Compensation Requirements Research Articles

A non-iterative compensation method for machining errors of thin-walled parts considering coupling effect of tool-workpiece deformation

Thin-walled parts have significant application value in the aerospace industry due to their high strength-to-weight ratio. However, their low rigidity makes them susceptible to cutting force-induced error, which may seriously affect their machining accuracy. Error compensation is an effective method for addressing this issue. However, the commonly used mirror compensation method can cause residual errors due to the coupling effect of the tool-workpiece deformation. The influence mechanism of this coupling effect on error compensation is analyzed through an iterative compensation method. This method efficiently reduces residual errors. However, its computation efficiency is insufficient to meet the requirements of real-time compensation. Therefore, a non-iterative compensation method is proposed to directly calculate the compensation values considering the coupling effect of the tool-workpiece deformation. Through the approximate invariance of the overall cutting coefficient matrix and the pre-given system parameter, the proposed method avoids the repeated calculation of cutting forces and improves the computation efficiency. Experiment results of milling thin-walled blades show that after compensation using the proposed method, the machining accuracy of the thin-walled blade has seen a further increase of 18.1% in comparison to the mirror compensation method. Moreover, the proposed method achieves comparable compensation accuracy to the iterative method with a 66% reduction in computation time. The proposed method has significant potential for real-time compensation in the machining of complex 5-axis thin-walled parts.

A coordination control between energy storage based DVR and wind turbine for continuous fault ride‐through

AbstractContinuous fault ride‐through (CFRT) issues often arise in wind power systems. CFRT results in continuous voltage fluctuations which is characterized by “initially decreasing and then increasing” and can significantly disrupt the normal operation of wind power systems. To mitigate CFRT related problems, one approach is the utilization of energy storage (ES) based dynamic voltage restorers (DVRs). Nevertheless, the prohibitive costs and substantial ES requirements hamper practical implementation. In this article, a control scheme incorporating adaptive mode switching and coordinated control is proposed. First, the adaptive mode switching control leverages the advantages of two DVR compensation methods to reduce the injected voltage amplitude. The mode switching is activated by the DC link voltage and utilizes the PQR transformation to unlock the phase‐locked loop (PLL). Subsequently, an adaptive coordination coefficient is introduced, which considers the margin of ES regulation power and rotor inertia, to maintain power balance during CFRT. This proposed control strategy not only enables wind turbines to seamlessly ride through continuous faults without disconnecting from the grid but also leads to a reduction in the ES compensation requirement. To validate the effectiveness of the proposed approach, simulations based on Simulink and hardware‐in‐loop (HIL) experiments are conducted.

In vivo cardiac diffusion tensor imaging on an MR system featuring ultrahigh performance gradients with 200 mT/m maximum gradient strength.

Our aim is to assess the potential of an MR system with ultrahigh performance gradients (200 mT/m maximum gradient strength) to address two interrelated challenges in cardiac DTI: low SNR and sensitivity to bulk motion. Imaging was performed in 20 healthy volunteers, two patients, and one swine post-myocardial infarction. The impact of maximum gradient strength was assessed with spin echo cardiac DTI featuring second-order motion compensation and varying maximum system gradient strengths (40, 80, 200 mT/m). Motion compensation requirements at 200 mT/m were assessed with sequences featuring zeroth-, first-, and second-order motion compensation. SNR, mean diffusivity, fractional anisotropy, helix angle transmurality, and secondary eigenvector angle in the left ventricle were compared. Increasing maximum system gradient strength from 40 and 80 mT/m to 200 mT/m increased SNR of b = 500 s/mm2 images by 150% and 40% due to reductions in TE. Observed improvements in DTI metrics included reduction in variance in mean diffusivity and helix angle transmurality across healthy volunteers, improved visualization of myocardial borders and delineation of suspected scar. Whereas second-order motion compensation acquisitions were robust to motion-induced signal dropout, zeroth- and first-order motion compensation acquisitions suffered from severe signal loss and localized signal voids, respectively. Ultrahigh performance gradients (200 mT/m) enable high SNR DWIs of the heart and resultant improvements in diffusion tensor metrics. Despite reduced diffusion-encoding duration, second-order motion compensation is required to overcome sensitivity to cardiac motion.

Investment treaty reforms to prevent developing country regulatory chill from causing global warming

Developing countries have more than 1300 investment treaties with developed countries. Investment treaties are often alleged to constrain developing countries' climate policies. This paper examines four treaty reforms that are often suggested as remedies to such regulatory chill. It considers an investment treaty that protects a stranded developed country investment in a developing country. The reforms are compared with regard to whether they can induce the developing country to regulate the investment, and their political attractiveness. The reforms are shown to have features that seem to have gone unnoticed in the debate. Exclusion of investor-state dispute settlement (ISDS) may be ineffective due to a hold-up problem, and if effective requires unlawful regulation by the host country. A shortening of a sunset period applicable to unilateral withdrawal can postpone regulation. A reduction in the amount of stipulated compensation can induce the developing country to phase out the stranded investment, but will require a compensation payment from the developing country to the developed country investor. The reform with best potential to address stranded investment problems appears to be an increase in a carve-out from the compensation requirement for measures with sufficiently positive climate effect.

일상생활배상책임보험의 보상요건 및 설명의무에 관한 종합적 고찰 - 청주지법 2022. 12. 22. 선고 2021나55269 판결을 중심으로

Daily life liability insurance is a personal liability insurance sold in the form of a special agreement in addition to long-term insurance products. It is a very useful insurance product that covers damages due to general activities that can occur widely in everyday life with an inexpensive insurance premium of less than 1,000 won. At this time, the concept of 'daily life' means life in 'normal times', and is distinguished from 'job performance' that is for 'maintaining a living' or requires professional knowledge, experience, and skills. Of course, the scope of 'daily life' will be determined according to specific circumstances, but at least in the process of determining it, the group performance and homogeneity of the risk consisting of a large number of unspecified general policyholders should not be impaired. In the case where the insured, who usually suffered from depression and paranoid schizophrenia, jumped from a high-rise building and shocked the victim (plaintiff), who just happened to pass under it, the damage caused by the insured's actions was judged as an accidental accident in the first trial. However, in the target judgment, it was judged that the act of the insured jumping out of the building with the intention of suicide or jumping off was not the “general act that may occur in everyday life” mentioned above, but was difficult to regard as being included in the category of “daily life”. The target judgment rejected the plaintiff's claim for damages, considering that it did not meet the former requirements among the usual life and accidental accidents, which are the representative compensation requirements of the daily life liability special agreement. The insured's above actions outside the certain boundaries of daily life are very valid in that they harm the homogeneity of insurance groups. Furthermore, in this paper, an analysis is conducted to clearly distinguish the concepts of 'daily life' and 'job performance' of the special agreement for daily life liability through various lower court rulings, and the purpose and meaning of a number of reasons for indemnification are considered for each type. The results of this review are linked to the obligation to explain the terms and conditions, which are sharp disputes between the insurer and the insured in the stage of exemption and liability for compensation after an insurance accident. Most of the reasons for exemption from the Special Agreement on Daily Liability for Compensation are subject to the obligation to explain as it directly affects the interests of the policyholder and determines whether or not to conclude a contract depending on whether or not to explain it. However, 'daily life' is a concept accepted by social norms as a daily activity of the general public. Even if the insurer does not explain separately, it is reasonable to assume that the insured can fully predict or understand the contents and is not subject to the obligation to explain. This is especially true considering that the Special Agreement on Daily Liability for Compensation, which is a liability guarantee incidental to long-term non-life insurance products, guarantees various risks in daily life with an insurance premium of less than 100 million won per month.

“Land Without Identifiable Ownership” in the Post-East Japan Earthquake Recovery: Lawful Land-Grabbing in Neoliberal Japan

AbstractThis paper, with a focus on the status of tsunami disaster victims affected by the 2011 East Japan Earthquake, investigates into the status of private property rights in facing with the reviving legal instrumentalism in Japan, under the campaign of land law reform for the elimination of “land without identifiable owners” in the name of facilitating the disaster recovery, by means of the “special zone” method or the designation of lawless areas where the normal time law is excluded, with the particularly targeted area for such exclusion being the constitutional requirements of due process and fair compensation in public taking. Under the extraordinary setting of absolute majority of conservative party at the National Diet in the aftermath of the 2011 great disaster, legislations in Japan during this decade have been characterized by a manifestation of neo-liberal policy, driving the entire Japanese legal system into a corner. Facts observed in present Japanese society are not different from those observed in other authoritarian regimes in Asia, including the phenomenon of “land grabbing” by the governmental projects, which Asia once experienced a century ago for the colonial land enclosure by “wasteland management.”

On the critical parameters for feasibility and advantage of air-breathing electric propulsion systems

In recent years, air-breathing electric propulsion emerged as a potential enabling technology for long-duration space missions in Very Low Earth Orbit (VLEO). In this work, we show how the complex relation between mission environment, spacecraft configuration, and propulsive performance can be associated to a single requirement for full air-breathing drag compensation, which becomes less stringent for higher VLEO orbits. The impact of the spacecraft shape and size on the performed analysis is then evaluated and the results compared with conventional electric propulsion solutions with stored propellant, showing how the adoption of air-breathing propulsion becomes more advantageous, from a volume and mass fraction perspective, when the spacecraft scale is reduced.

Flywheel rotor cross-filter tracking feedback control

In light of the matter that the fixed-parameter cross-filter circuit cannot satisfy the phase compensation requirement in the full speed range, a cross-feedback tracking control method based on cross-filter feedback, in which the high-pass cutoff frequency varies with the nutation frequency, is proposed. The stability analysis of the designed control method is carried out by using the phase angle margin and the root trajectory diagram, and the results show that the cross-feedback tracking control can increase the phase angle margin and significantly enhance the stability of the system. Simulation results of the magnetic levitation rotor system show that the designed control method possesses the benefits of high stability, rapid response time, and strong anti-jamming ability.

Post-tensioning tendon force estimation of in-service prestressed concrete structure using cylindrical lamb waves

This paper proposes an ultrasonic-based force estimation technique for the post-tensioning (PT) tendon of an in-service prestressed concrete structure. First, three macro fiber composite transducers are installed on the surface of an in-service PT tendon subjected to an unknown tensile force for the generation and measurement of cylindrical Lamb waves. Then, the velocities of the longitudinal and shear waves are calculated using the measured cylindrical Lamb waves at two ultrasonic input frequencies. Subsequently, the Poisson’s ratio, elastic modulus, and strain induced by the PT tendon force are estimated from the longitudinal and shear wave velocities. Finally, the PT tendon force is obtained from the estimated mechanical property values. The experimental validation was performed using a mono-strand PT tendon under various temperature conditions, and the developed technique estimated the unknown PT tendon force in the range of 10–100 kN with a 6.22 kN maximum error and a 2.99 kN root-mean-square error. The uniqueness of this paper includes (1) no requirement for temperature compensation for field deployment, (2) PT tendon force estimation without calibration of the PT tendon force and cylindrical Lamb wave relationship, and (3) easy sensor installation and no interference with the PT construction process.

잔여지 보상에 관한 법적과제

As a public project, the project operator installs railways, roads, high-voltage lines and steel towers, rivers, old houses, parks, sports facilities, etc., and the remaining land is left in a long linear form, or becomes irregular and the value of the remaining land falls, or the remaining land is returned to its original state. If it is significantly impossible to use it for its intended purpose, compensation for acquisition or depreciation of the remaining land may be claimed. In addition, if new passages, ditches, fences, etc. in the remaining land are needed or other construction is required in the remaining land, compensation for the construction costs of the remaining land can be claimed.
 However, not only are the residual land compensation requirements under the Land Compensation Act strictly applied, but the expropriated person is unable to properly prove whether the remaining land is a piece of land, whether the value of the remaining land has decreased, and that it cannot be used for its original purpose, so purchase and expropriate the remaining land. Not only was the claim not accepted for decision, but there were cases where the request was dismissed without going through a decision even though the requirements for a claim for purchase and expropriation of the remaining land were met.
 In particular, when a project operator compensates for residual land, the Land Expropriation Act lacks specific provisions on fair compensation, or the standards for compensation for residual land must be specifically determined in the Land Compensation Act and the Enforcement Decree of the same Act in accordance with the legal reservation principle, but it is operated under the guidelines of the Minister of Land, Infrastructure and Transport. What is happening is reality.
 Therefore, after identifying the concept and requirements of residual land compensation, we seek implications by reviewing legislative examples of residual land compensation in Korea, Germany, France, Japan, and the United States. Residual land compensation and fair compensation, introduction of a system for hearing opinions of expropriated persons as a preliminary rights relief procedure for those subject to residual land compensation, expansion of claims for purchase and expropriation of residual land and claims for loss compensation through rationalization of residual land compensation requirements, and profit recovery system for the increase in value of residual land. Presents legal challenges regarding introduction. In other words, in order to provide fair compensation for the loss of remaining land in accordance with Article 23 of the Constitution, various measures such as transaction comparison case law, cost approach law, and income comparison law should be legislatively prepared in the Land Compensation Act to reflect fair market value. In addition, the concept of a group of land and residual land should be specifically specified in the Land Compensation Act, and compensation requirements should be relaxed so that the expropriated person can claim compensation for residual land, as is the case in legislation such as Germany, France, and the United States, and the value should be guaranteed as much as possible. In addition, the Land Compensation Act requires the project operator to notify the expropriator of the details and list of compensation for losses on the remaining land when purchasing and expropriating land for public projects, as is the case in the United States, and as a preliminary relief procedure for the Land Expropriation Committee’s decision on the remaining land compensation. A residual land compensation deliberation committee must be established to hear opinions.

Research on 2D Image Motion Compensation for a Wide-Field Scanning Imaging System with Moving Base

The wide-field imaging system carried on a high-altitude or near-space vehicle takes high-resolution images of the ground to measure and map targets. With the improvement of imaging resolution and measurement accuracy, the focal length of the wide-field imaging system is getting longer. The requirement for image motion compensation (IMC) accuracy is getting higher, and the influence of optical path coupling is increasing within the process of two-dimensional (2D) IMC. To further improve the IMC accuracy of the wide-field imaging system, an innovative IMC method is first proposed in this paper. The method is based on the 2D motion of the scanning platform and secondary mirror. Secondly, to solve the optical coupling problem in the process of 2D IMC, the coupling phenomenon is analyzed. The coupling relationships between 2D scanning motion, 2D secondary mirror motion and image motion is derived from the compensation process. A complete 2D IMC model is established, and a 2D IMC method, including an optical path decoupling correct regulator (ODCR), is designed. Finally, the method is verified in laboratory and field flight tests. The results show that the proposed method can effectively correct the coupling error of the optical path in the process of IMC and achieve high-resolution 2D IMC. When the scanning speed is 60°/s and the exposure time is 2 ms, the accuracy of the 2D IMC is up to 0.57pixels (RMS) in the pitch direction, and 0.46 pixels (RMS) in the roll direction.

Fault compensations in resonant grounded power systems with residual current compensation inverters using an adaptive nonlinear extended state observer‐based model predictive controller

AbstractThis paper proposes a new adaptive nonlinear extended state observer‐based model predictive controller (ANLESO‐MPC) for residual current compensation (RCC) inverters to compensate fault characteristics in resonant grounded power systems (RGPSs). In the proposed scheme, the adaptation feature is used to adapt the adjustable inductor appearing in the dynamical model of RGPSs by satisfying the desired fault current compensation requirement which in turn will ensure the resonance condition. Since the adapted parameter is used in the control signal, the ANLESO‐MPC offers robustness against parameter sensitivity. The neutral voltage is considered as a disturbance and the change in this voltage as an extended state to estimate this disturbance while incorporating the adapted parameter so that the adaptive nonlinear extended state observer (ANLESO) provides robustness against disturbances. Finally, the model predictive controller (MPC) is designed for the RCC inverter utilizing estimated disturbances and adapted parameters to fully achieve the fault current compensation. The performance of the controller is evaluated using simulations in MATLAB/Simulink and OPAL‐RT real‐time platforms under varying fault impedances as the fault characteristics change with variations in the fault impedance. Results are also compared with a conventional MPC where the proposed ANLESO‐MPC seems more effective to compensate fault characteristics.

Online dynamic self-compensation of roll wear based on electronic temperature control technology

Shape control is the core link in the production of sheet steel products, and the shape mainly depends on the control of the original roll profile of the rolling rolls. The wear of the roll is inevitable in the process of strip rolling. The electronic temperature control technology of the roll profile utilizes a heat source to drive flexible adjustment of the roll profile and directionally achieves the preset, adjustment, compensation, and other roll shape control requirements of local rolls. This article establishes an electronic temperature controlled roll model and uses numerical simulation methods to research the wear compensation of electronic temperature controlled rolls. The reliability of the model is verified using an electronic temperature controlled roll experimental platform, providing an online dynamic self-compensation method for roll wear.

Participation Factors Weak Robustness Analysis and Mitigation of Direct-Drive Wind Farms Connected to the Parallel-Compensated Grid

Reactive power compensation requirement and large parasitic shunt-capacitor in offshore wind power generation systems form the parallel-compensated grid. However, the direct-drive wind farms connected to the parallel-compensated grid faces the risk of oscillations. This paper presents a unique phenomenon that the participation factors (PFs) of close oscillation modes in direct-drive wind farms connected to the parallel-compensated grid are sensitive to parameter perturbations. The phenomenon is defined as PFs weak robustness (PFWR) and its necessary conditions are revealed. To deepen the understanding of PFWR, the PFs transfer characteristics of close oscillation modes are analyzed under parameter perturbations. Then, the hazards of PFWR are discussed, and mitigation methods are proposed. PSCAD/EMTDC simulations of a multi-machine system are performed to verify the theoretical analysis.

Fault diagnosis method of dissolved oxygen sensor electrolyte loss based on impedance measurement

Dissolved oxygen affects the growth and survival of aquatic organisms and considers as an important indicator of aquaculture water quality. Moreover, the electrochemical dissolved oxygen sensor may become faulty due to flow shock or damage by organisms which destroys the dissolved oxygen permeable membrane and results in loss of electrolytes. In this paper, a method was developed for detecting electrolyte loss faults in polarographic dissolved oxygen sensors by directly measuring impedance of sensing electrodes without additional sensing elements or modifying the sensor. First, the factors interfering electrolyte concentration-impedance relationship and the requirement for temperature compensation was determined. Secondly, a fault diagnosis of internal electrolyte loss was achieved by using the difference between the theoretically calculated value and the impedance measurement value in combination with the electrode reaction law. Finally, the impedance detection method was demonstrated using artificially simulated faults. The results showed that the developed method had accurate tracking of electrolyte consumption with a Pearson coefficient of 0.987. Three different levels of breakage failures were simulated and detected as 4.48 %, 21.07 % and 73.47 %, respectively. The mean absolute error of the normal state was about 1.67, which increased to 16.3 after a period of failure. The developed method meets the requirements of embedded development because it uses a simple fault detection device and easy data processing using a simple microprocessor. Furthermore, the diagnosis result has been demonstrated as an indicator of membrane health and breakage conditions of dissolved oxygen sensors.

Analisis Konsep Al-Ta’widh pada Ketentuan Ganti Rugi Pakaian Cucian yang Rusak di Jasa Laundry Syariah Arransha Kota Langsa

This study aims to analyze the concept of al-ta'widh on the compensation provisions for damaged customer clothes in the Arransha Syariah Laundry service, Langsa City. The research method used is an empirical legal method that originates from primary and secondary qualitative data using descriptive analysis methods. The results of this study reveal: 1). The written compensation provisions applied to the Arransha Syariah Laundry service in Langsa City have not been detailed about the consequences of ignoring the second requirement, that is "check your clothes again before leaving Arransha Laundry". That point resulted complaints from customers who complained about various complaints after the clothes were inspected at each customer's home; 2). The third terms and condition does not specifically mention the types of losses that are entitled to receive 50% compensation. In addition, the requirement for compensation of 50% of the price of damaged clothes is included in the category of damaged conditions (al-syarth al-fasid) whose validity is not recognized by syara'. So that if there is loss, damage & recording of customer clothes that occur during the washing process due to negligence of the laundry or due to violating procedures in the laundry process, 100% compensation (al-ta'widh) according to the quality and quantity of clothes will be charged to the laundry.

Characteristic analysis and compensation of eddy current interference field of rotating projectile

The accurate measurement of the attitude of the ballistic correction projectile is the precondition for accurate correction. In order to solve the measurement accuracy problem of the strapdown-connected projectile magnetic sensor, the eddy current magnetic field is considered on the basis of the traditional error compensation model. A simplified mathematical model of the eddy current magnetic field of the pure rolling projectile was established, and the influence of the eddy current magnetic field interference on the magnetic measurement at different rotational speeds was simulated and analyzed. Aiming at the necessity of eddy current magnetic field compensation, a parameter estimation method of the non-independent attitude comprehensive compensation model based on Kalman filter algorithm is proposed. The normalized evaluation of the magnetic correction effect shows that the error of the parameter estimation result does not exceed 0.01%, and the magnetic measurement error after compensation converges to 0.19nT. The compensation effect is obvious and meets the laboratory magnetic measurement compensation requirements.

Model-data-event based community integrated energy system low-carbon economic scheduling

With environmental pollution becoming an increasingly serious problem, it is crucial to develop renewable energy and improve energy utilization efficiency. Integrated energy system realizes complementary utilization of various energies by integrating various heterogeneous energies. However, the uncertainty of generation and load causes random fluctuation, making it difficult to accurately and quickly adapt to the dynamic environment. Therefore, this research designs a model-data-event based low-carbon economic scheduling framework for the community integrated energy system. Firstly, the low-carbon economic scheduling problem is mathematically described, then the decision-making problem is expressed as a reinforcement learning framework. An improved DDPG algorithm which can cope with the uncertainty is used to make real-time scheduling decisions. Considering the instability of reinforcement learning algorithm, this research proposes a heuristic real-time power allocation strategy, which comprehensively considers the degree of imbalance and the schedulable ability of the responders. The event-driven mechanism enables the responders to respond quickly and accurately to the energy compensation requirements. Simulation results indicate that the proposed scheduling framework can adapt to different parameters and reduce energy costs up to 6.65% and 3.85% compared to the deep Q network and soft actor critic algorithms, with the computational efficiency 11 times higher than that of model predictive control algorithm.

Research on Restoration of Heavy Metal Contaminated Farmland Based on Restoration Ecological Compensation Mechanism

In recent years, the development of industrialization has led to heavy metal pollution in many agricultural areas in China. The excessive heavy metals in farmland not only affect the normal growth of crops, but also do great harm to human health, which seriously restricts the development of ecology and food health in China. In order to improve the problem of heavy metal pollution in rural areas, the current situation of heavy metal pollution in rural areas is analyzed based on the innovative ecological compensation mechanism for remediation, and the external theory, public goods theory and other relevant theories are combined to obtain the ecological compensation strategy for heavy metal farmland soil remediation, and on this basis, the basic framework of ecological compensation for metal farmland remediation is constructed. Finally, effective environmental treatment suggestions are put forward according to the development requirements of ecological compensation in heavy metal farmland areas. The case study shows that different ecological restoration schemes have been adopted for a heavy metal farmland pollution area, and the environment has been improved according to the ecological compensation scheme. The total amount of ecological compensation for heavy metal farmland is CNY 32.35 million, of which the cost of seriously polluted farmland is the highest among the environmental values, with the cost of restoration per acre of CNY 65,000, indicating that the heavy metal areas are more expensive and have more obvious impact on the environment. The research content has important reference significance for the ecological environment treatment of heavy metal farmland pollution areas in China.

A Novel Algorithm for Optimal Harmonic Load Flow including Harmonic Compensation

Load flow analysis is widely used for finding voltage at various parts of a large, interconnected power system. The exponential increase in the use of power electronic devices and the noticeable percentage of integration of renewable energy sources in modern power systems result in the occurrence of non-sinusoidal voltages at various parts of the power system. By reformation of the Newton-Raphson load flow method, a few harmonic load flow algorithms have been developed for modern transmission systems. However, for larger transmission systems, complexity and heavy computational burden are often encountered in the load flow solution process due to the increased size of the Jacobean matrix that further increases with multiple non-linear load buses and compensation requirements. This leads to convergence problems and increased execution time. In this paper, an optimal harmonic load flow algorithm is proposed, that employs a modified PSO technique to select control variables and the harmonic load flow method to find solutions for load flow analysis with a reduced size of the Jacobean matrix. The formulated method uses a simple technique to take into account nonlinear loads and results in faster convergence. The novelty of the algorithm is that an optimal load flow solution with the desired amount of reactive and harmonic compensation currents is obtained. The algorithm can help in getting load flow solutions in future power systems with distorted voltage and currents with compensation. The performance of the proposed algorithm is tested on a modified IEEE 30-bus system with multiple non-linear load buses and is validated with the Simulink model of the system.