Competition In Germany Research Articles

What is important to young medical technologists for radiology when choosing a job?

Given the intensifying competition in Germany for medical technologists for radiology (MTR), our aim was to identify job-related preferences among MTR trainees. For this purpose, a survey was carried out among MTR trainees at the MTR schools in Düsseldorf, Mainz, and Heidelberg. The focus was on the individual influence of 40 work- and employer-related factors and on the preferred place of work (hospital, practice) and area of operation (radiology, nuclear medicine, radiation therapy) after completing training. 90 MTR trainees took part in the survey. On average, they indicated a pleasant working atmosphere, regular compensation for overtime, and good teamwork as the most important criteria for applying for an MTR position. With regard to their preferred place of work, more than two-thirds stated that they would initially apply to a hospital after completing their training. Moreover, the majority of the respondents prefer to start their MTR careers in diagnostic and interventional radiology, followed by radiation therapy and nuclear medicine. Imaging clinics and practices can use the present results for targeted personnel recruitment in order to make their MTR positions as attractive as possible from the point of view of young MTRs. · The increasing competition for qualified young talent also affects imaging centers.. · The aim of the survey was to gain insight into the career- and job-related preferences of MTRs.. · Imaging clinics/practices can use these results as a starting point for establishing specific human resources measures for technologists.. · An increase in perceived employer attractiveness can lead to competitive advantages with respect to attracting and retaining qualified MTRs.. · Zippel C, Wirth P, Biedenstein S et al. What is important to young medical technologists for radiology when choosing a job?. Fortschr Röntgenstr 2024; DOI: 10.1055/a-2221-3971.

Changing roles of health insurers in France, Germany, and the Netherlands: any lessons to learn from Bismarckian systems?

Bismarckian health systems are mainly governed by social health insurers, but their role, status, and power vary across countries and over time. We compare the role of health insurers in three distinct social health insurance systems in improving health systems' efficiency. In France, insurers work together as a single payer within a highly regulated context. Although this gives insurers substantial bargaining power, collective negotiations with providers are highly political and do not provide appropriate incentives for efficiency. Both Germany and the Netherlands have introduced competition among insurers to foster efficiency. However, the rationale of insurer competition in Germany is unclear because contracts are mostly concluded at a collective level and individual insurers have little power to influence health system efficiency. In the Netherlands, insurer competition is substantially more effective, but primarily focused on price and cost containment. In all three countries, the role of insurers has been transforming slowly to respond to common challenges of assuring care quality and continuity for an ageing population. To assure sustainability, they need to ensure that care providers cooperate with the same quality and efficiency objectives, but their capacity to do so has been limited by insufficient support to enforce public information on provider quality.

Profession and residency matter: Farmers' preferences for farmland price regulation in Germany

AbstractLocal farmers' preferences for farmland price regulations in competitive markets have not been studied systematically. We investigate farmers' preferences in Germany, where recent price increases have driven calls for regulatory changes. The results of an online vignette experiment show that farmers prefer stricter regulation against the admission of non‐local (but even more so of non‐farmer) land buyers. Our analysis also shows that local farmers' preferences are motivated primarily by self‐interest rather than adherence to principles. We conclude that most farmers prefer price regulations that consider their particular concerns about increasing competition in Germany.

Unfair Commercial Practices and Individual Consumer Claims for Damages – The Transposition of Art. 11a UCP Directive in Germany and Austria

Abstract Article 11a(1) UCP Directive obliges the Member States to provide individual rights for consumers harmed by unfair commercial practices. This new provision is intended to ensure that consumers have access to proportionate and effective remedies, including compensation for damage suffered and, where relevant, a price reduction or the termination of the contract. Although the laws against unfair competition in Germany and Austria have similar basic structures, the transposition of Art. 11a(1) UCP Directive shows some significant differences in the way national law provides individual protection for consumers. The legal systems in Germany and Austria are confronted with challenges both in the correct transposition of Art. 11a(1) UCP Directive and the incorporation of individual consumer claims for damages into the structures of domestic law. This article intends both to give a first overview and also to attempt to answer some of the open questions.

Spillover effects and other determinants of medical device uptake in the presence of a medical guideline: An analysis of drug-eluting stents in Germany and Italy.

We investigated the role of spillover effects among hospitals in the diffusion of drug-eluting stents (DES) in Germany and Italy during a period in which the relevant medical guideline clearly recommended their use over bare-metal stents. We used administrative data of hospitalized patients treated with ST-elevation myocardial infarction from 2012 to 2016 to estimate spatial panel models allowing for global spillover effects. We used an inverse-distance weights matrix to capture the geographical proximity between neighboring hospitals and assigned a lower weight to more distant neighbors. For both countries, we found significant positive spatial autocorrelation in most years based on the global Moran's I test, and a significant, positive spatial lag parameter across model specifications, indicating positive spillover effects among neighboring hospitals. We found that private for-profit hospital ownership and hospital competition in Germany and the number of inpatient cases with circulatory system diseases in Italy were other significant determinants of DES adoption. Our results underline the importance of spillover effects among peers for the diffusion of medical devices even in the presence of a positive guideline recommendation. Policymakers might therefore consider promoting various forms of exchange and collaboration among medical staff and hospitals to ensure the appropriate use of medical technologies.

At Least Agree on the Important Things: The Impact of Issue Distance, Intracoalition Heterogeneity, and Salience on Voters’ Coalition Preferences

The 2021 German federal election led to the formation of the so-called traffic-light coalition between the Social Democratic Party, the Green Party, and the Free Democratic Party, which had never before been agreed upon at the federal level. Over a long period, German parties had competed for government in relatively clear and ideologically homogeneous camps. However, fragmentation of the party system made majorities for two-party alliances more and more unlikely, and party elites needed to reassess new partnerships. Most of these novel coalitions, like the traffic-light coalition, are also cross-cutting dimensions of political competition in Germany. This raises the question of how voters reflect upon these novel government alternatives and make up their minds about which of them they would like to see in office.In this paper, I argue that a nuanced view on issues rather than general ideology offers more precise insights on the origins of voters’ coalition preferences. Furthermore, as salience theory suggests, not every issue is equally important for every part of the citizenry. Therefore, it is expected that the effects of voter–coalition distance as well as intracoalition heterogeneity on specific issues are moderated by individuals’ saliency of the respective issues. These expectations are tested using data from the 2021 preelection cross-section survey of the German Longitudinal Election Study. The results emphasize the relevance of specific issues as well as salience in the formation of voters’ coalition preferences.

Competitiveness of Germany and the Labour Market: A Migration Perspective

The current paper contributes to the existing literature on migration by explaining the emigration pattern from Denmark, Finland and Sweden to Germany. We have tried to discover the reason why people migrate from high-income European Union (EU) member states to Germany, which for a long time has hosted the highest number of migrants when compared to other EU member states. We have employed gravity models using fixed effects and ordinary least squares estimation for 1998 – 2019. Our results have indicated that Germany, compared to other EU member states, is more competitive in terms of its labour market efficiency. Germany is an attractive destination for migrants from Denmark, Finland and Sweden in terms of its employment rate, wages and effective government support of its labour force programmes. The current research provides insights into enhancing German competitiveness in terms of labour market factors, which is important for both the migrant and native populations. The results show that if wisely managed, the labour market attracts the labour force, which can address critical social issues Europe is currently facing. In particular, competition issues for high-skilled workers, an aging population, and a low birth rate. The study indicates that the long-term attractiveness of Germany for migrants is based on the efficient participation of the government in labour management-related decisions.

An alternative regulatory approach for long-distance passenger rail services: An explorative analysis with a focus on Germany

Regulatory efforts to introduce effective intramodal competition to the rail sector, in particular to the long-distance intercity market segment, have so far been only marginally successful in Germany. This stands in stark contrast to some other EU member states such as Italy, Sweden, Austria, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Spain and, most recently, France. In 2019, the year before the outbreak of the ongoing Coronavirus pandemic and 25 years after Germany’s fundamental 1994 ‘Bahnstrukturreform’ (structural reform of the railway system), which eliminated the legal network monopoly of former Deutsche Bundesbahn for passenger transport services, the combined market share of all competitors for long-distance passenger services was still marginal at 4 per cent (Bundesnetzagentur, 2021a, 26). By contrast, its competitors’ market shares stood at 28 per cent for short-distance (regional) services – where a competition for the market regime had been established – and at 54 per cent in the rail cargo segment – which is governed by an open access regime. In this paper, based on a comparative institution analysis, we explore an alternative regulatory regime to substantially increase effective intramodal competition in Germany’s intercity rail passenger market: open access to the incumbent’s seat inventory. Our main finding is that, compared to the existing yet ineffective open (track) access regime, our proposed alternative considerably reduces entry barriers for newcomers and simplifies regulatory oversight given the specific features of Germany’s railway market.

독일과 일본의 마을경진대회를 통한 농촌 마을 활성화 성공사례 고찰

독일과 일본의 마을경진대회를 통한 농촌 마을 활성화 성공사례 고찰

Impacts of promoting sustainable entrepreneurship in generic business plan competitions

Entrepreneurs and start-ups are key actors in implementing environmental innovation and new approaches in cleaner production. Therefore, the integration of sustainability considerations in early phases of a new venture is important. Insights on how this can be effectively implemented in start-up support systems are scarce and represent a research gap. Business plan competitions (BPCs) constitute an important element in entrepreneurial support systems, and are a powerful force in driving entrepreneurial activity. Up till now, it is unclear whether BPCs can actually influence the sustainability orientation of participating entrepreneurs and the sustainability performance of their ventures. The purpose of this work is to clarify whether the integration of sustainability goals and considerations into generic BPCs has an impact on the business activities of participating entrepreneurs and start-up teams. For our investigation we conducted a survey of the more than 1000 participants in the Business Plan Wettbewerb Berlin Brandenburg, which is the oldest and biggest generic business plan competition in Germany. For the analysis we use a structural equation model and apply the partial-least-squares method. Findings reveal that the promotion of sustainability in generic BPCs have an impact on the integration of sustainability in start-up business activity. Thus, from a sustainability point of view it makes sense to explicitly integrate sustainability into the concrete support offerings of generic BPCs. Our research contributes to cleaner production research by providing new insights on context factors in early (seed and start-up) phases of a new venture.

Steuersenkungen: untere und mittlere Einkommen entlasten!

Germany has now been running surpluses or balancing its public budgets for eight years. Accordingly, the debt-to-GDP ratio has fallen to such an extent that the Maastricht criterion is once again being met. This development, which has been favoured by a prolonged economic upturn, has led to disputes about how the surpluses should be used. On the one hand, there is a consensus that investment is urgently needed to turn the tide on climate change and transportation and for more education and innovation, while on the other hand some see Germany's competitiveness as being at risk because of the above-average tax burden on companies. The favourable budget situation could also make it easier to push through a fundamental reform of the tax and contribution system. However, it should be borne in mind that changes in the tax system have very different effects on upper and lower income groups.

Strukturverschiebung im gesamten Abgabensystem erforderlich!

Germany has now been running surpluses or balancing its public budgets for eight years. Accordingly, the debt-to-GDP ratio has fallen to such an extent that the Maastricht criterion is once again being met. This development, which has been favoured by a prolonged economic upturn, has led to disputes about how the surpluses should be used. On the one hand, there is a consensus that investment is urgently needed to turn the tide on climate change and transportation and for more education and innovation, while on the other hand some see Germany's competitiveness as being at risk because of the above-average tax burden on companies. The favourable budget situation could also make it easier to push through a fundamental reform of the tax and contribution system. However, it should be borne in mind that changes in the tax system have very different effects on upper and lower income groups.

Steuersenkungen \u2014 Wenn nicht jetzt, wann dann?

Germany has now been running surpluses or balancing its public budgets for eight years. Accordingly, the debt-to-GDP ratio has fallen to such an extent that the Maastricht criterion is once again being met. This development, which has been favoured by a prolonged economic upturn, has led to disputes about how the surpluses should be used. On the one hand, there is a consensus that investment is urgently needed to turn the tide on climate change and transportation and for more education and innovation, while on the other hand some see Germany's competitiveness as being at risk because of the above-average tax burden on companies. The favourable budget situation could also make it easier to push through a fundamental reform of the tax and contribution system. However, it should be borne in mind that changes in the tax system have very different effects on upper and lower income groups.

Wenig Spielraum f\xfcr dauerhafte Nettoentlastungen

Germany has now been running surpluses or balancing its public budgets for eight years. Accordingly, the debt-to-GDP ratio has fallen to such an extent that the Maastricht criterion is once again being met. This development, which has been favoured by a prolonged economic upturn, has led to disputes about how the surpluses should be used. On the one hand, there is a consensus that investment is urgently needed to turn the tide on climate change and transportation and for more education and innovation, while on the other hand some see Germany's competitiveness as being at risk because of the above-average tax burden on companies. The favourable budget situation could also make it easier to push through a fundamental reform of the tax and contribution system. However, it should be borne in mind that changes in the tax system have very different effects on upper and lower income groups.

Acht Elemente einer grundlegenden Reform des Steuer- und Transfersystems

Germany has now been running surpluses or balancing its public budgets for eight years. Accordingly, the debt-to-GDP ratio has fallen to such an extent that the Maastricht criterion is once again being met. This development, which has been favoured by a prolonged economic upturn, has led to disputes about how the surpluses should be used. On the one hand, there is a consensus that investment is urgently needed to turn the tide on climate change and transportation and for more education and innovation, while on the other hand some see Germany's competitiveness as being at risk because of the above-average tax burden on companies. The favourable budget situation could also make it easier to push through a fundamental reform of the tax and contribution system. However, it should be borne in mind that changes in the tax system have very different effects on upper and lower income groups.

Zeit f\xfcr Wachstumspolitik

Germany has now been running surpluses or balancing its public budgets for eight years. Accordingly, the debt-to-GDP ratio has fallen to such an extent that the Maastricht criterion is once again being met. This development, which has been favoured by a prolonged economic upturn, has led to disputes about how the surpluses should be used. On the one hand, there is a consensus that investment is urgently needed to turn the tide on climate change and transportation and for more education and innovation, while on the other hand some see Germany's competitiveness as being at risk because of the above-average tax burden on companies. The favourable budget situation could also make it easier to push through a fundamental reform of the tax and contribution system. However, it should be borne in mind that changes in the tax system have very different effects on upper and lower income groups.

The European refugee crisis, party competition, and voters’ responses in Germany

Studies show that globalisation creates political potentials that can transform electoral competition in Western societies. The specific process of how these potentials become effective is not completely understood. It is argued in the article that attention-grabbing events can trigger the transformation of electoral competition as they force actors to take clear positions and thereby allow citizens to align their partisan preferences and policy attitudes. The article analyses the case of German parties’ reaction to the arrival of large numbers of refugees at Europe’s borders in 2015/16. Using panel data that bracket this event, it is shown how German citizens responded to party behaviour by changing partisan preferences on the basis of prior immigration attitudes. The so-called refugee crisis may thus have been a critical juncture transforming party competition in Germany. As such, the crisis represents a striking example of how events may focus attention on a new policy dimension and catalyse the evolution of new cleavages.

Overview of latest amendmentsto the competition law of Germany

Over the past 20 years, the Act against Restraints of Competition in Germany has been repeatedly adapted to changing market conditions. In particular, the guidance from the European Union has led to extensive reforms. This article is dedicated to the ninth and most recent amendment dated 09.03.2017, which was accompanied by a vivid politi- cal debate. The amendment is primarily a response to the progressive digitalization of markets. Thus, the competition law of Germany becomes the first regime in the world to provide rules for the digital economy.In addition, the amendment provides for significant changes regarding the imposition of antitrust penalties, actions for damages and ministerial approval of mergers. In the case of damages claims, the reason for the amendment was the transposition of European Direc- tive No. 2014/104/EU. Generally, the legislator addressed the shortcomings, which arose during the practical application of the law. This article provides an overview of the signifi- cant modifications to the Act against Restraints of Competition in Germany, in view of its latest amendment, and considers the legal consequences of those modifications.

INNOVATION POTENTIAL: IMPACT ON THE NATIONAL ECONOMY’S COMPETITIVENESS OF THE EU DEVELOPED COUNTRIES

The success of the economy of each country is determined by its innovation development. The purpose of the paper is to investigate the essence of innovation potential and its role in providing the national economy’s competitiveness under the conditions of technological changes on the example of the European Union developed countries. The subject of research is the innovation potential of Austria and Germany. Methodology. The study is based on a comparative analysis of approaches to determination and evaluation of innovation potential in specialized economic literature. Analysis and synthesis and the system approach were used to outline the entity of innovation potential, to explore and structure its elements in the context of providing the national economy’s competitiveness. The quality and quantity analysis were used to discover general characteristics of the EU countries’ innovation development, special aspects of the national innovation systems of Austria and Germany, the role of innovation potential in the national economies competitiveness of these countries. The method of mathematical modelling in economics, in particular, regression analysis based on annual data for the period from 1995 to 2015, was applied to assess the impact of innovation potential on the Austria and Germany competitiveness. The absolute value of GDP and the share of export of goods and services in GDP are used as a dependent variable. Elements that characterize the country’s innovation potential were used as independent variables: the share of researchers in R&D of total population, the share of labour force with advanced education of total working-age population with advanced education, expenditure on tertiary education as a percentage of GDP, R&D expenditure as a percentage of GDP, patent applications as a percentage of total population. Results of the survey of theoretical works showed that the most multifaceted and comprehensive approach to determining the essence and elements of innovation potential is the “Resources-Results” approach. This very approach was used for empirical analysis of Austria and Germany’s innovation potential and evaluation of its impact on the national economic competitiveness of these countries. It has been found that the greatest impact on the development of Germany’s national economy is provided by: scientific resources, financial and economic resources, human resources. The most important elements of Austria’s innovation potential are financial and economic resources, scientific resources, human resources, as well as the effectiveness of innovation. Generally, the results of the empirical study show a significant contribution of innovation potential to the national economy’s competitiveness of the EU developed countries. It was revealed that a pivotal role in the implementation of innovation potential belonged to the state and its efficient innovation policy. Practical implications. Elements of innovation potential (that has a positive effect upon Austria and Germany’s economic development) indicate differences in the general characteristics and efficiency of national innovation policy. This allows us to determine and ground the main directions of innovation policy to increase innovation potential efficiency. It was revealed that Austria should adjust its education policy: education system should be more oriented towards the R&D development and its implementation in the economy. Germany should improve an efficiency of innovation policy (especially in export-oriented industries) and the effectiveness of implementing the R&D results in the economy, optimize education and employment policies. Value/originality. The obtained results can be used for further developing and improving the investment policy of Germany and Austria. Further research of separate resources and elements of innovation potential will allow expanding the opportunities for the national economy competitiveness increasing that is important in the context of tougher international competition.

ドイツにおける競争規制と中小資本の位置 : 第一次世界大戦前後の転換 (「産業の規律」と独占 : 労働と資本と国家)

ドイツにおける競争規制と中小資本の位置 : 第一次世界大戦前後の転換 (「産業の規律」と独占 : 労働と資本と国家)