Comparative Literature Studies Research Articles

The image of a "new woman" in the novel "Virgin Soil" by I. S. Turgenev and in the short story "Mourning the Dead" by Lu Xun

The object of this article is the image of "new woman" in Russian and Chinese literature. The subject of the study is the correlation between the characters of two heroines, Zijun and Marianna, who are the bearers of a new female identity, in the story "Mourning the Dead" by Lu Xun and the novel "Virgin Soil" by I. S. Turgenev. The aim of the study is to identify the main factors that determined different outcomes of the storyline of these characters, despite the similarity of their fates. In order to achieve the set goal, it is necessary to solve the following tasks: 1) to reveal the personality of the two characters by analyzing their life path, as well as the beginning and end of their respective love; 2) to analyze the author's intention based on the socio-historical context of the period of creation of these two works. The following methods were used during the study: comparative method, method of holistic analysis of a literary work, as well as cultural-historical method. The scientific novelty of the work lies in the fact that the article is the first attempt to compare Lu Xun's short story "Mourning the Dead" with I. S. Turgenev's novel " Virgin Soil ", with special attention paid to the opposite denouement of the stories of Zijun and Marianna. Based on the analysis, it is concluded that the outcome of the fates of these heroines is directly related to their perceptions of their own lives and love, which are conditioned, in turn, by the different intentions of the authors regarding the logic of the development of their characters. The scientific significance of the study lies in the fact that the data obtained not only reveal the ideas about the image of the "new woman" in general, but also contribute to a deep comparative understanding of the analyzed books, which can contribute to the field of comparative literary studies between Russia and China.

Travell(ing) (Through/into) Culture: A Critical Study Of Falling Off The Map By Pico Iyer And Domestic Manners Of The Americans By Frances Trollope

This comparative literary study examines Falling Off the Map by Pico Iyer and Domestic Manners of the Americans by Frances Trollope, exploring their representation of foreign lands and cultures. It analyses their attitudes towards cultural identity and belonging, and their use of history and memory. The study highlights the differing perspectives on the relationship between travellers and the places they visit, and the role of travel writing in shaping perceptions of other cultures.

Current Classical Pentecostal Bible Reading Methods: A Critical Perspective

The prevailing trend among members of the Apostolic Faith Mission of South Africa (AFM of SA) is to interpret the Bible in a biblicist and literalist way, which conflicts with how early Pentecostals read the Bible. Empirical research completed in 2020 supports the observation. In contrast, early Pentecostals read the Bible with the expectation of meeting God. Their precritical, canonical, and text-centered interpretation focused on the text inductively before they deductively compared it with related texts in a straightforward manner to formulate their teaching. The new generation of Pentecostals applied conservative Evangelical hermeneutics to focus on the world behind the text, using the historical-grammatical method to arrive objectively at the author's intended meaning. It was rooted in the Scottish Common-Sense school of philosophy in a synthesis with the Baconian method. Their new hermeneutic was based on a theory of inspiration that accepted that divine revelation terminated at the end of the first century, resulting in a discrepancy that conflicts with Pentecostals’ expectation for extrabiblical revelations, miracles, and wonders to continue. The article aims to suggest an alternative hermeneutical approach that can constructively address the discrepancy, based on the recently developed scholarly hermeneutic that employs post-critical and postmodern approaches such as literary, reader-response, and advocacy hermeneutics. It utilizes quantitative research and a comparative literature study to realize the aim.

TRANSLATION IN THE ALASH PERIOD: J. AIMAUVUTULI IS THE FIRST TRANSLATOR OF J. LONDON'S STORIES INTO KAZAKH LANGUAGE

Literary translation is undoubtedly the foundation of comparative literary studies, therefore there is a need for a systematic study of their relationship. No matter how valuable an idea in the native language expressed in the original language is, it is quite difficult to translate it into another language preserving its content, meaning and formal meanings. As you know, the work of a translator has many aspects, such as psychological, literary, linguistic and social. Also, the translator needs to convey as reliably as possible the information background that is in the original, i.e. national specific concepts; concepts related to mental psychology, genre specifics, the relation of the work to the literary current and direction, its features in the translation language, etc. taking into account the basics, a special study of variants of stories translated from English into Kazakh at different times, that is, taking into account the critical requirements of the time trying to determine the purpose of translation, the degree of equivalence and correspondence between the original and translated texts, the ratio of the position of the author and the translator, while the purpose and interest in the application of the principles of translation, their scientific and the practical value is important. The article compares two stories by J. London translated by Zh. Aimautov into Kazakh with the original; the accuracy of the translation, the methods used by the translator when transmitting the author's idea are investigated.

Multiply‐translated Chaucer in the Korean classroom

AbstractThis paper introduces a teaching experiment that uses a set of local translations of a European medieval text—in this case, Korean translations of Chaucer's Canterbury Tales—as teaching texts in the Korean classroom alongside the original work. Students compare a range of translations dating from all periods of the 20th century, including one from as early as 1915 and others from the 1960s, 1980s, and 2000s. Tracking the variety of translation methods and different linguistic and artistic choices employed by these multiple translations allows even students unfamiliar with Middle English to gain a better sense of the particulars of Chaucer's language and character‐making. Treating translation itself as a creative mode, this paper argues that even bad translations and messy histories of linguistic interference can be put to productive pedagogical use. Recuperated local translation archives can be used in the teaching of Middle English literature by helping students understand Chaucer's own positionality as a translator and compiler. Such archives also contribute to the study of comparative literature more broadly as they present case studies of how ideas of world literature are formed over time and space, and encourage a critical engagement with the canon even as it is being taught.

Diagnostic Approaches to Adult-Type Diffuse Glial Tumors: Comparative Literature and Clinical Practice Study.

Gliomas are the most frequent intrinsic central nervous system tumors. The new 2021 WHO Classification of Central Nervous System Tumors brought significant changes into the classification of gliomas, that underline the role of molecular diagnostics, with the adult-type diffuse glial tumors now identified primarily by their biomarkers rather than histology. The status of the isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) 1 or 2 describes tumors at their molecular level and together with the presence or absence of 1p/19q codeletion are the most important biomarkers used for the classification of adult-type diffuse glial tumors. In recent years terminology has also changed. IDH-mutant, as previously known, is diagnostically used as astrocytoma and IDH-wildtype is used as glioblastoma. A comprehensive understanding of these tumors not only gives patients a more proper treatment and better prognosis but also highlights new difficulties. MR imaging is of the utmost importance for diagnosing and supervising the response to treatment. By monitoring the tumor on followup exams better results can be achieved. Correlations are seen between tumor diagnostic and clinical manifestation and surgical administration, followup care, oncologic treatment, and outcomes. Minimal resection site use of functional imaging (fMRI) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) have become indispensable tools in invasive treatment. Perfusion imaging provides insightful information about the vascularity of the tumor, spectroscopy shows metabolic activity, and nuclear medicine imaging displays tumor metabolism. To accommodate better treatment the differentiation of pseudoprogression, pseudoresponse, or radiation necrosis is needed. In this report, we present a literature review of diagnostics of gliomas, the differences in their imaging features, and our radiology's departments accumulated experience concerning gliomas.

From the Neighbourhood of Firuzağa down the Rabbit Hole

Intermediality is a term to investigate the dialogues between imaginative texts from various types of media. Being a product of postmodern discourse, it has a massive influence on comparative literary studies, in that analyses with regard to intermedial considerations reinforce the impact area of the examined texts. This article aims at analysing Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland (1865) by Lewis Carroll and Serial Cook (2017) by Ümit Ünal in order to show how an old canonical literary work demonstrates itself in a contemporary imaginative text on a cognitive level. It is obvious that artists build up such textual connections on purpose as well, but such an interaction achieved undeliberately, though the receivers of texts can never be confident, is another issue that requires attention. I argue that Serial Cook can be considered as a 21st century reception of AAW in that it exhibits certain aspects of Lewis Carroll’s style and content. It is apparent that the main character, Neslihan becomes a contemporary version of Alice in the face of a serial killer who has difficulties in adjusting to the mechanisms of the community she is part of. Throughout the movie, we see her relentless efforts to speak for herself and settle a new life. Furthermore, in both texts one can observe presence of dream imagery, which appears as an apparatus of initiation of both characters.

From the Neighbourhood of Firuzağa down the Rabbit Hole

Intermediality is a term to investigate the dialogues between imaginative texts from various types of media. Being a product of postmodern discourse, it has a massive influence on comparative literary studies, in that analyses with regard to intermedial considerations reinforce the impact area of the examined texts. This article aims at analysing Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland (1865) by Lewis Carroll and Serial Cook (2017) by Ümit Ünal in order to show how an old canonical literary work demonstrates itself in a contemporary imaginative text on a cognitive level. It is obvious that artists build up such textual connections on purpose as well, but such an interaction achieved undeliberately, though the receivers of texts can never be confident, is another issue that requires attention. I argue that Serial Cook can be considered as a 21st century reception of AAW in that it exhibits certain aspects of Lewis Carroll’s style and content. It is apparent that the main character, Neslihan becomes a contemporary version of Alice in the face of a serial killer who has difficulties in adjusting to the mechanisms of the community she is part of. Throughout the movie, we see her relentless efforts to speak for herself and settle a new life. Furthermore, in both texts one can observe presence of dream imagery, which appears as an apparatus of initiation of both characters.

Race, Medieval Studies, and Disciplinary Boundaries

Abstract Debates in medieval studies about race and the global Middle Ages parallel past debates in comparative literature. Both comparative literature and medieval studies struggle with their Eurocentric origins while simultaneously trying to negotiate a non-Eurocentric approach to their respective disciplinary boundaries. While trying to globalize medieval studies, medievalists have remained in disciplinary silos, especially in regard to a transnational and transtemporal understanding of race. This article's author argues that a comparative approach to periodization, rather than holding onto a concept of the “medieval,” is a more productive way to understand premodern race.

Keep Harmony in Diversity: The Differentiation and Analysis of Creative Treason, Prejudice and Literary Misreading

The core concepts are the keys to understand the connotation of the disciplines, while the “creative treason” in Medio-translatology, the “prejudice” view in Hermeneutics, and the “literary misreading” in the Variation Studies of Comparative Literature have literally brought some confusion and doubt to scholars. In order to have a clear understanding of these disciplines, this paper uses the method of comparative study to distinguish the similarities and differences among the three, and presents their respective characteristics from the point of view of defining the concept, looking for similarities and differences, and exploring the characteristics of the discipline, by which some help and guidance could be given to later scholars. After the study, it is found that the three have something in common among objective neutrality, inevitability and recipient subjectivity, while the differences are mainly reflected in the research category, research purpose and research focus.

A Poetic History of the Oceans A Poetic History of the Oceans: Literature and Maritime Modernity , Textxet: Studies in Comparative Literature 98 , by Søren Frank, Leiden, the Netherlands, Brill, 2022, 447pp., 39 illustrations, $143.00(hbk), ISBN 978-90-04-42669-6, $38.00 (sbk), ISBN 978-90-04-54639-4, open access (ebk), ISBN 978-90-04-42670-2

A Poetic History of the Oceans <b>A Poetic History of the Oceans: Literature and Maritime Modernity</b> , <i>Textxet: Studies in Comparative Literature 98</i> , by Søren Frank, Leiden, the Netherlands, Brill, 2022, 447pp., 39 illustrations, $143.00(hbk), ISBN 978-90-04-42669-6, $38.00 (sbk), ISBN 978-90-04-54639-4, open access (ebk), ISBN 978-90-04-42670-2

Traducción, comparatismo y ética. El problema de las identidades de género en la literatura nigeriana (traducida)

In this article, we intend to examine the relationship between ethics, comparative literary and translation studies (Bassnett, 1993; Bassnett &amp; Lefevere, 1992; Berman, 1985 and Venuti, 1995/ 2018). In this sense, we evaluate the theoretical trajectory of two literary figures belonging to different periods, the Nigerian male writer Chinua Achebe (1930-2013) and the Nigerian woman writer Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie (1977-) in their efforts to deconstruct an image of Africa that is seen embodied in “Colonialist Criticism” (1988) and “The Danger of A Single Story” (2018). In a complementary fashion, we explore the way in which the first generation of African male writers, in which Achebe is registered, and the third generation of contemporary African women writers, to which Adichie is associated, build figures of women and men in the narrative. Finally, we present different perspectives that address the way of ethically translating postcolonial, diasporic and translingual literature in which the works of Achebe and Adichie are framed (Federici &amp; Fortunati, 2019; Ergun, 2021; Tissot, 2017; Vidal Claramonte, 2021).

Literature and the Wadden Sea: Teaching coastal environments through literature

Literature and the Wadden Sea is a guide for teaching Wadden Sea literature in advanced university courses in Scandinavian, Danish, German or Dutch language and literature or comparative literary studies programmes, and for integrating literature into courses in other disciplines. It can be found at www.waddensealiterature.com . This article lays out the development of this project and the contents and objectives of the Teaching Toolkit. It also suggests how it can be used as a model for teaching that couples literature with other protected places, be they national parks, nature reserves or other places. Finally, it concludes with our initial findings, plans and hopes for the subsequent development of the project.

New Taste in the Myth of Swan Queen in the Film Black Swan: The Inner Conflict of Nina Reflected in the Mirrors

This paper aims to share how the long-lived myth of the Swan Queen has been interpreted and reproduced by a group of artists from different disciplines including comparative literature, film, and media studies. Inspired by Tchaikovsky’s well-known Swan Lake ballet, Darren Aronofsky, who is a well-known American film director, creates the film entitled Black Swan in 2011 in close cooperation with the screenplay writers, Mark Heyman, Andres Heinz, and John McLaughlin, who jointly published the script in 2009. Once the outstanding performance of the cast is added to this creation, the whole film extends itself to different interpretations and insights along with Tchaikovsky’s music. Among so many of them, this paper primarily focuses on how this myth of the Swan Queen shapes the inner conflict of a young girl who tries to become a passionate and womanly being from a psychoanalytic perspective that problematizes the issues of the “double”. Different from the previous productions which mostly intend to evoke horror, this double image can be followed throughout the film through the reflections in the mirrors, at any rate on any reflective surfaces and this enables us to see how fragile a human being is to differentiate the real from the surreal.

Polityki przekładu „Rocznika Literackiego” w latach 1932–1938 i recepcja literatur obcych dokumentowana w periodyku w świetle literatury światowej

Translation Policies of Rocznik Literacki [The Literary Annual] (1932– 1938) and the Perception of Foreign Literatures in the Periodical from the Perspective of World Literature The aim of this paper is to identify and unpack ideological strategies manifested through translation criticism in the Rocznik Literacki, a Polish literary review published in the 1930s, in the context of the notion of World Literature. With the help of the toolbox from comparative literary studies, translation studies, and cultural studies, the article traces the dynamics of socio-political tensions in Poland in the 1930s. It also presents an overview of the reception of foreign literatures in the Polish periodical. The sections of the annual devoted to works translated from various languages reflected the reviewers’ urge to establish norms for translation and literary market that were apparently solely linguistic in nature. In fact, they reflected the discussions on the role which particular cultures (should) play in the multilingual and divided state shortly after it regained independence. The paper discusses the particularly complex representation of ancient (Latin) and Jewish (Yiddish) tradition in Rocznik Literacki.

KONSEP KEADILAN SOSIAL DALAM KITAB SUCI: STUDI KOMPARATIF DALAM AGAMA ISLAM DAN KONGHUCU

&lt;em&gt;Justice is something central, and to which society aspires greatly. Justice cannot be separated from the prevailing legal order. Society as implementers and observers of the legal order has benchmarks oriented to ethical values and morality that cause the legal order to be obeyed and even abandoned. In addition, social society is also governed by religious norms which are also the main reference in determining the good and bad of something. Each of the beliefs will teach its adherents to uphold the value of justice in life, both social life and state life. This paper tries to compare the concept of justice from Islam and Confucianism, therefore, this paper focuses on knowing what are the concepts of justice offered by Islam and Confucianism. With comparative literature study and analysis, as far as research on the concept of justice from Islam and Confucianism found several findings, including: Islam teaches the concepts of justice: trust, honesty and equality. Confucianism teaches the concepts: morality, honesty, love and public interest. At first glance, the concepts of justice offered by Islam and Confucianism almost all have something in common. But in addition, the striking difference from the concept offered by the two religions is related to the concept of amanah from Islam. This shows that Islam teaches everything based on science. Amanah in terms of language does mean trustworthy, but more deeply mandate requires a leader to have qualified knowledge. So that with his knowledge will give birth to love, honesty and equality.&lt;/em&gt;

Guilt and Extenuation in Tragedy: Variations on Racinian Excuses. By Edward Forman

This comparative literary study seeks to re-evaluate the relationship between tragic drama and current approaches to guilt and extenuation. Edward Forman aims to place side by side ‘ancient stories with modern attitudes’, ‘the deadly serious against the cynical, the defensive and the legalistic’ (p. 3), and thus bring further insight into how we think about responsibility, justification, and guilt. Although Forman explicitly states that this is a work of literary criticism and not moral philosophy, the book clearly draws on ethics. However, it also engages with performance and reception theory. The book ranges widely but its springboard is Racine’s tragedies. The seven chapters wrestle with modern judicial concepts such as diminished responsibility, provocation, trauma, ignorance, and scapegoating by examining specifically how the characters in tragedy respond and justify their actions. Forman, interestingly, maps these onto the tragic explorations of such issues, considering ‘Helplessness’ (with fatalism, divine authority, and genetic determinism) in Chapter 1, ‘Theories of Harmartia’ in Chapter 2, and blindness and credulity in Chapter 3. Tragic archetypes such as Phaedra, Oedipus, Clytemnestra, and Medea are studied, and case studies of ancient models, seventeenth-century texts, and more modern interpretations are presented in contrast with one another. Chapter 5, for example, considers different portrayals of Clytemnestra: in Racine’s Iphigénie, in which Clytemnestre shows her boundless resentment towards Agamemnon and seems to justify what she goes on to commit; in Jean Giraudoux’s Électre, where she is by no means a sympathetic character; and in Jean-Paul Sartre’s Les Mouches, where she is presented as a more passive accomplice. The chapter also explores Marguerite Yourcenar’s depiction in Électre ou La Chute des masques, in which Clytemnestre argues for her diminished responsibility, as well as examining the different inflections of the character in works by Jean Anouilh, the lesser-known dramatist Jean-Jacques Varoujean, and Jean-Pierre Giraudoux, all of which emphasize her status as a damaged victim. Showcasing these variations in degrees of blame and accountability reveals how playwrights and audiences do not simply judge the characters for their crimes but constantly attempt to make sense of their behaviour within the particular worlds they inhabit. The figures used as vehicles for such explorations are generally from ancient Greek myths, but Chapter 6 also productively engages with the biblical figure of King Saul who, as Forman notes, recurs in plays ‘from the Classical, Enlightenment, Romantic and modern periods, all of which probe the extent to which Saul was in control of his actions’ (p. 153). At times, it feels as though the book is trying to cover too much terrain and one suspects that longer studies of particular plays might have been more fruitful. Forman repeatedly asks to what extent modern understandings of criminal behaviour ought to point towards a reinterpretation of ancient myths and dramas, but his answer is ultimately that it is somewhat inevitable that contemporary ­experience and debate will bring a different perspective to plays ­written in different ethical and legal contexts. Rather frustratingly, he does not extend this reflection on the illuminating potential of such juxtapositioning.

ANALYSIS OF CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION IN ERNEST MILLER HEMINGWAY NOVEL “THE OLD MAN AND THE SEA”

Based on the novel The Old Man and The Sea by Ernest Hemingway, 1952. The discussion of the problem in this novel is to analyze the main characters, namely Santiago, Manolin and Marlin. The data used to strengthen the facts in this study are library research and are supported by novels and biographies of the author. The method used in this research is a comparative literature study with descriptive qualitative research. The characterizations contained in these characters are as follows: Santiago is a character who has a physical condition, is generous, never gives up, a parent figure for manolin, an unlucky character (salao). Meanwhile, Manolin is a character who has unyielding character, lucky character, compassionate and kind, loyal character. As for the non-human character, he is Marlin, besides he is a friend and brother to Santiago, stubborn, Santiago's pride.

C H E K A L O V K. A. OCHERKI ISTORII I TIPOLOGII FRANTSUZSKOY MASSOVOY PROZY XIX — NACHALA XX VEKA (ESSAYS ON THE HISTORY AND TYPOLOGY OF FRENCH MASS PROSE OF THE 19th– EARLY 20th CENTURY). — St.Petersburg: Nestor-History, 2022. — 286 pp.

The review analyses a book by K. A. Chekalov — a well-known scholar, Doctor of Philology, Head of the Department of Classical Literatures of the West and Comparative Literature Studies. His work continues the series of studies of mass French literature from its origins to the beginning of the last century. Th e author does not aim to cover all the phenomena of mass literature over a century and a half, trying at the same time to fi ll the gaps in their research, to turn to the least studied works of those novelists which his predecessors had already addressed (Eugène Sue, Alexandre Dumas, Maurice Leblanc), to the less explored writers (Paul Feval, Ponson du Terailles, Xavier de Montepin, etc.), as well as those famous writers whose relationship to mass literature is still ambiguous (Jules Verne). Comprising 11 essays, Chekalov’s monograph not only provides an insight into the poetics and function of the mass novel in nineteenth- and early twentieth-century France, but also shows the nature of its reception in Russia, from the fi rst published translations to the publications of the 2000s.

Comparative Literature and Translation Studies: Approaching an Understanding Between the Two

Comparative literature cannot be thought of as ignoring translation. Instead, translation studies are more critical for comparative literature, as every word has several connotations for various cultures. Through translation, works of literature can influence each other, and people come closer to other cultures and understand others better. Most Indian readers, through the intermediary of translation, get access to the works of Goethe, Tolstoy, Balzac, Shakespeare, Gorky and many more. Translation studies as a subject have greater scope across the globe. Different Indian universities have started running degree or diploma courses in translation studies, and the new generation is attracted to it. Several public or private organisations need translators as public relations officers in their offices. This paper needs to consider the vital role translation plays in the broader literary phenomenon to demonstrate the impossibility of the general theory of literature. The circulation of texts and readings of world literature is only possible through translation, not as canonical literary texts. The paper explores translational studies' role in defining literature as a space between the source and receiving cultures and examines the comparative relationship literature has with translation studies.