Competent Experts Research Articles

Don't blame me: A theory of politicians choosing policy advisors

We present a model in which an imperfectly informed politician chooses between appointing an independent expert, whose advice is revealed to voters, and a loyal expert whose advice can be concealed from voters and who can therefore be blamed for a bad outcome. The politician is privately informed about which expert is more competent while Bayesian voters update beliefs about the expert's competence based on which expert is chosen and the outcome of the policy chosen by the politician. Voters are distributed such that some are biased toward a certain policy while others are not. We show that, under a majority voting rule, in equilibrium, the politician is unable to increase his chances of reelection by choosing the loyal expert and trying to shift the blame for a bad outcome on him.

AFTER WAR RECONSTRUCTION OF UKRAINE: ECONOMIC ASPECT

The work examines the consequences of the terrorist tactics of Russia's war in Ukraine, the assessment of the total cost of the damage caused in all spheres of public life. An analysis of the first global project for the restoration of Ukraine, which was presented at an international conference in Lugano, Switzerland in 2022, was conducted. The total cost of restoring the country, which amounts to more than 750 billion dollars, and the sources of these funds have been determined. The main stages of the recovery plan are defined, taking into account the experience of rebuilding Europe after the Second World War and the Marshall Plan. It was determined that the recovery of Ukraine should take place moderately and transparently and that competent experts should be involved in these processes and money should be spent efficiently.

ЛЮДИНО-МАШИННІ СИСТЕМИ ПІДТРИМКИ ПРИЙНЯТТЯ РІШЕНЬ З ЧИСЛОВИМИ КАНАЛАМИ

The decision-making problem for the case of human-machine analysis of input data is considered. It was noted that the use of human-machine decision support systems allows to reduce time and money costs. A multi-channel automated decision-making system is considered, which can generate real-time decisions based on signals coming to it from different channels. All channels are numeric. Channels can be both software tools of artificial intelligence and competent experts who give conclusions on the researched issue. Two cases were studied: – the case of making decisions regarding the numerical assessment of an object or phenomenon, when the agreed decision must be numerical; – a case of making decisions regarding the fact of the appearance of an object or phenomenon, when the agreed decision must be logical. Seven rules have been developed for determining the numerical assessment of an object or phenomenon. The rules allow you to take into account the estimates obtained from different channels and the reliability of these channels. Separate rules take into account ratings received from all channels. There are rules that take into account only the evaluations of those channels whose reliability meets the specified limits. This approach ensures a sufficiently reliable decision, according to the needs of the task and the person making the decision. Four rules have been developed for the case of decision-making regarding the fact of the appearance of an object or phenomenon. These rules, analyzing the numerical estimates received from the channels, produce a solution from the set {True, False}, which corresponds to cases of occurrence/absence of the phenomenon under investigation. The rules take into account the reliability of the channels and, based on the constructed functional dependence, convert the numerical evaluation into a logical one. The constructed decision-making scheme in multi-channel human-machine decision support systems makes it possible to arbitrarily increase the number of channels in the system. The use of rules that filter out estimates obtained from channels that are not reliable enough for a specific problem will prevent the dispersion of the estimation result due to a large number of channels. The choice of rules rests with the decision maker or problem owner.

КВАЛІФІКАЦІЙНІ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКИ СУДОВО-ЕКОНОМІЧНОГО ЕКСПЕРТА

Strengthening the fight against economic crimes and fraud requires deepening the professional competencies of forensic economic experts. Legislative regulation of qualification requirements for educational level, knowledge of theoretical, organizational and procedural issues of forensic examination and experience of a forensic economic expert determines only general approaches to his qualifications. However, the modern tasks of investigative authorities and courts assigned to forensic economic examination require deepening and development of this issue. The article is devoted to the problem of deepening the qualification characteristics of a forensic economic expert. The characteristics of the activities of forensic economic examination are analyzed based on materials from domestic and foreign experience. Differences have been established in the formulation of tasks and the formation of hypotheses of expert research for criminal proceedings in foreign countries and Ukraine. These differences determine the independence of foreign criminal accountants to determine the content and direction of expert research. An analysis of the formation of an evidence base for fraud or economic crime by a forensic expert was carried out and the need for the educational level of the expert and his experience was determined. A comparative assessment of the characteristics of the activities of financial auditors and forensic experts was carried out, conclusions were drawn about the impact of standardization of auditing activities and the variety of methods for investigating economic crimes on the competence of performers. The need has been identified to supplement the qualifications of a forensic economic expert with criteria for the presence of morality. This is achieved either by the properties that a person already possesses, or by acquiring them during the learning process. A concept of qualification for a forensic economic expert is proposed, which, unlike existing ones, contains the professional mental abilities of a forensic economic expert. It has been proven that knowledge and experience related to critical thinking and mental abilities are an important means for a forensic economic expert to perform his work efficiently and further improve professional competence. The practical results of the study are proposals to take into account additional characteristics of the qualifications of a forensic economic expert in order to improve his professional competence.

"MUSTAQIL TA’LIM VOSITASIDA BO‘LAJAK FILOLOG MUTAXASSISLARNING TERMINOLOGIK KOMPETENTLIGINI RIVOJLANTIRISH"

"MUSTAQIL TA’LIM VOSITASIDA BO‘LAJAK FILOLOG MUTAXASSISLARNING TERMINOLOGIK KOMPETENTLIGINI RIVOJLANTIRISH"

МЕТОДИ ВИБОРУ СТРАТЕГІЧНИХ АЛЬТЕРНАТИВ РОЗВИТКУ ТОРГОВЕЛЬНОГО ПІДПРИЄМСТВА

The purpose of the article is to analyze the methods used to substantiate strategic alternatives for the development of a trade enterprise. The importance of choosing and implementing a competitive strategy for trade enterprises is emphasized as a basis for creating, preserving and strengthening competitive positions in the long term. The essence of such tools of strategic analysis as SWOT-analysis, SPACE-analysis, GAP-analysis is considered, the peculiarities of their application, advantages and disadvantages are characterized. It is noted that the most popular tool of strategic management, which allows searching for optimal strategic solutions, is the SWOT-analysis. The method of SWOT-analysis is considered, such shortcomings of this method are pointed out, such as the subjectivity of the selection and ranking of factors, problems with the completeness, relevance and reliability of primary information, insufficient competence of experts. It is emphasized that when conducting a SWOT-analysis, it is necessary to determine not only the opportunities and threats of the organization's external environment, but also to identify the probability of use and the impact of the selected opportunities and threats on the organization's performance, for which opportunities and threats matrices should be built. The methodology and organizational stages of SPACE-analysis are characterized. Emphasis is placed on the necessity of taking into account the specifics of the company's activity when applying SPACE-analysis, which is connected with the formation of a list of key assessment criteria. The essence of GAP-analysis was studied, its advantages and disadvantages were analyzed, a conclusion was drawn about the importance and necessity of assessing the density of the relationship between the actual and estimated values of the indicators studied during the analysis. It was concluded that the general problems of the application of the considered methods at domestic enterprises are the low qualification of managers, their lack of understanding of the meaning of the analysis results, the simplified procedure for its implementation, insufficient information base for the application of matrix analysis methods, insufficient clear understanding by managers of the role of strategic analysis in the enterprise management system.

Построение рейтинговой оценки на основе потоковой модели

Purpose of the study. The problem of determining the rating of an expert is considered. In this case, the rating will be determined by the results of the last discussion, that is, the assessment of the i-th expert will depend on the assessment that he received as a result of this discussion. Relationships in such a community are proposed to be described using an interaction graph. It is shown that this interaction graph will be described by the Kirchhoff matrix, which has a determinant equal to zero and a rank one less than the dimension of the Kirchhoff matrix. Materials and methods. Thus, to solve the problem posed, it is required to find a solution to a homogeneous system of equations whose matrix is the Kirchhoff matrix. It is proposed to use an algorithm that can be applied without numerous intermediate transformations, but it is required to carry out the operation of inverting the original matrix of a sufficiently large dimension. This appears to be a rather labor intensive operation. That is why it is proposed to use the Tikhonov regularization method, which allows replacing the solution of the original problem with the problem of minimizing the Tikhonov functional. Such a replacement leads to the problem of the complexity of the solution of which is also significant. Therefore, taking into account the property of the problem being solved, when it is necessary to obtain not the absolute value of the rating, but a system of ratings that reflect the relative importance of each expert in relation to each other, an approximate algorithm for solving the problem is proposed when the value of the regularizing parameter is selected during iterations. Results. An example is considered for the case of five experts, the matrix of interaction between the participants of this expert community is given in the form of a table. The above algorithm makes it possible to assess the competence of experts quite accurately and precisely for a specific situation, taking into account the opinion of the entire expert community. Next, we consider the case when there is information about the initial rating of each of the experts. Focusing on the fact that in order to solve the problem it is necessary to find not the absolute value of the rating of each expert, but only the ratio between the ratings, we arrive at an algorithm that allows us to move from a homogeneous system of equations to a heterogeneous one, thereby bypassing the need to invert a large-dimensional matrix. Conclusion. An algorithm for solving the problem of constructing a rating estimate for two cases is considered: there are no initial estimates of the competence of specialists and the case when there is information about the initial rating of each of the experts.

Development of expert thinking of future teachers

The paper is devoted to the problem of the development of expert thinking of students. The urgency of this issues is in the changes in the functional duties of teachers of secondary general educational organizations and the need to develop expert competence. The axiological aspect of professional consciousness is common in expert and pedagogical activity. It is expressed in the adoption of professional and moral values and the definition of professional actions that ensure the quality of the learning and upbringing process. In a practical aspect, the expert thinking of a teacher reflects a complex of intellectual processes: analysis, synthesis, criticality and consistency. Intellectual process in expert activity of a teacher is aimed to solve problems formulated as tasks. The peculiarities of the solution of expert problems consist in the choice of methods and technologies of expert activity. Expert thinking is closely related to research activities. In the course of an expert study, the elements are identified that affect the quality of educational systems and problematic ones that require development. Expert thinking manifests itself at the methodological, tactical and operational levels. Like pedagogical thinking, expert thinking approaches scientific thinking and includes a systematic understanding of theories, laws, principles of education development, as well as knowledge of scientific methods and possession of the logic of thinking, scientific evidence in the determination of practical approaches to the solution of problems. The tactical level of expert pedagogical thinking is expressed in the assessment of pedagogical educational practice, its contradictions and the formulation of problems as pedagogical tasks. Expert thinking approaches diagnostic and includes the process of choosing methods and making diagnostic decisions. Operational level includes the manifestation of professional self-awareness, when personal results are evaluated and the connection with critical thinking is clearly traced and the ability to creatively generate innovative ideas. In particular, the paper reveals the general and special components in the manifestation of professional pedagogical and expert thinking. The main manifestations of the expert thinking of a teacher are shown as the ability to analyze, synthesize, identify cause-and-effect relationships, draw conclusions and highlight contradictions in the activities of an educational organization. The paper substantiates the need for a new theoretical vision and practical rethinking of the educational process of the development of expert thinking of students in a university.

The Implementation of Disaster Curriculum Toward Disaster Preparedness Campus at Syiah Kuala University

The earthquake and tsunami disasters in Aceh Province, Indonesia led to several injuries, deaths, unfound bodies, and high property losses on 26 December 2004. This hazardous period has reportedly become a valuable case for Syiah Kuala University, where various solutions are being considered for eradicating subsequent occurrences. Therefore, this study aims to determine the implementation patterns of the disaster curriculum developed and applied at Syiah Kuala University, to achieve a DPC (Disaster Preparedness Campus) reputation and enhance DP (Disaster Preparedness) among community members, especially students. A qualitative verification method outlined as a description was used, due to being an inductive approach to the entire experimental process. Data collection was also carried out through observation and literature review, as well as several interviews with the following, (1) The head of the technical implementation unit general course of Syiah Kuala University, (2) The coordinator and lecturer of disaster and environmental knowledge course, and (3) The students of Syiah Kuala University studying the course. After this process, a Delphi method was used to analyze the data obtained, with the outcomes confirmed by a competent expert. Based on the results, three important steps were found to improve disaster preparedness among the people of Aceh and Syiah Kuala University students, namely (1) The establishment of the Tsunami Disaster Mitigation Research Center in 2006, (2) The establishment of the Master Program Study of Disaster Science in the university's Postgraduate Program in 2010, and (3) Development of the general course of disaster knowledge and environment in 2016, which was a compulsory requirement for all students from various faculties, departments, and programs. This indicated that Syiah Kuala University was the first campus to mandate a disaster science course in Indonesia. These results are expected to improve disaster preparedness for students, with Syiah Kuala University becoming a DPC (Disaster Preparedness Campus) in Indonesia.
 Keywords : Implementation; Disaster Curriculum; Disaster Preparedness Campus
 
 Copyright (c) 2022 Geosfera Indonesia and Department of Geography Education, University of Jember
 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Share A like 4.0 International License

EVALUASI MODEL CIPP PADA MATA PELAJARAN DESAIN GRAFIS PERCETAKAN KOMPETENSI KEAHLIAN MULTIMEDIA

The goal of this study is to gain an overview of the implementation of graphic design learning to print multimedia expertise competencies in SMK Negeri 2 Jambi City from context, input, process, and product perspectives. This is an evaluative study that employs qualitative methods. This method was chosen by the researchers based on their understanding of the evaluation of learning implementation using the CIPP model in graphic design subjects printing multimedia expertise competencies. This study used 8 people as data sources: 5 students and 3 teachers. Data collection techniques such as observation and interviews are used, and data is analyzed using descriptive methods. The findings of the study, which are based on context, input, process, and product aspects, improve students' ability to design printing graphics and are useful in the development of 21st century learning skills and the achievement of multimedia expertise competencies.

Eningkatan Kompetensi Bidang Akuntansi Bagi Guru SMK yang Tergabung Dalam MGMP Akuntansi Kota Cimahi

The quality of teachers in vocational education has an important role in producing graduates who are competitive in the industry. In fact, there are still many Vocational High School (SMK) teachers who do not yet have expertise competency certificates. This is one of the reasons for the high unemployment rate in Indonesia, which is dominated by SMK graduates at 10.42 percent in August 2019. According to the head of the Accounting Subject Teacher Board (MGMP) in the Cimahi, 21 accounting teachers members of the MGMP do not have a competency certificate. Based on these problems, we held training activities to add insight for vocational teachers regarding competency certification for accounting teachers in vocational schools in accordance with the competency certification scheme, and improve practical teaching skills through practicum modules that are in accordance with industrial conditions. The implementation of the PKM program begins with compiling training materials, conducting online pre-tests, evaluating pre-test results, training 5 competency units online, conducting face-to-face competency test simulations, providing simulation scoring results, and providing feedback regarding scoring results. From the results of this activity, the teachers who were treated showed high enthusiasm and were able to receive the training material well with indicators of post test results that were better than the pre test.Keywords: Competency Certification; Vocational high School; Accounting Competence

25 ЛЕТ РОССИЙСКОГО СТРАТЕГИРОВАНИЯ (1997–2022): ОПЫТ ИЗМЕРЕНИЯ ТЕНДЕНЦИЙ

The article reveals the results of an expert survey aimed at testing hypotheses about trends in the development of territorial strategic planning in Russia over 25 years of its history. To do this, periodization was carried out with the allocation of four periods: initiative innovative strategizing (1997–2005); mass strategizing, strengthening regulation (2006–2013), strategizing according to 172-FZ (2014–2019); strategizing in turbulence (2020–2022). In order to quantify the results, six scales are proposed to measure the degree of presence of certain aspects of the strategy: originality – conventionality, lapidary – specification, creativity – measurability, ambitiousness – pragmatism, self-development – paternalism, publicity – privacy. Thus, 34 competent experts evaluated the presence of each of the six aspects in each of the periods on a ten-point scale. On all scales, there was a shift in the mean and median scores from the left (one point) to the right (10 points) edge of the scale. The usefulness of strategic planning for the development of cities and regions in all periods was assessed positively, but with a downward trend. According to the experts’ answers, seven terms were identified that are included in the semantic core of strategies for most of its history: quality of life, sustainability, territory (space), competitiveness, cluster, agglomeration, investment. As a result, it was stated that strategizing in Russia in the period 1997–2022 moved from autonomy to centralization, strategists turned from independent actors into performers. The use of strategies for other purposes has led to a decrease in utility, which is especially evident in a period of turbulence.

Development of Blended Learning Radio and Television System Engineering on Audio-Video Engineering Expertise Competence

The explanation of the National Education System Law Number 20 concerning the National Education System (2003) states that vocational education is secondary education that prepares students to work in specific fields. This study aims to compile test the feasibility, validity, and effectiveness of the Blended Learning model in Radio and Television System Implementation (PSRT) in the competence of Audio-Video Engineering expertise at Public Vocational High School 3 Semarang. Research and development use the analysis, design, development, implementation, evaluation (ADDIE) model. This research aims to describe in detail the stages of planning, implementation, and effectiveness of the blended learning model. It shows that learning using the flipped classroom blended learning model can improve student outcomes. In general, learning activities have been carried out correctly and optimally. This can be seen from the results of the average implementation of meeting 1 = 83 (good category), meeting 2 = 85 (good category), meeting 3 = 88 (very good category), and meeting 4 = 90 (very good category). The average is 86.5, with a good category if taken based on the results above. An average of 86.5 shows that the implementation of learning with the blended learning flipped classroom model in the PSRT class XI subject of Audio Video Engineering Competence at Public Vocational High School 3 Semarang has been successfully implemented. The assessment of critical aspects of the blended learning model by learning model experts shows that learning planning with the blended learning model is feasible and can be used to implement PSRT learning activities in class XI of audio-video engineering competence because it has met the criteria for implementing blended learning by covering 5 (five) keys to blended learning, namely live events, self-paced learning, collaboration, assessment, and performance support materials. Learning with the blended learning model is declared to be effective and well implemented, as can be seen from the results of increasing student learning outcomes. Learning with the blended learning model has proven to be effective in terms of learning outcomes of the PSRT that uses the blended learning model >75. There is a significant difference in learning outcomes between the group using the blended learning model and the group not using the blended learning model. The process of increasing student activity and motivation becomes better.

Development of Professionally Oriented Intercultural Competence of Future Tourism Experts in the Conditions of Post-Industrial Postmodern Society

The problem of formation of professional intercultural competence is relevant in the conditions of post-industrial postmodern society. The article highlights main trends in factors of intercultural competence. The article considers different approaches to determining the foreign language competence of tourism experts to intercultural competence. The analysis of theoretical and methodological approaches gives grounds to define the concept of German-language competence and qualifications of tourism experts. In the context of the study, the features of intercultural competence are identified. The objectives of the article are to determine main aspects of the formation of professional German-speaking competence of future tourism experts. In the course of the research the world and domestic experience of professional competence formation of future tourism experts and formation aspects of foreign language professional competence are analyzed. Also, based on the study, it can be argued that there is no single approach to the future tourism professionals formation of intercultural competence. Methods of analysis, synthesis, a research method and method of content analysis were used in the research. Based on the study, it is proved that levels of intercultural competence are controlled processes in the context of the use of modern educational technologies. Future tourism experts combine knowledge and skills in professional terms to achieve a high level of qualification. The results of the study are the basis for extracurricular activities in the formation of foreign language competence.

We should redefine scientific expertise: an extended virtue account

An expert is commonly considered to be somebody who possesses the right kind of knowledge and skills to find out true answers for questions in a domain. However, this common conception that focuses only on an individual’s knowledge and skills is not very useful to understand the epistemically interdependent nature of contemporary scientific expertise, which becomes increasingly more relevant due to the rise of large interdisciplinary research collaborations. The typical scientific expert today relies substantially on complex scientific instruments and numerous other experts in forming expert judgment. Moreover, we have research collaborations where multiple scientists interact in a way that gives rise to distributed cognitive systems, which can act as a single informant. Accordingly, our concept of scientific expertise should not consist only in individual knowledge and skills, but also accommodate epistemic dependence and collective knowledge production. To this aim, this paper proposes a reconstruction of the concept of scientific expertise as informant reliability by building on the virtue-epistemological account of epistemic competences and theories of extended and distributed cognition. Considered in reference to the social epistemic function of expertise, a scientific expert should be conceived as a reliable informant in a scientific domain, which implies that when consulted on matters in that domain they assert competently, honestly, and completely. Competent expert assertion involves the epistemic responsibility to draw on nothing but the highest degree of epistemic competence relevant to the given context. Thus, being a reliable informant may require one to draw on an extended epistemic competence that goes beyond one’s individual competence, or to form supra-individual or group-informants that manifest collectively the kind of complex epistemic competence required for the investigation of certain research questions.

Edupreneurship implementation through teaching factory on mechanical engineering competence

This study aims to (1) Describe how the edupreneurship implementation Through Teaching Factory (TEFA) on the mechanical engineering expertise competence at SMK Muhammadiyah 1 Sukoharjo; (2) Describe the factors supporting the successful implementation of edupreneurship through teaching factory on the mechanical engineering expertise competence at SMK Muhammadiyah 1 Sukoharjo; and (3) Describes the contribution of the edupreneurship implementation through the teaching factory in fostering an entrepreneurial spirit in mechanical engineering students at SMK Muhammadiyah 1 Sukoharjo. This qualitative research used a descriptive approach. The data were collected by interview, observation, and documentation. The informants comprised principals, vice-principals of curriculum, heads of engineering expertise programs, productive teachers, and students. The data analysis technique employed interactive analysis techniques, starting from data collection and then the data were reduced; after being reduced, the data were presented, and the last was verification. The data validity was then tested by triangulation of sources. The findings in this study revealed that (1) In terms of planning, organizing, implementing, and monitoring/evaluating, the edupreneurship implementation through teaching factory on the mechanical engineering expertise competence at SMK Muhammadiyah 1 Sukoharjo has been going very well by producing medical device products, especially patient beds that were produced and have been marketed to PKU Muhammadiyah Hospital in Central Java; (2) The factors driving the success of edupreneurship through technology factory comprised: quality educator resources, adequate infrastructure both in quantity and quality, standard operating procedures according to industry standards, quality products, and a well-established product marketing network; and (3) The edupreneurship implementation through the teaching factory contributes to fostering an entrepreneurial spirit by directly involving students in planning, production, and marketing.

Специфика, роль и методологические проблемы экспертного знания в социологическом исследовании

The article reveals the methodological and methodical features of the expert survey and its role in sociological research. The advantages and limitations of using the results of the experts survey as a multivariant complex process both from the methodological and methodical points of view of the research process were substantiated. The requirements for its organization and conduct, including the requirements for the competence of experts, are presented. It is shown that its advantages lie in the possibility of obtaining new reliable information, deep interpretation, explanation, forecasting of the phenomena and processes under study, development of practical recommendations from non-standard positions. Particular emphasis is placed on the problems and mistakes in the implementation of various types of expert survey in sociology. Today, this method helps to diagnose, model, design and predict the state of real objects and processes, including employee certification processes. Moreover, it can be used to assess the social consequences of the implementation of projects and recommendations and management decisions. This breadth of research functions contributes to the popularity and development of the method of expert surveys in sociology.

Analysis of the variation in learning curves for achieving competency in convex EUS training: a prospective cohort study using a standardized assessment tool

The need for mastering standard imaging techniques for convex EUS in the biliopancreatic regions has been increasing; however, large variations in the aptitude for achieving EUS competency hinder expert development. Therefore, we investigated the factors influencing the achievement of expert competency in EUS using a new assessment tool for multiple imaging items. Between January 2018 and February 2022, 3277 consecutive EUS procedures conducted by 5 beginners (EUS procedures<250), 7 intermediate trainees (250-749), and 2 experts (≥750) were prospectively evaluated. Immediately after each EUS procedure, the success or failure of imaging for each item was recorded using a newly developed EUS assessment tool that requires 17 items to be photographed. After correcting for missing values using multiple imputation, learning curves of EUS scores were created, and a competency was set based on expert scores. Finally, a comparative analysis between high and low performers was performed to extract factors influencing EUS scores. Although 3 of 7 intermediates (43%; mean, 317 cases) achieved competency, none of the beginners achieved competency. During a comparative analysis, although no significant difference in the number of EUS procedures performed was observed between the high and low performers, the former had significantly higher scores in the written test (theoretical knowledge). Our results showed that theoretical knowledge, rather than the number of EUS cases, may be a possible influencing factor for distinguishing high and low performers after treating 250 cases. (Clinical trial registration number: UMIN 000043271.).

The Assessment Design of Leadership Instructional Competence of Principal of Vocational High School

Vocational High School (VHS) is intended to produce graduates who are ready to work in industry and the business world. This is a challenge for the headmaster of VHS in the 21st century, namely to produce graduates who are able to deal with the increasingly massive development of science and technology in the era of the industrial revolution 4.0. The instructional leadership competence of the VHS head is very important as school management to produce graduates who can be relied upon to face the industrial revolution 4.0. Thus, the Education Office in each province of Indonesia needs to select candidates for VHS heads who have instructional leadership skills so that VHS education goals can be achieved. In this regard, it is necessary to design an instructional leadership assessment to select someone who will serve as the head of VHS. The purpose of this research is to design the instructional leadership competence of the VHS Principal. The method in this research is the research and development of the Borg and Gall model which is planned for three years of research. This article is to report on the activities of the first year of research implementation. The results showed that the instructional leadership assessment of the head of VHS met the content aspect and was valid based on the assessment of competent experts in the field of education management. This article is to report on the activities of the first year of research implementation. The results showed that the instructional leadership assessment of the head of VHS met the content aspect and was valid based on the assessment of competent experts in the field of education management. This article is to report on the activities of the first year of research implementation. The results showed that the instructional leadership assessment of the head of VHS met the content aspect and was valid based on the assessment of competent experts in the field of education management. Keywords : Assessment design, Leadership, Instructional Competence, Vocational high school DOI: 10.7176/JEP/13-32-05 Publication date: November 30 th 2022

Program Evaluation Experts’ Competencies: A Delphi Study

Due to the diversity of steps to be followed in program evaluation and knowledge, skills, qualification and competency requirements, the evaluation should be a field of expertise similar to other disciplines. Thus, it is important to consider program evaluation as a field of expertise and to determine the required competencies. This study aimed to determine the competencies of program evaluation experts based on the views of curriculum and instruction experts. A Delphi study was carried out with 23 participants in the first round and each was selected via the purposive sampling method. In the first round of the Delphi study, the open-ended questions were sent to the participants and qualitative data were analyzed with content analysis. At the end of the first round, a 5-point Likert-type questionnaire with 82 items was developed. In the second round, participants were asked to answer questions and also the views of the participants on main and sub-themes and their comments on these concepts were analyzed. In the third round, participants were asked to reevaluate their responses. The study was finalized with an 82 itemed-questionnaire under four main themes: “theoretical professional competencies of program evaluation experts”, “practical professional competencies of program evaluation experts”, “professional values that program evaluation experts should have”, “professional skills that program evaluation experts should have”.