Compensation Standards Research Articles

Study of Ecological Compensation for Paddy Fields: Oriented Towards Eco-Environmental Restoration

Abstract: Agricultural land provides not only food and fiber (an important element of food security), but also serves as a non-market commodity with characteristic externalities and public services. However, there are also many negative impacts on environment of the paddy production. Thus, Payments for paddy ecosystem services encourage farmers to engage in ecological or organic agricultural practices and agro-ecological/environmental supply. However, compared with forest, wetland, and pasture, the eco-function and ecosystem services of paddy fields have gotten insufficient attention. It is necessary to establish an eco-compensation mechanism for paddy fields that boosts behavior that protects farms to benefit the ecosystem. Based on a review of eco-compensation for paddy fields, this paper proposes the policy game framework of eco-compensation for paddy fields, which is oriented to ecological restoration. Secondly, this paper introduces methods for determination of compensation standards, including the c...

Study on the quantification method of water pollution ecological compensation standard based on emergy theory

Water pollution compensation is one of the important economic means of water pollution control and management, and the quantification of compensation standard is the key link in the implementation of water pollution ecological compensation. Because the ecological compensation refers to ecological environment, society and economy at the same time, the emergy analysis method of ecological economics was introduced to the quantification study of water pollution ecological compensation standard to overcome the shortcomings of traditional methods, and the ecological economic value of pollutants dilution water is defined as water pollution ecological compensation standard In the process, the key pollutants in river was confirmed by water quality assessment, then the water dilution model was built and the dilution water amount when pollutant concentration meeting the standards of water quality section was determined on the basis of purification of key pollutants. Using the Qingyi River as an example, the water pollution compensation standard of the key pollutants (NH3-N and COD) were calculated, which showed that the comprehensive compensation standard of NH3-N are all higher than COD in six control section. Among them, the highest comprehensive compensation standard is 93.99 yuan/t in Heshang Bridge (Changge City), the next one is 74.07 yuan/t in Hutuo sluice, and Zengfumiao Village is without compensation. Therefore, the pollutant discharge levels are different in different section, and then their compensation standards are different. To sum up, the economic, social and ecological losses caused by water pollution were considered synthetically and the emergy method for the accurate quantification of water pollution ecological compensation standard was provided.

Estimation of Ecological Compensation Standards for Fallow Heavy Metal-Polluted Farmland in China Based on Farmer Willingness to Accept

In the context of China’s trial fallow policy; the heavy metal pollution of farmland is addressed via field surveys in Hunan Province, where the fallow policy has been implemented, and in Jiangxi Province, where it has not been implemented. We measured and analyzed willingness to accept (WTA) using the contingent valuation method (CVM). The conclusions of this study are as follows: (1) Farmer awareness of heavy metal pollution and pollution sources is higher in Jiangxi Province than in Hunan Province; (2) Ignoring the impact of other factors, the WTA of farmers is 902 (yuan /mu) in Jiangxi Province and 902.26 (yuan /mu) in Hunan Province. Considering the influence of the basic characteristics of the respondents using the parameter estimation method, the WTA of farmers is 839.34 (yuan/mu) in Jiangxi Province and 934.39 (yuan/mu) in Hunan Province. There is little difference in WTA between the two provinces, but both estimates are higher than the national compensation standards; (3) The factors that affect the WTA of farmers in Jiangxi Province are gender, education level, average annual income and per capita arable land. The factors that affect the WTA of farmers in Hunan Province are age, education level, family size, average annual income, per capita arable land area and farmer occupation; (4) At present, the means and methods of compensation for the implementation of the fallow policy are recognized by most farmers. The paper concludes with some policy suggestions based on above findings.

The Study of Ecological Service Value of Farmland Ecosystem in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region

The coordinated development of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Province has become major national strategy of the CPC central committee and the state council under the new historical conditions. The farmland of Hebei Province has made great contribution to food supply for Beijing and Tianjin in a long time. Hebei Province has played a more important role in the ecological function especially.The geographic grid method was adopted in this study to account the ecosystem service value of farmland in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region. The result showed that total farmland ecosystem service value in 2015 was 110.3 × 109 yuan and the proportion of ecosystem service value in Hebei Province was the highest which reached up to 92.56%. The results of the evaluation of ecological services could provide the basis for determining the ecological compensation standards for farmland in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region.

Study on the ecological compensation standard for river basin based on a coupling model of TPC-WRV

Abstract The calculation of ecological compensation standard is the key to establishing ecological compensation mechanism. In the process of establishing the model, we follow the metastatic pattern of water resources' ecological economic value. The model considered the discharge of pollutant between administrative area, pollutant absorbing capacity of river basin, ability of pollutant treatment and other factors, so as to closely combine ecological compensation standard with the total pollutants and water resource value (WRV). On this basis, total pollutant control model (TPC) and WRV model were constructed, the former model complied with properties of regional socio-economic, environmental resources and water environmental carrying capacity while the latter reflected the situation of resources, environment and socio-economic. And further, the ecological compensation standard coupling model of TPC-WRV was constructed by these two models, and the dilution water was introduced as a coupling pathway. Applying this coupling model to Xiao Honghe of China, the ecological compensation standard of four counties from 2008 to 2012 was calculated. The results show that the compensation value of Xiao Honghe basically presented increasing trend from upstream to downstream during 2008 to 2012. This study develops new ideas to comprehensively quantify the ecological compensation standard of river basin.

Equality at Work and Discrimination in Employment and Occupation

Abstract The aim of this paper is to give some general views on international labour standards, regarding equality of opportunity and treatment. It is important to mention that respecting freedom from discrimination, as a fundamental human right, places a great importance in guaranteeing other rights for workers. Equality standards applied by ILO provide methods which aim to fight against discrimination in society and in the workplace of the employers. One part of this paper is focused in analyzing the term “discrimination”, focusing in different forms that can occur at work, the target group which it can affect and measures that can be taken in order to provide equality at work. This paper analyses the scope and the obligations under ILO instruments, such as three fundamental conventions. One of the most important conventions is the convention concerning discrimination regarding occupation and employment, “Discrimination Employment and Occupation” Convention nr. 111. This fundamental convention represents discrimination as every different treatment which has effect on equality of creating same possibilities for everyone in occupation or employment. According to this legal act, it is mandatory the implementation of a national legislation which promotes equality of treatment and opportunity, regarding occupation and employment in general, designed to eliminate all types of different treatment in these fields. This paper is focused especially on analyzing the “Workers with Family Responsibilities” Convention, 1981, which refers to standards on equal treatment and opportunities for both women and men workers. “Workers with Family Responsibilities” Convention, applies to workers with such responsibilities, which restrict their possibilities to involve in an economic activity. The purpose is to provide an effective implementation of standards related to equality of treatment and opportunity for both women and men workers, in order to guarantee free choice of employment to help workers which have family responsibilities and to take into consideration their needs. Furthermore in this paper will be identified the methods that governments should apply, which aim to provide the application of the standard of equal compensation for workers, according to “Equal Remuneration” Convention, 1951 (No. 100).

Determining eco-compensation standards based on the ecosystem services value of the mountain ecological forests in Beijing, China

Ecological forests play a key role in the maintenance of urban ecological security in Beijing, and 91% of these ecosystems are located in mountain areas. To better address the issues that are related to ecological conservation and the environmental, eco-compensation programs that target mountain ecological forests have been implemented by the local government since 2004. However, these eco-compensation programs that are currently conducted in Beijing now are still confronted with issues regarding payment standards. In this study, three eco-compensation standards for the mountain ecological forests in Beijing are presented based on the ecosystem services value and location diversity indicators that include major function oriented zoning, population density, and ecological importance and ecological fragility. The average payment in Beijing varies from 1607RMB/ha/a to 2051RMB/ha/a and is approximately from 0.7 to 1.2 times higher than the current standard. The increase from the current payment standard to the recommended ones is consistent with recent social and economic development in Beijing. The recommended eco-compensation standards also reflect the relative importance of forest ecosystem services that consider geographical location. These recommended standards also have the potential for use in the establishment of differentiated compensation standards based on the different protection results of mountain ecological forests. This study will help policy and decision makers to design eco-compensation initiatives with a high success rate and contribute to the conservation and sustainability of the forest resources in Beijing.

Factors Influencing Farmer Willingness to Fallow Winter Wheat and Ecological Compensation Standards in a Groundwater Funnel Area in Hengshui, Hebei Province, China

Land use/land cover change will have a certain impact on the regional ecological environment. This study uses the questionnaire survey method, an opportunity cost method and a logistic model to evaluate the suitability of an ecological compensation standard for a winter- wheat-fallow cropping system in a groundwater funnel area in Hebei. The main factors affecting farmers’ willingness to fallow fields provide a theoretical basis for scientifically and rationally developing a rotation policy in the groundwater funnel area. The results indicate the following: (1) nearly 87% of the surveyed farmers would accept a winter-wheat-fallow policy, whereas 13% would not; (2) farmer educational level, the total number of participants in the agricultural labor force, dependency rate, farmers’ attitudes toward a winter wheat-fallow policy in the groundwater funnel area and the farmer level of trust in government policy have significant positive effects farmer intention to fallow, whereas the number of days of participation in farming, the cultivated land quality and the per capita area of cultivated land have a significant negative effect on farmers’ fallowing intentions; (3) considering only the impact of winter wheat on groundwater, the proposed compensation standard for farmers who accept the policy is 0.00095 $/hm2; (4) some policy implications are put forward to improve the effectiveness of the winter wheat fallowing policy in the groundwater funnel.

The ecological damage compensation for hydropower development based on trade-offs in river ecosystem services

Hydropower development is a kind of trade-offs in river ecosystem services, while increasing provision services but reduce some regulation or supporting services. However, some ecosystem services we lost are difficult to recover and thus affect the regulated river and riparian ecosystems inevitably. In this context, an ecological compensation framework for damaged river in hydropower development was proposed based on the trade-off in river ecosystem services. And the accounting system for affected rivers was established based on river eco-service alteration, for the hydropower services cannot replace the lost services. Using the ecosystem services valuation methods, the trade-offs of river ecosystem services were quantified and illustrated by some hydropower projects in Lancang River, Yalung River and Min Chiang in China. According to the survey data, the annual compensation standard of per unit installed capacity in above cases may range from 27 to 206 RMB Yuan.

Determination of Ecological Compensation Standard Based on the Value of Ecosystem Services: A Case Study of the Eastern Route of China’s South-to-North Water Diversion Project in Jiangsu Province

The key issue in ecological compensation of inter-basin water diversion projects is quantifying the compensation standard scientifically and reasonably in order to truly reflect the cost and benefit of related ecosystem services as well as to meet the needs of various stakeholders, by which the harmony of environmental and economic interests can be achieved. Based on the theory of valuable ecosystem services and the actual case of the Eastern Route of China’s South-to-North Water Diversion Project (S-NWDP), this paper proposes a model to quantify the ecological compensation of inter-basin water diversion project. By using the Equivalent-factor (E-F) method the value of ecosystem services can be determined, and then the compensation standard is clear by comparing the growth of regional ecosystem service value with that of regional GDP of Yangzhou, Huai’an, Suqian and Xuzhou city in Jiangsu Province.

Compensation for Expropriations in a World of Investment Treaties: Beyond the Lawful/Unlawful Distinction

When a state expropriates a foreign investment in violation of a bilateral or other treaty on investment protection and a foreign investor sues, where should a tribunal look for the standard of compensation -- to the amount specified in the treaty, to an external standard for violations of internationally law generally, or elsewhere? Investor-state tribunals have offered wildly different answers to this question, trapped in a paradigm set by the Permanent Court of International Justice ninety years ago that distinguishes between so-called lawful and unlawful expropriations. This article evaluates and criticizes the caselaw of tribunals and proposes a new framework for compensation grounded in five key purposes of a remedy in the context of contemporary investor-state relations. It also clarifies the economic and legal significance of valuing expropriated investments using information available at the date of expropriation as opposed to the date of the award. The article proposes that, instead of the current lawful/unlawful distinction, compensation take account of specific aspects of the expropriatory act, including whether the state's failure to pay was based on a bona fide disagreement with the investor and whether the state violated the procedural criteria spelled out in an investment treaty. It concludes with a consideration of the implications of this approach for violations of other provisions of investment treaties.

生态功能改善目标导向的哈尼梯田生态补偿标准

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 生态功能改善目标导向的哈尼梯田生态补偿标准 DOI: 10.5846/stxb201512082456 作者: 作者单位: 中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所,中国人民大学环境学院,中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所,中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所,中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 国家自然科学基金资助项目（41201586）；中国工程院重点咨询项目（2013-XZ-22） Ecological compensation standard for the Hani Rice Terrace System: an eco-functional-oriented improvement Author: Affiliation: Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS,,,Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS,Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:稻田生产对生态环境的影响具有两面性，为使稻田生产提供不同组合或更高水平的环境服务，需要补偿农户因转变操作方式而损失的收益。以云南省红河哈尼族彝族自治州哈尼稻作梯田系统为例，基于稻田生态系统特点以及农户个人的主观经济决策特征，从农户的微观经济决策的视角，探讨稻田生态系统服务供给机会成本的空间分布；再从区域的宏观经济行为的视角，探讨补偿标准与农户愿意提供的生态环境效益的关系。从而，以稻田生态功能改善为导向，以新增生态环境效益为目标，耦合农户的受偿意愿与机会成本，实现了从生态功能改善需求（新增生态效益）来确定动态的补偿标准的可能。计算发现，当生态功能改善的目标定为新增生态系统服务80.77×104元hm-2 a-1时，补偿的标准应为3000元/hm2时；当生态功能改善的目标定为新增219.49×104元hm-2 a-1时，补偿的标准应为9000元/hm2时。 Abstract:Agricultural land does not only provide food and fiber, which is important for food security for human beings, but also provides various non-market commodities for export or public use. However, there are also numerous negative impacts of paddy production on the environment. Thus, to encourage farmers to engage in ecological or organic agriculture to provide more ecosystem services, it is necessary to pay farmers for their losses when they alter their cultivation practices. However, most current standards of ecological compensation for paddy cultivation are calculated by separate factors, such as the cost of ecosystem conservation, value of ecosystem services, or willingness to accept eco-compensation. As such, a standard is difficult to achieve for all the stakeholders and there is a lack of operability due to neglected factors. Thus, this study was conducted in the Hani Terrace, which was designated as a Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (GIAHS) in 2010 and World Heritage in 2013, and we calculated the standard of paddy eco-compensation based on the subjective decision-making characteristics of individuals and paddy ecosystem characteristics. This study is based on the opportunity cost that ecosystem services supply with a goal of determining the supply curve for ecosystem services. First, through observation and sample testing, we compared the differences in the value of ecosystem services supplied by two production modes:conventional mono-cropping (use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides) and fish cultivation in rice fields (using half amount of fertilizers and no pesticides). Second, from the perspective of the microeconomic decision-making of individual farmers, we investigated the space distribution of opportunity costs for supplying paddy ecosystem services. Third, from the perspective of the macroeconomic behaviors of farmers, we investigated the relationship between the compensation standard and the eco-environment benefits willingly provided by the farmers. Finally, we combined famer willingness and the opportunity cost of ecosystem services, and the capacity of the majority to build an ecological-restoration oriented eco-compensation standard for the paddy system. The results indicated that the proportion of farmers converting their mode of production increased with the increase in the compensation payment. When the compensation payment amounted to 3000 yuan/hm2, the conversion ratio of cultivation practices reached 35.74%, the added value of ecosystem services was 80.77×104 yuan hm-2 a-1, and the required compensation funds was 91.04×104 yuan/a. When the compensation payment was as high as 9000 yuan/hm2, almost all farmers (97.12%) were willing to convert their mode of production; the added value of ecosystem services was 219.49×104 yuan hm-2 a-1 and the required compensation funds were 273.13×104 yuan/a. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

梧州市下小河流域水生态补偿初探及政策建议

以梧州市下小河流域为例，提出了下小河流域水生态补偿内容、途径、方式、补偿主体与客体和标准，从补偿范围、类型、内容和方式4个方面初步建立了下小河流域水生态补偿框架体系。结合目前国内关于水生态补偿的现状和研究成果，提出了实施水生态补偿的6点政策建议：一是建立健全水生态补偿立法；二是把握水生态补偿的几个重要关系；三是提高财政转移支付力度，拓宽资金来源；四是完善水生态补偿的管理体制；五是加强公众对水生态补偿的认知与参与；六是加强水生态补偿科学研究与试点工作。水生态补偿作为生态补偿的关键环节，关系到我国水生态文明建设实施的具体成效。研究结果可为梧州市水生态补偿乃至区域水生态补偿机制构建提供一定的科学依据。 The content, way, method, subject and object and standard of water ecological compensation were put forward, and the framework of water ecological compensation system in the Xiaxiaohe basin was established from four aspects of compensation scope, type, content and mode. Combination the present situation and research results of water ecological compensation in China, six policy suggestions on the implementation of water ecological compensation were proposed. The first is to establish and improve water ecological compensation legislation, the second is to grasp several important ecological compensation, the third is to increase the ecological compensation for the financial transfer payments, the fourth is to improve the management system of water ecological compensation, the fifth is to strengthen publicity and education, to enhance the stakeholders of water ecological compensation awareness and participation, and the sixth is to strengthen the scientific research and experimental work of water ecological compensation. As the key link of ecological compensation, water ecological compensation is related to the implementation of water ecological civilization construction in China. It will provide a scientific basis for the construction of water ecological compensation in Wuzhou city and region.

Compensation for Expropriations in a World of Investment Treaties: Beyond the Lawful/Unlawful Distinction

For much of the last century, global actors have sparred over the international legal rules governing the compensation a state should pay a foreign investor when it expropriates the latter's property. The competing claims have had many dimensions, including the content of customary international law and the line between bona fide regulations and expropriations. In the modern age of international investment agreements (IIAs), a debate continues over another key issue: When a state expropriates a foreign investment in violation of an IIA, where should a tribunal look for the standard of compensation—to the amount the treaty requires the state to pay when it expropriates, or to an external standard for violations of international law generally? Each is alluring to a tribunal for its legal visibility—one spelled out in the very text under examination, and one stemming from a venerable international court case. But they may point to significantly different results for the investor and the host state. And investor-state tribunals remain wildly inconsistent, even incoherent, in their choice and use of those standards. It remains a significant source of disagreement in contemporary investor-state arbitration.

城镇环境类规划现状与问题改进研究

本文对国内外城镇环境类规划编制现状进行了评价。其中，国内环境类规划在协调环境、经济、社会发展中存在6类问题，使得规划文本的科学性、可行性与权威性不足。在这些问题中有管理和技术两方面的问题。对管理方面的问题，需加大行政管控力度；对于技术方面的问题，需要建立系统多目标规划模型，协同测算地区环境容量和环境承载力阈值，并且重视各地生态服务功能价值的评估，完善生态补偿标准定量化计算方法。最后，对成立“综合集成研讨厅”机构，科学、高效地实施环境规划予以期待。 This paper evaluates the current status of urban environmental planning at home and abroad. It summarizes 6 domestic types of existing issues when coordinating the relationships between economy, environment and social development, which lack of scientificity, feasibility and authority. And the solutions of the issues could be separated into the management aspect and the technical aspect. In the aspect of management, much more attention should be focused on the administrative controls. Meanwhile, as for the technical aspect, it is necessary to build the systematic multi-objective planning model, which could be helpful to collaboratively measure regional environmental capacity and environmental carrying capacity thresholds. In addition, the ecological service function value assessment should be executed. Furthermore, the requirement of improving the quantitative calculation method of the ecological compensation standard is necessitated. At last, the “Integrated discussion hall” agency is looked forward to the effective and scientific implementation in urban environmental planning.

Ecological compensation system and manage countermeasures for coal-fired power plants in China

ABSTRACTThe coal-fired power plants (CFPPs) will become the dominant utilization type of coal in China in the future. The construction and development of CFPPs not only assure the security and sustainability of Chinese energy industry, but also play an important role for practice ecological civilization. However, they also could cause many ecological environment problems, such as destruction of land resources, vegetation deterioration, atmospheric and aquatic pollutions, geological disasters, health of residents etc. So, it is very important for the implementation of ecological compensation at the same time of construction and development of CFPPs. The system framework of ecological compensation was built in this study, based on case of Xilingol CFPPs, Inner Mongolia, China. The definition and connotation of the subject of ecological compensation, relationship of stakeholders and standard of compensation were explained for carrying out ecological compensation of CFPPs smoothly. The existing problems and mange countermeasures for ecological compensation of Xilingol CFPPs were discussed to validating and optimizing the system.

An Analysis of the Compensation Regime Applicable to Claims Arising from Armed Conflicts Affecting Investments in MENA

The present contribution discusses the forms and standards of compensation, as well as the valuation methods, applicable to investment claims arising out of armed conflicts in the MENA region. It explores the general international law framework, language found in treaties concluded by MENA states, as well as particularities in the domestic damages regimes.

Discussion on Establishing Retirement Mechanism of Rural Small Hydropower Station in China

Practices of dam and hydropower station retirement in America and China are summarized in this paper. The establishment of rural hydropower station retirement is the necessary part of the life-cycle of water power resource management, and it is also an effective way to promote the transformation of rural hydropower industry, and a reflection of new requirement by social and economic development. The analysis shows that the establishment of hydropower station retirement mechanism should be given equal importance as dam retirement,owing to that it provides basic support from law, society and previous work. Guided by the new concept and stakeholder analysis, the retirement assessment criterion and compensation standard are necessary for scientific assessment and decision on retirement of hydropower stations. The establishment of rural small hydropower retirement mechanism in China would advance the sector management of rural hydropower.

Wetland Dynamic and Ecological Compensation of the Yellow River Delta based on RS

Abstract This paper selects Landsat-5 TM remote sensing images in 2001 and 2008, field investigation, the department visits and other methods as the date source. Based on these datas, the types of the wetland, changes in wetland area and the value of wetland are obtained. And then, we estimated the loss of market value and ecological function value which caused by reduction of wetland area and the environmental pollution with the methods of market value, ecological value, cost of environmental protection investment and outcome parameters. Therefore, we made the fund allocation of wetland compensation and calculated ecological compensation standards of wetland, provided an important reference for Yellow River Delta's eco-compensation.

Ecological compensation standards and compensation methods of public welfare forest protected area.

With a special focus on Jiangkou County in Guizhou Province, this paper explored the ecological compensation standards and compensation methods of local key public welfare forest protected area by using questionnaire and contingent valuation method. The results showed that the minimum compensation which the local foresters could accept was 314.14-365.15 yuan·hm-2 per year, and the opportunity cost was 9750 yuan multiplied by the protected forest area. The willingness to accept of foresters was affected by many factors, such as health status, education level, ethnicity and local township. The compensation methods local foresters expected were various, but mainly were cash and technology compensation. Finally, this paper put forward some policy suggestions on improving system, increasing compensation standards, strengthening propaganda, and enriching compensation methods.