-system (Dornyei, 2005), and competitive motivation and its relative components. The motivational languaging activities developed by Kim (2019) is also introduced as a practical method of increasing students’ motivational level and their English proficiency. By summarizing the notable findings regarding the effect of motivation on achievement, this review paper provides educational implications and sheds light on the area requiring more academic investigation in the future.

Investigating the Association between Sport Motivation with General Health in Faculty Members of Fars University of Medical Sciences (A Cross Sectional-Analytical Study in 2018)

Motivation is one of the main indices in many theories of learning and psychology. Sports psychologists consider a variety of motivations, including the motivation for progress and achievement, the motivation for competition, the motivation for participation, etc. with specific concepts. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the association between sport motivations with general health in Fars University of medical sciences. This study was a cross sectional-analytical research. The research population consisted of faculty members of Fars University of medical sciences. Sampling was done randomly with a sample size of 244 people. Data were collected using demographic information, sport motivation questionnaire, and general health questionnaire. Descriptive statistics and analytical statistics were used to analyze the data using SPSS-16 software. The results of Pearson correlation test showed that there was a significant correlation between general health and sport motivation (P = 0.001, r = -0.252); among the components of sport motivation, only physical recovery dimensions, competition, weight control, and health do not have a significant correlation with the general health. The results of this study indicated an association between general health and sport motivation and some of its components in the study population. Therefore, the applying methods for increasing the athletic motivation to achieve the desired levels of general health and its components by modeling the results can be useful for planners and managers of human resources in universities.

Конфликтующие интересы в европейской политике Д. Трампа и коллизии во взаимоотношениях союзников

The past period of Donald Trump’s presidency have revealed that the U.S. policies towards Europe are driven in some cases by competitive motives and pursue inconsistent interests. On the one hand, the U.S. strives to consolidate the ranks of the European allies in efforts to achieve its goals with regard to such countries as Russia, China, Iran, or Venezuela. On the other hand, Washington tries to take advantage of intra-European controversies in issues like energy security or an exterritorial application of the U.S. law. Moreover, the Trump administration is opposed to the EU on a number of crucial issues of international politics and global economy ranging from the Iran nuclear deal of 2015 (JCPOA) and the Paris agreement on climate change to an overhaul of the WTO and globalization. The deep-seated divergences between them have reached an unprecedented level in the history of the transatlantic relationship. Still, it would be an oversimplification to link this conflict of values and polices to personal inclinations and mindset of the 45th U.S. President. Trump’s agenda of making ‘America Great Again’ corresponds with perceptions of a rather wide conservative segment of American society which supports him. However, his aggressive style of pushing ‘America First’ priorities abroad narrows opportunities for reaching consensus with the European partners. ‘The Trump challenge’ prompts the EU to revisit its concept of ‘strategic autonomy’ and to revitalize its attempts to boost European defense cooperation through the Permanent Structured Cooperation (PESCO) option provided by the Lisbon Treaty.

Intricate Relations of Motivation, Demotivation, and Context in Korean High School Students’ EFL Learning

This study investigates Korean high school students’ English learning motivation and demotivation in relation to the features of the national context, focusing on how the intricate relations between them affect their achievement in learning English. A total of 753 students, either in Grade 10 or 11, participated in a questionnaire survey including five motivating factors (Competitive Motivation, College Admission Motivation, Intrinsic Motivation, the Ought-to L2 Self, and the Ideal L2 Self) and five demotivating factors (Dissatisfaction with Learning Environment, Feeling of Falling Behind, Interference from Others, Unsatisfactory Learning Methods, and Lack of Sense of Purpose). Additionally, as a criterion measure, self-reported English proficiency was measured by their latest English test scores in school based on the 100-point system. The results indicated that the students perceived College Admission Motivation to be the strongest motivator, followed by Competitive Motivation. Feeling of Falling Behind and Unsatisfactory Learning Methods were proved to be the most prominent factors affecting the students’ EFL learning in a destructive way. As for the relationships between motivating and demotivating factors, College Admission Motivation, Competitive Motivation, and the Ought-to L2 Self exhibited positive relations with one of the five demotivating factors, while the Ideal L2 Self and Intrinsic Motivation showed negative ones. Finally, among ten variables for motivation and demotivation, Intrinsic Motivation, the Ideal L2 Self, Dissatisfaction with Learning Environment, College Admission Motivation, and Feeling of Falling Behind were identified to be significant predictors for English achievement.

Exogenous testosterone increases status-seeking motivation in men with unstable low social status

Testosterone is associated with status-seeking behaviors such as competition, which may depend on whether one wins or loses status, but also on the stability of one’s status. We examined (1) to what extent testosterone administration affects competition behavior in repeated social contests in men with high or low rank, and (2), whether this relationship is moderated by hierarchy stability, as predicted by the status instability hypothesis. Using a real effort-based design in healthy male participants (N = 173 males), we first found that testosterone (vs. placebo) increased motivation to compete for status, but only in individuals with an unstable low status. A second part of the experiment, tailored to directly compare stable with unstable hierarchies, indicated that exogenous testosterone again increased competitive motivation in individuals with a low unstable status, but decreased competition behavior in men with low stable status. Additionally, exogenous testosterone increased motivation in those with a stable high status. Further analysis suggested that these effects were moderated by individuals’ trait dominance, and genetic differences assessed by the androgen receptor (CAG-repeat) and dopamine transporter (DAT1) polymorphisms. Our study provides evidence that testosterone specifically boosts status-related motivation when there is an opportunity to improve one’s social status. The findings contribute to our understanding of testosterone’s causal role in status-seeking motivation in competition behavior, and indicate that testosterone adaptively increases our drive for high status in a context-dependent manner. We discuss potential neurobiological pathways through which testosterone may attain these effects on behavior.

Pengembangan Kemitraan Koperasi, Usaha Mikro Dan Kecil (KUMK) Dengan Usaha Menengah/Besar Untuk Komoditi Unggulan Lokal

Basically a natural partnership will achieve its goal if mutual requirements, mutual reinforcement, and mutual benefit can be maintained and made a strong fundamental commitment among partners. Nevertheless the development seems very slow. The cause is the presence of specific and different conditions and structure factors compared to other countries. Along with that, we still encounter various forms of gaps, such as inequality among regions, among income groups, between sectors, among economic actors, and so forth. The next problem is that in business entities including cooperatives and micro and small enterprises in running their business activities requires business partnerships with medium and large enterprises in order to improve business performance and business scale. While on the other hand our economic conditions and structures are not yet fully conducive to fostering partnerships based on purely business considerations or competitive market motivations but the business partnership of the foundation is strong enough in our country's constitution. Partnerships will work if partners are equally benefiting. Our concept of partnership is like that, although in the short term, there is a party or a party benefiting more from the other side.

Technological Platform as a Tool for the Implementation of the Subjectivity Right in the Mechanism of Public-Private Partnership

The formation of technological platforms, using the advantages of public-private partnership, can be considered as an effective cooperation and partnership tool for the mechanism of implementation of national priorities of high-tech development, including the formation of a sustainable balance of scientific and industrial relations. The functioning of technological platforms in this strategic algorithm will clarify and adjust the priorities of innovative high-tech development and consistent development of the national innovation system. The activation mechanism of the innovative component of the implementation of various projects using public-private partnership could be a policy of consistent motivation of competition in innovation.

Using Sexual Selection Theories to Examine Contextual Variation in Heterosexual Women\u2019s Orientation Toward High Heels

High heels are symbols of female sexuality and are “costly signals” if the risks of wearing them are offset by improving women’s attractiveness to men. From a functionalist perspective, the costs versus benefits of wearing heels may vary according to personal and contextual factors, such as her effectiveness at competing for mates, or at times when such motives are stronger. Here, we examined potential differences between women (self-rated attractiveness, dyadic versus solitary sexual desire, women’s age, competitive attitudes toward other women) and contextual variation (priming mating and competitive motives) in their responses to high heels. Study 1 (N = 79) and Study 2 (N = 273) revealed that self-rated attractiveness was positively related to orientation toward heeled shoes. When examining responses to two very attractive shoes (one higher heel, one lower heel) in Study 2, dyadic sexual desire, but not solitary sexual desire or intrasexual competitiveness, predicted their inclination to buy the higher-heeled shoe. In Study 3 (N = 142), young women chose high heels when primed with free choice of a designer shoe (95% CI [53.02 mm, 67.37 mm]) and preferred a heel 22 mm (0.87”) higher than older women (Study 4, N = 247). Contrary to predictions, priming mating or competitive motives did not alter women’s preference toward a higher heel (Studies 3 and 4). Our studies suggest that attractive women augment their physical appeal via heels. High heels may be a subtle indicator of dyadic sexual desire, and preferences for heels are stronger at times in the lifespan when mating competition is relatively intense.

Relação entre o Uso da Tecnologia da Informação e Comunicação (TIC) e Aspectos Acadêmicos: Percepções de Estudantes Brasileiros de Contabilidade

This study aimed to investigate the relationship between accounting students’ perception on the use of ICT as a teaching strategy (ICT) and six academic aspects: (i) teaching methodology (TME), (ii) innovative learning experiences (EXP), (iii) capacity to think critically and reflect about solution to problems of society (CAP), (iv) development of communication skills (COM), (v) access to up-to-date/contemporary knowledge (KNO), and (vi) higher education institutions’ infrastructure conditions (INF). I collected data from 2015 ENADE’s student survey and obtained a final sample of 51,269 observations. In general, descriptive statistics showed that students are satisfied with the accounting program regarding the six academic aspects analyzed and the use of ICT. Spearman’s correlation matrix indicated significant relationships among the variables. Positive correlation between the use of ICT and innovative learning experiences suggests that educational institutions could adopt ICT to promote a more attractive learning process. Use of ICT and teaching methodology were also positively correlated, indicating that ICT could be useful for designing or improving teaching methods. As implications, I support from evidence that ICT could be adopted aiming to obtain competitive advantage and student motivation.

Psychological Steadfastness and its relationship with The Competition Anxiety and Motivation of the Sports Achievement For Volleyball players seating

Psychological Steadfastness and its relationship with The Competition Anxiety and Motivation of the Sports Achievement For Volleyball players seating

May the best man lose: Guilt inhibits competitive motivation

Both guilt and competition motivate goal achievement. Guilt increases task motivation, but also enhances prosocial goals. Competition motivates individual success, but its zero-sum nature makes personal and prosocial goals mutually exclusive. This work explores the relationship between guilt, competition and goal-achievement motivation. In five experiments, guilt was associated with higher motivation to achieve individual goals, but its effect on motivation in competitive settings was negative. Unlike guilt, shame, the emotion most closely related to it, did not affect competitive motivation. The studies identify a conflict between personal and prosocial goals, both activated by guilt, as the cause for reduced competitive motivation. When outperforming others did not harm their interests, or when competitive achievement could also benefit others, the motivation of guilty competitors returned to its typical high level. The results demonstrate the power of emotions and competitive incentives on goal-directed behavior.

What Motivates Successful Marathon Runners? The Role of Sex, Age, Education, and Training Experience in Polish Runners.

The aim of this study was to compare the motivations of successful marathon finishers (n = 1,243) and inexperienced runners (control group, n = 296). A total of 1,537 runners with 380 women (24.7%) and 1,157 men (75.3%) completed the motivations of marathoners scales (MOMS) questionnaire and the relationships between general motivation categories and selected demographic (e.g., gender, age, and education) and training characteristics were analyzed. Successful marathon finishers did not differ significantly in motivations from the control group (p > 0.05). Trivial to small correlations with age, educational level, and training characteristics were observed. Female marathon finishers exceeded men on the motivational scales for weight concern, affiliation, psychological coping, life meaning, and self-esteem and they scored lower on competitive motivation (p < 0.05). There was also a significant relationship of some motivational aspects with level of education, experience and training frequency. These findings confirmed that age and gender differentiate motivations in both successful female and male marathon finishers and controls.

P154 Association Between Life Skills and Self-Efficacy on Dietary Control Among Athletes

Background The World Health Organization has defined life skills as, “the abilities for adaptive and positive behavior that enable individuals to deal effectively with the demands and challenges of everyday life.” Life skills in athletes can be translated as skills necessary to deal with the demands and challenges in the competition. This includes dietary behaviors suitable to maximize the training adaptation and to prepare for the competition. While the association between life skills and self-efficacy scores have been reported in general population, the relationship between life skills and self-efficacy on dietary control among athletes have not been investigated. Objective We aimed to examine the association between life skills and self-efficacy scales on dietary control in high school baseball players in Japan. Study Design, Settings, Participants This study was cross-sectionally conducted in seven prefectures in Japan. The 181 baseball players in their freshman year of high-school participated in this study. Information on life skills, self-efficacy scales on dietary control, and psychological competition ability with DIPCA.3 were assessed. Measurable Outcome/Analysis Validated self-efficacy scale in dietary control for athletes were used in this study (Sato et al 2017). POMS 2 was used to measure the state of temporary mood and emotion. Results Multiple regression analysis showed the significant association of life skills with the competition motivation (β = .258, P Conclusion In this study, we confirmed that competition motivation, friendliness, and self-efficacy on dietary control were independently associated with life skills. Therefore, life skills can be improved by promoting self-efficacy on dietary control with interventions such as the nutrition education. Funding None.

Значення психологічних ресурсів в актуалізації смислових конструктів

The problem of empirical veri0xFB01cation of the bilateral updating of sense con-structs is formulated. Empirical research was implemented in the Nelson model, which allowed determining the nature of the problem in the present situation. The available condition is socio­cultural context of life, so it is stated that the study was conducted from October 2018 to April 2019. In the present situation, the study of the sense construct is actualized by the resources of responsibility, belief in good, love, help to others and the inactivity of the mo-tives of avoidance and competition.The main indicators of the resource actualization of the sense construct are the competitive motive, the motive of self­esteem, the motive of volitional e0oxFB00rt, the resource of helping others and the resource of success, the value of stimulation, the lack of value of power and the non­determination of the new sense construct by the content from the previous one, which indicates the presence of semantic dispositions. The main indicators of the motiva-tional actualization of the sense construct are the motives of avoidance and competitiveness, the values of tradition and universalism, the overall level of life­sense orientations, locus­control Me, the overall level of life­sense orienta-tions is an indicator in the semantic construct, which indicates the presence of prejudice, motive. The results of the study were proved that the resource way of actualization the sense construct was possible with the ability of the individual to operate with his own psychological resources, which could be made more expressive through the motives of knowledge and evaluation of potential. The purpose of psychological resources in the actualization of the sense construct is to maintain communication with the metanarrative and, in fact, the approach of the personality in the process of sense’s transformations to authenticity.

Lifetime changes in vocal syntactic complexity of rock hyrax males are determined by social class

The ontogeny of quality-based signals has been studied in numerous animal systems but the degradation of vocal signals with age has received much less attention. Investigating age-related changes in quality-based acoustic signals and the associated social processes (e.g. rank changes, competition intensity) can expand our understanding of the information content of signals and their perception by receivers. To address this issue, we monitored the changes in syntactic complexity of songs in male rock hyraxes, Procavia capensis, over their lifetime. These songs are known to reflect the signallers' identity and quality. We found that age, residency and tenure had a combined effect on the syntactic structure of signals. Progression trends differed according to the signallers’ social status. For mature bachelor males song complexity increased with age, whereas it decreased for resident males, which had performed complex songs at the beginning of their residency tenure. This decline in complexity, potentially indicating fatigue, has also been associated with increased competition pressure, reflected in males' increased tendency to become involved in fights. In previous studies on animal vocal signalling and human speech, no effects of senescence on syntactic complexity were detected. Our current findings, however, suggest that vocal complexity is informative and could be reflective of the condition and competitive abilities of the signallers. However, an alternative explanation of lower signal complexity due to decreasing competitive motivation is also discussed.

조리전공 대학생의 조리대회 참여 동기가 수업몰입, 진로준비행동에 미치는 영향: 4년제 대학을 중심으로

The purpose of this study is to investigate effect among Participation Motivation of Culinary Competition, Class Emersion and career prepar6ㄹation behavior by an analysis. For the field test, the North Gyeongsang Province, University of Busan students majoring in cooking from October 1st to December 31st, 2018 were selected as the research objects. The study result is summarized as follows. 1st, Culinary competition Participation Motivation of university students majoring in cooking impacted positively on Class Emersion. 2nd, Class Emersion of university students majoring in cooking had a positive influence on career preparation behaviors. In conclusion, Culinary Competition Participation Motivation of university students majoring in cooking affects Class Emersion and career preparation behavior. But motivation is impacted negatively by Class Emersion. It is expected that the research will improve the Employment Rate of university student by an analysis.

Evasive knowledge hiding in academia: when competitive individuals are asked to collaborate

PurposeAcademic knowledge work often presumes collaboration among interdependent individuals. However, this work also involves competitive pressures to perform and even outperform others. While knowledge hiding has not yet been extensively examined in the academic environment, this study aims to deepen the understanding of the personal (individual-level) and situational (job-related) factors that affect evasive knowledge hiding (EKH) within academia.Design/methodology/approachA field study was conducted on a nation-wide sample of 210 scholars from both public and private business schools in a European Union member state. A series of paired samplet-tests were followed by hierarchical regression analyses to test moderation using the PROCESS macro.FindingsThe results suggest that scholars hide more tacit than explicit knowledge. The findings also indicate a consistent pattern of positive and significant relationships between trait competitiveness and EKH. Furthermore, task interdependence and social support buffer the detrimental relationship between personal competitiveness and evasive hiding of explicit knowledge, but not tacit knowledge.Originality/valueThe research provides insights into several important antecedents of EKH that have not been previously examined. It contributes to research on knowledge transfer in academia by focusing on situations where colleagues respond to explicit requests by hiding knowledge. The moderating role of collaborative job design offers practical solutions on how to improve knowledge transfer between mistrusted and competitive scholars. The collaboration–competition framework is extended by introducing personal competitiveness and relational job design, and suggesting how to manage the cross-level tension of differing collaborative and competitive motivations within academia.

A Phenomenological Study of Competition in High School Bands

Abstract This study is an examination of the lived experience of competition in high school band. A hermeneutic phenomenological method based on the works of van Manen (1990) and Vagle (2014) was used to investigate what it was like for participants to be in competition. Twelve individuals participated in the study sharing experiences they had both as students and as music educators. Participants lived and taught in communities throughout the United States and brought differing levels of teaching and competitive experience. Data were generated through in-depth interviews and collaborative phenomenological texts. Findings indicate that competition was a meaningful and influential part of participants’ work as band directors and educational experiences as students. Competition was approached with tension as participants acknowledged concerns over the influence of competitions on their students, yet they still chose to engage in the practice. Marching band contests offered a creative outlet where directors could develop custom arrangements and write formations for their ensembles. It was a creative outlet with a competitive motivation as their work was designed to yield more positive contest outcomes. Finally, competition was perceived as an influence on band directors’ professional reputations, feelings of competence, and how band programs were viewed in the community. Findings are discussed in relation to the historical debate on competition in music education, teacher evaluation, teacher concerns, and advocacy.