Income Comparisons Research Articles

Analysis of contract farming pattern and income comparison of potato farmers on atlantic and granola varieties

Contract farming is a practice in order to decrease the risk and uncertainty commonly done on farming. Generally, contract farming is divided into two types that are production contract and market contract. Contract farming is commonly done on the strategic and high-risk agricultural? commodities, one of them is the potato. Potato (Solanum tuberosum) is a commodity with high risk. One of the contract farming done on potato commodity is a contract occurred between farmer group and PT. “KLM” in Ijen District Bondowoso Regency, East Java Province Indonesia. The writer would like to review more related to the contract farming pattern occurred and compare the potato farmers’ income following the contract farming and independent contract. This research was done from February until April 2019. Samples in this research used probability sampling on 106 potato farmers consisting of 76 farmers incorporated within contract farming and 29 farmers independently. The research results showed that contract farming intertwined was the contract farming type of market. The comparison of potato farmers income following the contract farming was lower than independent potato farmers income with the difference of IDR 4,515,417.49.

Komparasi Fee Based Income pada Bank Konvensional dan Bank Syariah di Indonesia (Studi Laporan Keuangan)

Fee-based income which is another operating income is proportional to the banking operational income. The elements of operating income included in the group fee based income are commission and provision income, income from foreign exchange or foreign exchange transactions and other operating income. This study aims to describe the comparison of the acquisition of fee-based income in conventional banks and Islamic banks by using secondary data in the form of financial reports in 2014-2015 which were analyzed for comparison using ananalysis intercompany basis through a descriptive quantitative approach. The results showed that the comparison of fee-based income in the conventional bank group was surpassed by Bank Mandiri, which was able to achieve the highest fee-based income compared to BRI and BNI in the 2014-2018 period. Whereas the sharia bank group was outperformed by Bank Syariah Mandiri with the highest fee-based income compared to BRIS and BNIS in the 2014-2018 period. The acquisition of fee-based income in the conventional bank group compared to Islamic banks was outperformed by Conventional Banks namely Bank Mandiri, which each year significantly won the fee-based income highest. Whereas in the proportion of fee-based income to operating income at conventional banks, Bank Mandiri was still in the first position with the highest proportion of 28.61%, followed by BNI in the second position and BRI in the third position. As for Islamic banks, the average proportion of fee-based income to operating income was also occupied by Bank Syariah Mandiri with a gain of 12.89%, followed by BRIS in the second position with 4.84% and the last BNIS of 3.71%.

Feudalism 2.0

This paper argues in favour of significant estate taxation. From a comparison of wealth and income, it stresses how wealth fundamentally differs from income in its growth, distribution, and taxation. It demonstrates how these differences compound to fuel ever-growing wealth inequality. It argues that a 100% estate tax is likely our only tool to address such wealth inequality and that anything less than such a tax constitutes an unacceptable compromise. It, finally, shows how the failure to implement a 100% estate tax would do more than increase inequality: it would fundamentally redefine our society, tearing up the social contract and giving new meanings to notions of power, fairness, and democracy.

The association between relative income and depressive symptoms in adults: Findings from a nationwide survey in Korea

BackgroundSubjective income inadequacy may be associated with poorer mental health as income comparisons with others can decrease feelings of happiness. This study investigated the association between relative income and depressive symptoms in Korean adults. MethodsData from the 2017 Korea Community Health Survey were used. Relative income was measured by comparing household and community income. Household income was calculated using equalized household income and community income based on the mean income level of the 253 local communities. Relative income was categorized into the high (community < household), middle (community = household), and low (community > household) groups. Analysis was conducted through multivariate logistic regression analysis. ResultsOf a total of 201,326 study participants, 12,508 (6.2%) individuals had depressive symptoms. Compared to the high relative income group, the middle [Odds Ratio (OR): 1.23, 95 percent Confidence Interval (CI): 1.16–1.29] and the low (OR 1.58, 95% CI 1.50–1.66) groups showed gradually higher likelihoods of depressive symptoms. Such differences were magnified in individuals with low absolute household income or with experiences of unmet need. ConclusionIndividuals with lower or equal household than community income had higher likelihoods of depressive symptoms, with such differences augmenting in those with low absolute income or experiences of unmet need. The findings infer the importance of monitoring individuals at poorer relative income standings in addressing mental health.

English

Impact of DroughtTEGO® maize hybrids on agricultural productivity and poverty reduction among small-scale maize farmers were analyzed using 642 households in Kenya. The Water Efficient Maize for Africa (WEMA) project coordinated by the African Agricultural Technology Foundation (AATF) developed the varieties. While on-farm production output and farmers’ testimonies indicate significantly high productivity over other varieties, a rigorous assessment of impacts at household level is missing. Direct comparison of maize income, total household income and poverty indices shows significant differences between adopters and non-adopters. However, since the observed estimates can be due to differences in both observable and non-observable characteristics between adopters and non-adopters, we cannot have any causal interpretation. This study, therefore, utilized the counterfactual outcome framework based on propensity score methods (PSM) to control for such differences. The results of PSM showed that adoption of DroughtTEGO® maize varieties led to significant increase in maize income by 82%, total income by 75%, and reduced the depth of poverty by 46-point margins. The study recommends formulation and implementation of appropriate policies to improve the adoption of DroughtTEGO® hybrid maize varieties across the country. Key words: DroughtTEGO® hybrid, poverty reduction, impact assessment, maize, Kenya.

Assessment of Copyright Value in Hotel Industry in Poland: Income Approach

The development of a proper method for calculating the value of copyrights and related rights is an important task in the current climate of the new economy. Costs of royalties paid to collecting societies are significant and disputable in many industries, like hotels or gastronomy. There are many disputes and law cases related to indicating the fair value of copyrights. The dominant position of collecting societies has resulted in a number of decisions of the European Commission and judgments of the European Court of Justice as well as national courts, concerning the activities of collecting societies and the level of fees collected. The problem has been widely analyzed, mainly by law specialists. In the case of the valuation of copyrights, methods based on income and market comparison are preferred, however, the fact that only a limited market exists in the case of dealing with collecting societies, should be taken into consideration. Author presents method based on income approach. Proposed model links financial results of the hotels with advantages of using TV and radio sets by the hotel guests in income approach. The presented method is useful to indicate the fair value of copyrights and was prepared to help in law disputes relating to the misuse of the dominant position by CMOs.

Does exposure to richer and poorer neighborhoods influence wellbeing?

Geographical differences in wellbeing have attracted increased attention in the science of happiness literature and recent research has become particularly interested in high-resolution spatial differentiation within cities. This study contributes to this literature by analyzing the relationships between subjective wellbeing and relative income at the neighborhood level using activity-travel survey data from 2010 in Hong Kong. In contrast to previous studies, the analysis concentrates not only on life satisfaction but also on pleasure derived from daily activities in the city, and considers relative income in people's residential neighborhood and the neighborhoods where they conduct different types of daily activity. The results suggest that social comparisons with regard to income matter to life satisfaction as well as emotional wellbeing, that the effects occur for both the residential neighborhood and the urban places where daily activities are undertaken, and that downward income comparisons tend to have stronger effects on wellbeing than upward comparison. One theoretical implication that follows from the analysis is that the impact of social comparison in the science of happiness needs to be theorized as dynamic, mobile and contingent upon people's daily trajectories through time and urban space.

Immigrants’ relative income and life satisfaction: Comparison groups from a multi-generational perspective

With a focus on the immigrant population, this study examines how the association between a relative income position and life satisfaction varies when the comparison group changes. Drawing data from Understanding Society in the UK between 2009 and 2015, this study first shows that after migration, income comparisons with the mainstream and co-ethnic groups in the host country matter more than that with the source-country population for one’s life satisfaction. Furthermore, the relevance of comparison groups to life satisfaction varies across immigrant generations. Income comparison with the source-country population is more relevant to life satisfaction of the 1st generation, whereas 1.5 and 2nd generations consider income comparisons within the host country more relevant. In particular, favourable income comparison with the mainstream group in the host country is the most relevant to life satisfaction of the 2nd-generation, followed by the 1.5-generation, and last by the 1st-generation immigrants.

Farmers Suicide in India: Issues, Challenges and Remedies

The purpose of the study is to examine why Farmers suicide is a burning issue in India. Farmers are life savers then why they are killing themselves. Is there any nexus between farmers’ suicide and government actions. Agriculture sector data like GDP for 1960–2016, Share of agriculture sector to GDP and disparities in Agriculture and Non agriculture income also agriculture census data from 1951 to 2011 were obtained. Study depicts about what NSSO and NCRB data says about farmers’ distress in India. Doubling farmers’ income by 2022–23 could become the only panacea for thwarting farmers’ suicide in India comparison of agricultural income with non agricultural income also another area of study. In this way farmers suicide issues challenges and remedies has been discussed.

Distritos industriales y renta económica: el efecto distrito – renta

En el presente trabajo se expone una primera aproximación al efecto distrito desde la variable de la renta económica, lo que se ha denominado efecto distrito – renta. Esta aproximación al fenómeno distritural se realiza desde la perspectiva del desarrollo local neomarshalliano para enfatizar la centralidad del distrito industrial como fuente de interpretaciones propias sobre el cambio económico y sujeto activo del mismo. A nivel empírico se realiza una aproximación a la contrastación de la existencia o no de efecto distrito – renta en los distritos industriales españoles para el año 2013; estos datos son analizados a través de la comparativa de la renta total, per cápita y por ocupado expresada por los distritos industriales en relación al resto de tipologías de sistemas productivos locales.

Income inequality and risk taking: the impact of social comparison information

In contrast to the assumptions of standard economic theory, recent experimental evidence shows that the income of peers has a systematic impact on observed degrees of risk aversion. This paper reports the findings of two experiments examining the impact of income inequality on risk preferences and whether the knowledge of inequality mediates the decisions. In Experiment 1, participants who were recruited for a real-effort task were paid either a low wage or a high wage. Half of the participants were aware of the income inequality, while the other half were not. After completing their task, they were invited to invest a part of their salary in a risky asset. In Experiment 2, we replicated the same experiment in the laboratory with windfall endowments to test the consistency of results in the laboratory settings. The results of the first experiment show that high-wage subjects take higher risks than low-wage participants do if they are aware of the inequality in wages. This finding supports the idea that income comparisons shape risky decisions. In Experiment 2, on the other hand, we did not observe any significant differences in decisions. This may suggest that the income comparison is sensitive to house-money effect.

Analisis Perbandingan Model Altman, Grover, Zmijewski Dan Springate Sebagai Prediksi Financial Distress

This study aims to compate the accuracy of Altman, Grover, Zmijewski and Springate models to predict financial distress. Comparison has done by analyzing the level of accuracy of each model. The variables in this study are the financial ratios of Altman, Grover, Zmijewski, and Springate towards accuracy in predicting Financial Distress. The data has been taken from annual financial reports that published on the Indonesian Stock Exchange website. The sample used is an agriculture company listed on the IDX during 2016-2017. The sampling technique was purposive sampling with a total sample of 34 companies. The criteria in purposive sampling are companies that publish annual financial statements in the period 2016-2017 and stock price data are available on the trading date ending in the year. The results show that the Grover G-Score model is a prediction model with a high accuracy of 85.29% by comparing it with actual conditions. The percentage comparison of Negative Net Income and dividend payment in the Grover model has a percentage of 85%. The Springate model has an accuracy rate of 83.82%, Altman with an accuracy rate of 68.65% and the last is Zmijewski with an accuracy of 25%. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26905/ap.v5i1.3072

Survey of Income Comparison: General Practice and Sports Certified Doctors of Chiropractic

ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to determine whether there are differences in reported gross billings and collections between doctors of chiropractic who have obtained a certificate of additional qualification (CAQ) in sports medicine compared with those without a CAQ in sports medicine. MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted. An e-mail invitation to participate in an anonymous survey was sent to doctors of chiropractic who hold active certifications with the American Chiropractic Board of Sports Physicians. The respondents were provided a link to a web-based survey that was constructed with similar questions to a national chiropractic survey issued by Chiropractic Economics (CE) for the same year (2015). ResultsThree hundred forty-nine sports medicine CAQ doctors of chiropractic responded (23.8% response rate) in comparison to 719 CE respondents. The CAQ respondents averaged $722983 in gross billings (9.8% response rate) compared with $539046 by CE respondents. Sports medicine CAQ doctors of chiropractic averaged $452376 in gross collections (10.4% response rate) compared with $348773 by CE respondents. ConclusionAn analysis of these 2 surveys illustrates that CAQ respondents report higher total annual gross billings and collections than the CE respondents. Improving study methodology may improve response rates and garner a more accurate representation of any differences between doctors of chiropractic with and without CAQs.

Analisis Rasio Pendapatan Petani Sayuran Sawi Dengan Petani Padi Di Kecamatan Sukorambi Kabupaten Jember

Agribisnis in the field of food crops, especially Mustard vegetables and rice have favorable prospects. The mustard vegetable farming in the Sokorambi sub-district on a micro scale, is a hereditary effort with traditional methods, the title of this research is: Analysis of the ratio of mustard vegetable growers to rice farmers in Sukorambi District, Jember Regency. The specific objectives of this study are: To find out the reasons why farmers prefer to grow mustard or rice vegetables, to analyze the comparison of farmers' income between planting mustard vegetables and planting rice.The method used for achieving goals is: Profit Analysis, Analysis of farm efficiency with the R / C Ratio approach, Comparison of income of mustard vegetable farmers with rice farmers.The results showed that the R / C ratio for the two commodities is greater than one, which shows that it is worth trying. The advantage of mustard vegetable farmers is significantly different compared to the benefits of rice farmers.

KAJIAN PERBANDINGAN PRODUKTIVITAS DAN PENDAPATAN PERKEBUNAN POLA SISTEM INTEGRASI SAPI DAN KELAPA SAWIT (SISKA) DENGAN PERKEBUNAN TANPA POLA SISKA DI KABUPATEN SIAK

Oil palm plantation is a sector that significantly contributes to the economy of the people in Riau Province. Along with the development of oil palm industry, various technologies that aim to increase production and income of oil palm farmers have been introduced to the society. One of these technologies is Sistem Integrasi Sapi dan Kelapa Sawit (SISKA). The aim of SISKA is to increase the income of smallholder oil palm farmers. Farmers' income is expected to increase with business efficiency through the use of waste from livestock as fertilizer in oil palm plantations and new sources of income are emerging as a result of livestock business. This study aims to examine the comparison of productivity and income of plantation using SISKA and without using SISKA in Siak Regency. The study was conducted using a survey method in two representative locations, namely Sialang Palas Village, Lubuk Dalam District and Teluk Merbau Village, Dayun District. The research data are the primary data gathered by purposive sampling technique. The results showed that the productivity of plantations with SISKA that use organic fertilizer 18,899.93 kg/ha/year relatively higher than the productivity of plantations without SISKA that not use organic fertilizer 17,039.73/ha/year (significant at a 15%). The income of oil palm plantations using SISKA Rp 22,906,136.7/ha/year relatively higher than the income of the plantations without SISKA Rp 21,294,583.00/ha/year, however the difference is not statistically significant, because using SISKA increase the production cost.

Job satisfaction in developing countries

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to contribute to this literature on developing countries by investigating the determinants of job satisfaction in Vietnam where the economics literature on this issue is virtually non-existent. The authors also contribute to the literature on income comparison by extending beyond the within-firm co-worker income comparison.Design/methodology/approachThe authors estimate a generalized order logit model for job satisfaction as statistical tests suggest that the parallel-lines assumption, which is often invoked in previous studies using the standard logit model, does not hold.FindingsFor Vietnam, the authors find that absolute and relative incomes as well as human resource practices such as efficiency wage and training policy have an impact on workers’ satisfaction. Workers in the foreign direct investment (FDI) sectors behave a bit differently from their peers in the domestic sector.Originality/valueTaking advantage of a unique matched employer–employee data set collected in 2008 by the North-South Institute (Canada) and the Vietnam Academy of Social Sciences, the authors are able to investigate the impact of a number of important job characteristics on job satisfaction such as absolute and reference incomes, wage policy, training plan for workers, union membership and job position, and, at the same time, to disentangle the possible differences in job satisfaction of workers in domestic vs FDI firms.

Assessment of the validity of dog ownership fee in the communes of the Silesian Voivodeship in the light of the authors’ own research

Effective implementation of pro bono tasks by local government units may be carried out only if they obtain the necessary income. One of the types of own revenue of local government units on communal level (LGUs) is the dog ownership fee which generally constitutes a very low share in the total income of the commune. At the same time the enforcement of this fee, due to a large number of personal exemptions, requires disproportionate expenditure in relation to the income earned. The purpose of the paper is to verify the legitimacy of maintaining a fee on owning a dog in the communes of the Silesian Voivodeship in the light of the authors’ own research regarding the year 2016. The conducted research indicated that none of the communes of the Silesian Voivodship achieved the income from dog ownership higher than 0.5% of the total income. The effectiveness of the enforcement of fees on dog ownership was analysed in detail, as well as the percentage comparison of dog fee income with other sources of own income. The paper consists of theoretical and empirical part and presents the essence of financial independence of the commune in the context of imposed taxes and local fees.

KOMPARATIF PENDAPATAN PETAMBAK GARAM RAKYAT TEKNIK PRODUKSI PEREBUSAN DENGAN TEKNIK PRODUKSI LADANG DI DESA SEKOTONG BARAT KECAMATAN SEKOTONG KABUPATEN LOMBOK BARAT

The purpose of this research are (1) Comparison of income between folk salt farmers who use techniques boiling production and who use techniques agricultural field production; (2) identifying the constraints which is faced by farmers in producing folk salt; and (3) Identifying of the factors that affect the income of farmers and analyzing the influence of these factors on the income salt farmers in West Sekotong village.&#x0D; The results of this research indicate that (1) There is a real difference between income of salt farmers who use techniques boiling production with income of salt farmers who use techniques agricultural field production; (2) Constraints that are faced by salt farmers who use techniques boiling production are firewood and weather. Whereas the constraints that are faced by salt farmers who use techniques agricultural field production are the prices, weather and land limitedness; and (3) The factors which affect the amount of income that would be received by the salt farmers is the day of the employment and experience.

Well-Being in Transition: Life Satisfaction in Urban China from 2002 to 2012

The improving strength of the labor market is chiefly responsible for the overall increase in life satisfaction in urban China from 2002 to 2012. This is especially true for the segment of the population most vulnerable to the negative effects of the on-going transition to a free-market based economy—people with less than a college education. Income comparison and habituation effects offset any positive effect of increased personal income during this time. The result is that increases in income are not significantly related to the increase in life satisfaction during this time. In the interest of protecting the life satisfaction of those most vulnerable, attention must be paid to maintaining a strong labor market as internal migration restrictions are loosened and the labor market is further liberalized in China. These findings are based on repeated cross-sectional data spanning from surveys used in the annual economic reports published by the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences. A modified version of the Oaxaca decomposition method is developed to take advantage of annual data and also control for adaptation to income effects. The change in life satisfaction from 2002 to 2012 is then divided into segments associated with changes in various life domains.

Reference Income Effects in the Determination of Equivalence Scales Using Income Satisfaction Data

We estimate household equivalence scales, i.e. the needs of additional adults and children relative to a single adult, using income satisfaction data from the German Socio‐Economic Panel. We extend previous studies applying this approach by taking reference income into account. This allows separating needs‐based from reference effects in the determination of income satisfaction. We show that this adjustment helps to overcome a bias causing an overestimation of adults’ and an underestimation of children’s needs‐based equivalence weights. Our results indicate that controlling for income comparisons substantially increases children’s equivalence weight relative to that of adults.