Compensation Control Research Articles

Formation Tracking Control for Heterogeneous Multiagent Systems With Multiple Nonautonomous Leaders via Dynamic Event-Triggered Mechanisms.

This article considers the time-varying formation (TVF) tracking issue of heterogeneous multiagent systems (HMASs) with the dynamic event-triggered control. The HMASs contain heterogeneous multiple leaders, all of which have the input signals to generate flexible reference, and only the output information can be measured. All leaders do not have access to the same followers, that is, the well-informed follower assumption is removed in this article. In this setting, the adaptive multileader state compensator is designed for each follower to estimate the integrated state information of all leaders, which can equip with two kinds of dynamic event-triggered mechanisms, that is, node-based event-triggered mechanism and edge-based event-triggered mechanism, to save communication bandwidth. Then, the TVF controllers are built by some estimation values to regulate the followers to achieve and maintain the geometric shape while tracking the reference which is the convex combination of outputs of leaders. The event-triggered compensator and TVF controller constitute the control protocol of HMASs, which are independent of global information with the fully distributed manner. The stability analysis and numerical simulations are given to verify the presented control protocol.

A method for the kinematic analysis of a novel wave compensation bed for ships based on the 8PSS-UP parallel platform

In addressing the need to reduce internal vessel vibrations and alleviate crew motion sickness during maritime voyages, this paper introduces a novel wave compensation resting bed and presents a kinematic analysis method tailored for marine environments. Diverging from conventional designs, this shipboard bed features a fixed platform hosting the drive unit, controlling the upper platform's movement via a slider's displacement, and incorporating a bottom Anti-Torsion (UP) frame. Employing the closed-loop vector method, the paper initially undertakes inverse kinematics of the shipboard bed, yielding solutions for slider displacement, velocity, and acceleration. Subsequently, the forward kinematics are resolved using the Newton-Gauss iterative method, with validation through ADAMS and MATLAB simulations. The velocity matrix analysis is then utilized to assess platform singularity, gauging the shipboard bed design's viability. Lastly, a wave model and a vessel heave-surge model in random waves are established to explore shipboard bed motion in unpredictable sea conditions. This study provides insights for the innovative design of shipboard resting beds and establishes a theoretical foundation for future wave compensation control in similar structures.

SOC Balance Control Strategy for Distributed Energy Storage System in DC Microgrid

By integrating a distributed energy storage system (ESS), a standalone DC microgrid can maintain power balance and voltage stability between distributed energy sources and loads. However, without establishing the relationship between the output power of the distributed energy storage units and their state of charge (SOC), inconsistent SOC among the storage units can occur. This inconsistency can lead to issues such as overcharging and over-discharging, significantly impacting the ESS lifespan. To address this, the paper proposes a SOC droop control scheme utilizing the arctangent function to rapidly achieve SOC balancing of the energy storage units. During the SOC balancing process, as the SOC difference between units decreases, the balancing speed also decreases. To overcome this, a variable acceleration factor is introduced in the arctangent function SOC droop control strategy. This can ensure a progressive increment in the acceleration factor as the SOC gap between energy storage units diminishes. In addition, the integration of DC bus voltage compensation control effectively mitigates voltage deviations within the bus. Finally, the paper presents and simulates a variable acceleration factor-based arctangent function SOC droop control. It demonstrates its effectiveness in achieving SOC balance and maintaining stable bus voltage during charging and discharging scenarios in distributed energy storage systems.

Study on dynamic control system of tunnel variable air volume ventilation based on first-order delay and predictive compensation control model

Using a variable air volume ventilation system is an efficient way to save energy in the tunnel. To address the issues of low control parameter accuracy and high operating energy consumption, the transient flow field and ventilation resistance characteristics were analyzed using conservation equations, and the first-order delay mathematical model of tunnel ventilation control was established by taking tunnel and jet fan parameters into account. The airflow dynamic control model's related parameters and transfer function were also solved. The overshoot, steady value, and adjustment time of the control system were evaluated using simulation and experiment. In full-scale experiments, the required wind speed was converted into the frequency of the jet fans to achieve variable air volume ventilation control. The results show that the variable air volume ventilation control system has the characteristics of nonlinear, and the first-order delay time transfer function is related to the 1/2-th power of ventilation resistance and pressure. The control system performs well, and the response parameters are all within the error range. Moreover, the discussion results of the comparative tests also illustrated that the purpose of dynamic wind speed adjustment could be achieved through frequency conversion control.

Current opportunities for glycaemic control in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus: the path to achieving a goal

Type 1 diabetes is a highly prevalent disorder worldwide and the commonest form of diabetes in children and adolescents. The incidence rates are steadily increasing, despite numerous efforts aimed at finding the possibility to detect and interrupt autoimmune inflammation in the pancreas at preclinical stages. Modern technologies make it possible to set metabolic control goals that are increasingly closer to physiological ones. The article presents recommendations regarding new technologies for glycaemic control and criteria for compensation of T1DM in children and adolescents in accordance with the updated guidelines of the International Society of Diabetes Mellitus in Children and Adolescents (ISPAD, 2022) and the Russian standards for self-monitoring of glycemia using an individual blood glucose meter associated with the use of continuous glucose monitoring technologies to assess the accuracy and/or calibration of monitoring data and address treatment adjustment issues. The possibilities and advantages of modern blood glucose meters are highlighted both in terms of accuracy of readings and functional expandability. Clinical cases demonstrating the importance of using blood glucose meters in decision-making by patients (adolescents) with type 1 diabetes who receive insulin pump therapy are presented. Excessive haste in decision-making by patients resulting in non-target results on glycaemic levels, which could have been avoided with timely measurement of blood glucose levels with a glucose meter was stressed. The great role of continuous education of children and adolescents with T1DM together with assessment and analysis of the significance of new and existing technologies for diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring of this chronic disease is emphasized, so that the patients and their parents can fully and effectively use constantly emerging opportunities.

Transformation of Type I Fuzzy Logic into Interval Type II Fuzzy Logic-based Unit Voltage Template with Controlled Load

The interval type II fuzzy logic controller (IT2FL) is a recent artificial intelligent technology which is applied in many aspects of electrical power engineering and controlling strategies these days. The improving of Distribution Static Synchronous Compensator (DSTATCOM) control algorithms is still ongoing, because the control strategy of DSTATCOM device is considered as a decisive factor which affects the performance of DSTATCOM device in enhancing the quality of power in the distribution grids. The improving process focuses in two main aspects the DC capacitor voltage response to the control system and the mitigation of the harmonics which are produced by the controlled and uncontrolled rectified loads. In this paper, the interval type II fuzzy logic controller (IT2FL) based the Unit Voltage Template strategy (UVT) is examined by the MATLAB program with two different ranges of input signals, and compared with the type I Fuzzy logic controller (T1FL). The IT2FL based UVT shows promising results in improving the deformed shape of source current waves in comparison with the other controllers.

Research on Bowden Cable–Fabric Force Transfer System Based on Force/Displacement Compensation and Impedance Control

Bowden cable–fabric is a key force transfer device for flexible exoskeletons, and its precise control of force/displacement is a significant factor in the human–machine interaction of flexible exoskeletons. In this paper, a force/displacement control method based on friction compensation and impedance control was proposed based on a flexible Bowden cable–fabric force transfer testbed system. First, a set of in vitro experimental platforms simulating Bowden cable–fabric force transfer was built according to a typical flexible exoskeleton force transfer system, and following the walking gait of lower limbs, the expected force and knee joint motion were set. Secondly, the Bowden cable–fabric force transfer friction model was constructed as the basis of the system’s force transfer compensation. In addition, the stiffness model of Bowden cable–fabric and the lower leg movement model were established and combined with impedance control to realize the precise control of system displacement. Finally, the damping and stiffness parameters suitable for the system were obtained through the impedance control simulation. In terms of the experiment, an in vitro Bowden cable–fabric force transfer experimental platform was built, and the expected force with the input peak value of 40 N, 50 N, and 60 N was set. Through the friction and position compensation model of Bowden cable–fabric force transfer and impedance control, the relative root-mean-square errors of the output force and expected force were obtained as 2.53%, 2.16%, and 2.07%, respectively. Therefore, the effectiveness of the proposed method is verified, which provides a foundation for the engineering application of flexible exoskeletons.

Designing and Modelling of Pivotal Friction Compensator of Actuator of Hard Disk Drives

Nowadays, hard disk drives are one of the most common devices for storing data. The growing demand for storing the bulk amount of data and retrieving the data as fast as possible from hard disk drives (HDDs) has posed manufacturers with various challenges. To overcome these hurdles different methods, techniques, and control systems are developed to improve the transient response of the HDDs. The transient response of a system is characterized by numerous specifications such as overshooting, peak time, settling time, delay, and rise time. This can also be achieved by using several stages of actuators servomechanism that can also help us to store a large amount of data, it also helps to increase the accuracy of head-positioning of the actuator that eventually leads to enhancement of the transient response of hard disk drives (HDDs). By increasing the accuracy of read/write head actuator there is a challenge to cater the friction at pivot of actuator. This friction can significantly reduce the speed of the actuator and that ultimately leads to the reduced transient responses of the system. This paper aims to design a new modelled-base friction compensator for the servo control of hard disk drives that can improve the transient response of HDDs. Thus, improving the transient responses of HDDs can make the computer more efficient than ever and can save a lot of time while making complex calculations. To achieve this aim measured and replicated responses will be used as guidance and the friction design of HDD will iteratively improve. This can be done by feeding the measured friction forces back to the voice coil motor (VCM) so that the frequencies of the actuator’s head and current be linearized. This proposed design will help in the cancelation scheme and the model-based compensator will be implemented. By improving the tracking seek of HDDs we can also write the data much faster on the HDD and by using numerous techniques we can store a large amount of data on HDDs. Our aim is also to integrate a PID controller into our control system so that we can improve the transient response as much as possible. Our work can be considered important as there are very few frictions compensator control designs that have integrated the PID controller. We are aiming to achieve a significantly improved pivotal friction compensator that can help us to achieve improved transient response of the hard disk drive (HDD).

Fault compensations in resonant grounded power systems with residual current compensation inverters using an adaptive nonlinear extended state observer‐based model predictive controller

AbstractThis paper proposes a new adaptive nonlinear extended state observer‐based model predictive controller (ANLESO‐MPC) for residual current compensation (RCC) inverters to compensate fault characteristics in resonant grounded power systems (RGPSs). In the proposed scheme, the adaptation feature is used to adapt the adjustable inductor appearing in the dynamical model of RGPSs by satisfying the desired fault current compensation requirement which in turn will ensure the resonance condition. Since the adapted parameter is used in the control signal, the ANLESO‐MPC offers robustness against parameter sensitivity. The neutral voltage is considered as a disturbance and the change in this voltage as an extended state to estimate this disturbance while incorporating the adapted parameter so that the adaptive nonlinear extended state observer (ANLESO) provides robustness against disturbances. Finally, the model predictive controller (MPC) is designed for the RCC inverter utilizing estimated disturbances and adapted parameters to fully achieve the fault current compensation. The performance of the controller is evaluated using simulations in MATLAB/Simulink and OPAL‐RT real‐time platforms under varying fault impedances as the fault characteristics change with variations in the fault impedance. Results are also compared with a conventional MPC where the proposed ANLESO‐MPC seems more effective to compensate fault characteristics.

Proximal policy optimization learning based control of congested freeway traffic

AbstractIn this paper, a delay compensation feedback controller based on reinforcement learning is proposed to adjust the time interval of the adaptive cruise control (ACC) vehicle agents in the traffic congestion by introducing the proximal policy optimization (PPO) scheme. The high‐speed traffic flow is characterized by a two‐by‐two Aw Rasle Zhang nonlinear first‐order partial differential equations (PDEs). Unlike the backstepping delay compensation control,23 the PPO controller proposed in this paper consists of the current traffic flow velocity, the current traffic flow density and the previous one step control input. Since the system dynamics of the traffic flow are difficult to be expressed mathematically, the control gains of the three feedback can be determined via learning from the interaction between the PPO and the digital simulator of the traffic system. The performance of Lyapunov control, backstepping control and PPO control are compared with numerical simulation. The results demonstrate that PPO control is superior to Lyapunov control in terms of the convergence rate and control efforts for the traffic system without delay. As for the traffic system with unstable input delay value, the performance of PPO controller is also equivalent to that of backstepping controller. Besides, PPO is more robust than backstepping controller when the parameter is sensitive to Gaussian noise.

Compound Control of Trajectory Errors in a Non-Resonant Piezo-Actuated Elliptical Vibration Cutting Device.

To improve the machining quality of the non-resonant elliptical vibration cutting (EVC) device, a compound control method for trajectory error compensation is proposed in this paper. Firstly, by analyzing the working principle of non-resonant EVC device and considering the elliptical trajectory error caused by piezoelectric hysteresis, a dynamic PI (Prandtl-Ishlinskii) model relating to voltage change rate and acceleration was established to describe the piezoelectric hysteresis characteristics of EVC devices. Then, the parameters of the dynamic PI model were identified by using the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm. Secondly, based on the dynamic PI model, a compound control method has been proposed in which the inverse dynamic PI model is used as the feedforward controller for the dynamic hysteresis compensation, while PID (proportion integration differentiation) feedback is used to improve the control accuracy. Finally, trajectory-tracking experiments have been conducted to verify the feasibility of the proposed compound control method.

A novel fractional-order dead-time compensating controller for the wireless networks

Wireless technology is becoming increasingly critical in industrial environments in recent years, and the popular wireless standards are WirelessHART, ZigBee, WLAN and ISA100.11a, commonly used in closed-loop systems. However, wireless networks in closed-loop control experience packet loss or drops, system delay and data threats, leading to process instability and catastrophic system failure. To prevent such issues, it is necessary to implement dead-time compensation control. Traditional techniques like model predictive and predictive PI controllers are frequently employed. However, these methods’ performance is sluggish in wireless networks, with processes having long dead times and set-point variations, potentially affecting network and process performance. Therefore, this paper proposes a fractional calculus-based predictive PI compensator for wired and wireless networks in the process control industries. The proposed technique has been simulated and evaluated on industrial process models, including pressure, flow, and temperature, where measurement and control are carried out wirelessly. The wireless network’s performance has been evaluated based on packet loss, reduced throughput, and increased system latency. The proposed compensator outperformed traditional methods, demonstrating superior set-point tracking, disturbance rejection, and delay compensation characteristics in the performance evaluations of the first, second, and third-order systems. Overall, the findings indicate that the proposed compensator enhances wireless networks’ performance in the process control industry and improves system stability and reliability by reducing almost half of the overshoot and settling an average of 8.3927% faster than the conventional techniques in most of the systems.

Collaborative governance of trade-driven transboundary air pollution in China: A responsibility-based fair compensation mechanism

Transboundary air pollution poses a significant challenge in China, and collaborative governance presents a promising approach to tackle this problem. However, such approach is rarely implemented due to the influence of inter-regional trade dynamics. To address this issue, a comprehensive, responsibility-based fair compensation mechanism was established in the present study. The aim of the mechanism is to bridge the existing gap through the integrated utilization of air pollutant emission inventories, multi-regional input-output analysis, emission responsibility allocation, and an ecological compensation model. In 2017, approximately 50% of China's air pollutant emissions were embedded in inter-provincial trade, primarily originating from wealthier provinces and directed towards less-developed regions with higher pollution intensity. There exists a significant imbalance between the inter-provincial transfers of air pollution and economic benefits, owing to which Inner Mongolia and Liaoning have suffered from serious environmental inequity brought about by trade. The allocation of responsibility for trade-related emissions between producers and consumers is determined by the economic surplus they gain from trade. Such approach results in an intermediate outcome that falls between production-based and consumption-based emissions for the majority of provinces. The scheme highlights the import-related share of responsibility for economically developed provinces and the export-related share for less-developed, pollution-intensive provinces, which can primarily be attributed due to their differences in value chain specialization. The inter-provincial compensation volumes for trade-related emissions are determined based on the economically equitable emission responsibility sharing scheme. More developed provinces, characterized by industrial structures focused on low-pollution, high-value-added products, primarily function as compensation providers. In contrast, less-developed provinces with higher pollution intensity seek compensation from these more affluent regions. The present findings can offer a quantitative basis for the ecological compensation and collaborative control mechanism of trade-driven transboundary air pollution in China.

Enhancement of Power System Security by the Intelligent Control of a Static Synchronous Series Compensator

Improving and maintaining the stability of a power system is a major focus of modern technology and research. However, due to financial issues, environmental concerns, and health risks associated with electric and magnetic fields, the growth of the current transmission system is constrained. Transmission line problems can be resolved by the effective use of reactive power compensation based on Flexible AC Transmission (FACT) devices. The effectiveness of these devices in regulating active and reactive powers as well as dampening oscillations in the transient phase of the power system is examined using a Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC) with Artificial Neural Network (ANN) control. When compared to the traditional Proportional Integral (PI) controller, the suggested ANN controller offers better dynamic performance. For the suggested test system, this study utilized modeling and simulation using the MATLAB/Simulink software. The observations show that by using ANN in disturbed situations, power oscillations are quickly damped and power flow is enhanced.

Data-Based Shape Self-Sensing of a Cable-Driven Notched Continuum Mechanism Using Multidimensional Intrinsic Force Information for Surgical Robot

Abstract The accurate shape-sensing capability of the continuum mechanism is fundamental to improve and guarantee the motion control accuracy and safety of continuum surgical robots. This paper presents a data-based shape self-sensing method for a cable-driven notched continuum mechanism using its multidimensional intrinsic force information, which mainly includes the multidimensional forces/torques and driving cable tensions. The nonlinear hysteresis compensation and the shape estimation of the notched continuum mechanism play significant roles in its motion control. Calibration compensation of the notched continuum mechanism is performed based on kinematic modeling to improve the accuracy of its preliminary motion control. The hysteresis characteristics of the continuum mechanism are analyzed, modeled, and compensated through considering the abundant dynamic motion experiments, such that a feedforward hysteresis compensation controller is designed to improve the tracking control performance of the continuum mechanism. Based on the kinematic calibration and hysteresis compensation, combined with the motor displacement, driving cable tensions, and six-dimensional forces/torques information of the continuum mechanism, a data-based shape self-sensing method based on particle swarm optimization back propagation neural network (PSO-BPNN) is proposed in this study. Experimental results show that this method can effectively estimate the loaded and unloaded shape of the notched continuum mechanism, which provides a new approach for the shape reconstruction of cable-driven notched continuum surgical robots.

An adaptive control framework based multi-modal information-driven dance composition model for musical robots.

Currently, most robot dances are pre-compiled, the requirement of manual adjustment of relevant parameters and meta-action to change the dancing to another type of music would greatly reduce its function. To overcome the gap, this study proposed a dance composition model for mobile robots based on multimodal information. The model consists of three parts. (1) Extraction of multimodal information. The temporal structure feature method of structure analysis framework is used to divide audio music files into music structures; then, a hierarchical emotion detection framework is used to extract information (rhythm, emotion, tension, etc.) for each segmented music structure; calculating the safety of the current car and surrounding objects in motion; finally, extracting the stage color of the robot's location, corresponding to the relevant atmosphere emotions. (2) Initialize the dance library. Dance composition is divided into four categories based on the classification of music emotions; in addition, each type of dance composition is divided into skilled composition and general dance composition. (3) The total path length can be obtained by combining multimodal information based on different emotions, initial speeds, and music structure periods; then, target point planning can be carried out based on the specific dance composition selected. An adaptive control framework based on the Cerebellar Model Articulation Controller (CMAC) and compensation controllers is used to track the target point trajectory, and finally, the selected dance composition is formed. Mobile robot dance composition provides a new method and concept for humanoid robot dance composition.

Compensation control strategy of hybrid driven three-dimensional elliptical vibration assisted cutting system based on piezoelectric hysteresis model

Three-dimensional elliptical vibration assisted cutting (3D-EVC) technology has been widely used in many high-precision technical fields due to its high-efficiency processing characteristics. However, the hysteresis and nonlinearity caused by the piezoelectric drive in the 3D-EVC system will impact the system control accuracy. This paper mainly studies the hysteresis and nonlinearity of the system, the feedforward-gray predicted fuzzy PID compound controller based on the generalized Bouc-Wen hysteresis nonlinear model and it is designed to realize the hysteresis compensation of the system. In this paper, input voltage and output displacement are represented by a mathematical relationship, and this relationship of the 3D-EVC system will be described by the generalized Bouc-Wen model. The improved flower pollination algorithm (IFPASO) is adopted in the identification process of parameters. A compound control strategy is formed based on traditional feed-forward control combined with fuzzy PID feedback control to compensate for hysteresis and nonlinearity, and an improved gray prediction model is introduced into the feedback loop. The 3D-EVC system tracking experiment verifies the effectiveness of the designed compound controller. Experiments have proved that the hysteresis component of the system is significantly reduced after the use of the compound controller for hysteresis compensation, and the system has a higher degree of stability.

Gray skyhook predictive control of magnetorheological semi-active seat suspension with time delay

Semi-active seat suspension with a magnetorheological (MR) damper has been a popular study issue in recent years. Since the response time delay of the MR damper can reduce the control effect and even make the vibration more severe, there is an urgent need to compensate for the response time delay. In this paper, gray prediction is introduced into the vibration control study of commercial vehicle seat suspension. A gray skyhook prediction controller is designed to compensate for the response time delay. This proposed controller does not rely heavily on controller parameter optimization and requires fewer state variables than other typical time delay compensation controllers. The mechanical property of the MR damper has been tested, modeled, and analyzed. A seat suspension dynamic model considering geometric nonlinearity is established based on the motion relationship between the components of the suspension. Subsequently, the effect of the response time delay on seat suspension vibration control has been verified by simulation. The results show that the control effect deteriorates significantly after considering the response time delay. Finally, prediction accuracy and vibration reduction performance of the designed gray skyhook predictive controller are verified by simulation and bench testing. The results illustrate that the gray skyhook predictive controller provides excellent time delay compensation and can significantly improve the ride comfort and handling stability of the driver. This study provides a reference for vibration control research of the MR seat suspension.

Wet clutch pressure hysteresis compensation control under variable oil temperatures for electro-hydraulic actuators

The hysteresis characteristics and oil temperatures of wet clutch electro-hydraulic actuators have a significant impact on clutch pressure tracking performance, thereby influencing the launch, shift, and mode transition performance of both fuel and hybrid electric vehicles. In this study, we introduce a novel compensator for wet clutch pressure hysteresis that effectively adapts to variations in oil temperature. Experimental investigations were conducted to examine the hysteresis characteristic of the electro-hydraulic actuator and its susceptibility to changes in oil temperature. Subsequently, a temperature-dependent modified generalized Prandtl–Ishlinskii (TDMGPI) hysteresis model that accounts for the influence of oil temperature was established. To mitigate the effects of oil temperature fluctuations on the controller, we developed a fuzzy proportional-integral-derivative (FPID) controller, which dynamically adjusts controller gain. Furthermore, a feedforward-feedback controller for clutch pressure was established, incorporating the inverse solution of the TDMGPI model as the feedforward component and the FPID controller as the feedback element. The experiments were conducted at various oil temperatures, revealing that the proposed controller significantly enhances response speed and pressure tracking accuracy, maintaining good control performance across the tested range of oil temperatures.

Control of a worm-wheel gear driven rescue robot with friction compensation and its experimental verification

This paper presents the control of a rescue robot driven by the worm-wheel gear transmission. In the modeling process, the load-dependent friction of the worm-wheel gear is considered, and the governing equations for static and dynamic analyses are formulated. Especially we examine the dependency of break-in joint torques on the loading torque and directionality of motion. The friction parameters of the worm-wheel gear of a physical rescue robot are identified through experimental investigation. A friction compensation controller is then designed based on the modeling results and experimental operating conditions. And the designed controller is applied to a dual-arm rescue robot to validate its effectiveness.