Comparative History Research Articles

Why the GDL? Why Musсovy? The Early States of Eastern Europe in Comparative Historical Discourse

Abstract The paper attempts at providing a comparative analysis of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Muscovy during their genesis and early development. Kievan Rus, the predecessor of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Muscovy, was not a single political entity; it developed from chiefdoms to city-states that were, in essence, obshchinas (communities). This makes it all the more interesting to understand why the societies with the same roots evolved to become so different. Obviously, what comes to mind is the idea of external influences experienced by various parts of Kievan Rus while the new states were being formed, but the extent and the character of those influences can be understood through comparing these states. Comparing them reveals that they initially shared considerable similarity. It may even be said that there was a common model of state formation in the 13th to 15th centuries. For the purposes of this paper it is labelled a military-service state. It is this quite archaic polity that was the starting point in the progress towards the estates-based state. The paradox of the region is that before either the Grand Duchy of Lithuania or Muscovy could transform into an estates-based state, they both underwent drastic changes: the former became part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, essentially a province within it, while the latter was plunged into Ivan the Terrible’s bloody “revolution from the top”, which accelerated the formation of the unique Russian state system based on serfdom.

El nacimiento del Trabajo Social Ibérico:

El artículo tiene por objeto analizar el surgimiento y la maduración del Trabajo Social/Serviço Social en España y Portugal mediante un análisis histórico comparado. Para logar el objetivo se definen los hitos político-administrativos e institucional-académicos de cada país, desde su nacimiento hasta su consolidación. La investigación redunda en los elementos de naturaleza ideológica y formativa. Expuestos los datos, que se hacen explícitos mediante cuadros comparativos para establecer simetrías y diferencias entre uno y otro. Se concluye afirmando que el Trabajo Social peninsular se define por lo que se comparte más que por lo que le separa. Sus elementos identificadores básicos son: un acceso tardío a las políticas keynesianas, una experiencia limitante de la dictadura y el logro de la democracia parlamentaria mediante transiciones no cruentas.

KEKERABATAN BAHASA MELAYU BETAWI DI DESA KEDUNG JAYA KECAMATAN BABELAN KABUPATEN BEKASI DAN BAHASA JAWA DI DESA SALEBU KECAMATAN MAJENANG KABUPATEN CILACAP

The purpose of this study was to determine the percentage of kinship level, determining the separation time, and explains the sound correspondence between Betawi Malay in Kedung Jaya Village, Babelan District, Bekasi Regency and Javanese in Salebu Village, Majenang District, Cilacap Regency. This kind of research is quantitative and qualitative research in the field of Comparative Historical studies. Based on the discussion of the results of data analysis, three research conclusions were obtained. First, the percentage of kinship level is 31%, with 155 relatives and 345 unrelated vocabularies. Second, the separation period of the two languages was 2,698 years ago. Third, the sound correspondence between the two languages can be seen in the form of 117 pairs of identical vocabularies, one phoneme of a total of 4 vocabularies, a compression of 4 vocabularies, a substitution of 23 vocabularies, a haplology of 1 vocabulary, afferasis of 3 vocabularies, and split a total of 3 vocabulary words. Thus, it can be concluded that based on the percentage of kinship level and the length of time the two languages are separated are included in the classification of stock.

Создание федеративного государства (сравнительный историко-государствоведческий анализ)

Создание федеративного государства (сравнительный историко-государствоведческий анализ)

Contemporaneous Comparative Corpora and Historical Linguistic Reconstruction

Contemporaneous Comparative Corpora and Historical Linguistic Reconstruction

Punish ability and Punishment for Careless Transport Crimes

The main purpose of this study is to analyze the system of punishment for transport crimes and make proposals for its improvement. According to the Concept of the Legal Policy of Kazakhstan for the period from 2010 to 2020, the Criminal Code 2014 should continue the policy of humanization of responsibility for persons who have committed careless crimes, including transport crimes, to expand the scope of application of criminal penalties not related to imprisonment, establishing the proportionality of punishment in the sanctions of articles of the Criminal Code, etc. However, these guidelines have not been fully implemented. The analyses of the road traffic criminal infractions system showed that legislators made some mistakes. The study points out that the sanctions of articles of the system are excessively overstated or unreasonably understated or have unjustifiably large intervals between the upper and lower limits, and therefore do not fully correspond to the nature and degree of social danger of these crimes. In this regard, the authors formulated proposals for improvement of the system of punishment for transport criminal infractions: to reduce the term of punishment in the form of imprisonment for transport crimes provided by Art. 344, 345, 346, 358, 360 of the Criminal Code from ten years down to seven or eight years; to expand the sanctions of the relevant articles by including penalties not related to imprisonment - fine, corrective labor, restriction of liberty, to amend Art. 46 of the Criminal Code. To solve this problem, the study used theoretical and empirical scientific methods: theory, analysis, deduction and synthesis, research and measurement, experiment, as well as historical, logical, comparative-historical, retrospective and statistical methods.

The Political Economy of Performance Standards: Automotive Industrial Policy in Comparative Historical Perspective

ABSTRACTA substantial body of literature holds that industrial policies work best when their beneficiaries are subject to demanding performance standards. By conditioning access to their low-cost loans and lucrative markets on foreign sales and local content, for example, East Asian officials forced their manufacturers to improve quality, cut costs, and develop linkages to allied industries – that generated jobs and foreign exchange revenues of their own – in the so-called miracle years. But the politics of performance standards are themselves unclear. Why are they more common in some countries than others? Are they more likely to be imposed by autocratic than democratic regimes? And, if so, why? I address these questions by examining cross-national data on export and local content requirements in the auto industry in 1980; find that they all but presupposed autocracy in labour-surplus – but not labour-scarce – countries; explore the interactions of political regimes, productive assets, and performance standards in South Korea in particular; and discuss their theoretical and methodological implications. The results not only imply that efforts to build new comparative advantages over the long run by means of performance standards that put existing comparative advantages at risk in the short run are unlikely to succeed in labour-surplus democracies but, in so doing, speak to the merits of ‘middle-N’ methods and typologies that try to reconcile the at times competing goals of generality and historical detail in cross-national research.

Population and Economic Policy for the Creation of a Social Integrated Society in Post-Reunification Korea : A Study in Comparative Historical Perspective with the German Experience

1990년 독일통일은 한반도 통일논의에 중요한 전환점이 되었다. 한반도 통일이 가까운 장래에 이뤄질 수 있다는 사회적 기대감이 폭발적으로 증가했다. 그로부터 25년이 지난 현재, 한반도 통일의 기대와 전망은 그 어느 때보다 암울하다고 할 수 있다. 국내외적으로 분단 상황 종식을 위한 가능성이 보이지 않는다. 이런 상황에서 한국사회에서 독일통일이라는 역사적 사건에 대한 부정적 시각이 확대되는 경향까지 나타나고 있다. 무엇보다도 통일 후유증에 대한 비판적 시각들이 크게 작용한 것으로 판단된다. 그러나 이제는 통일 후 독일 사회가 어떻게 변화했는지를 역사적으로 올바르게 평가할 수 있는 지점에 도달했다고 할 수 있다. 무엇보다도 경제 분야에서 통일독일 이후에 대한 평가와 한반도 통일에 대한 전망은 여전히 원론적인 수준에 머물고 있다는 점에서 사회변화의 가장 기본이 되는 인구 및 노동환경의 변화를 사회경제사적 관점에서 추적하는 것이 본 연구의 목적이다. 다뤄야 할 문제는 많다. 현대사회가 공통적으로 안고 있는 인구감소의 문제, 고령화, 노동력 감소, 이주민 문제 등 등. 이들은 미래 통일한국의 사회통합을 위해 반드시 해결해야 할 가장 기본적인 문제들이다.

Contingent and Permanent Employment: Comparative National and Historical Perspectives

This symposium focuses on the comparative impact of social institutions and labor laws on both contingent and continuing employment. Presenters will apply a wide range of analytical concepts to the...

A Concept as a Diachronic Phenomenon: Heuristic Comparative Historical Analysis (Based on the “Purity” Lexical-semantic Field in the German and English Languages)

The article is devoted to improving the methods of conceptual analysis to represent the concept in its evolution. To solve this problem it is proposed to bring the tools of modern comparative science relying on an integrative method. The effectiveness of cooperation between two areas of linguistics at the level of diachronic analysis techniques in the article is demonstrated, firstly, in terms of the possibility of mutual verification of results. Secondly, the effectiveness of such interaction is shown by the example of the use of diachronic research as the initial stage of conceptual analysis in the reconstruction of the concept evolution.

Goody, Polanyi and Eurasia: An Unfinished Project in Comparative Historical Economic Anthropology

Goody's essay overlaps with his recent work on the “search for metals” and, more generally, with his many books expounding the commonalities of Eurasian history. His critique of Eurocentrism remains invaluable. This review article argues that his emphasis on diffusion can be usefully supplemented with a concept of civilization, to facilitate comparative structural analysis. Goody's perspective might also be enhanced by an engagement with the literature on “Axial Age” cosmologies and with substantivist economic anthropology. It is worth revisiting Karl Polanyi's efforts to grasp the position of the economy in society, in order to recover in the neoliberal present the long-run Eurasian dialectic between redistribution and market exchange.

Theoretical and methodological basis of the comparative historical and legal method development

У статті розглядаються основні зауваження і заперечення, що виникають у науковому середовищі з приводу розробки історико-правового компаративного методу. Досліджуються теоретико-методологічні засади виокремлення цього засобу спеціально-наукового пізнання. Аналізуються ефективність та гносеологічне значення порівняльного історико-правового методу. Робляться висновки про місце порівняльного історико-правового методу у спеціально-науковій методології.

Strategies and Public Propositions in Games of Institutional Change: Theory and Comparative Historical Cases

This paper argues that game-theoretic approach is incomplete for institutional studies, because comparative institutions as well as institutional changes involve a possibility of multiple equilibria. In order to solve the common knowledge problem, this paper proposes to unify game theoretic thought with an analysis of public representations/propositions to summarize salient features of the recursive/emergent states of play. From this perspective the paper tries to reconcile differences in three accounts of institutions: endogenous outcome, exogenous rules and constitutive rules accounts. Then, the unified approach is applied to comparative and historical cases of the Tokugawa Japan and the Qing China. Specifically it sheds new light into the coalitional nature of Tokugawa Baku-Han regime nesting the fundamental Samurai-village pact as well as the tendency toward decentralization of political violence and fiscal competence to the provincial level toward the end of the Qing China. From these new historical interpretations, endogenous strategic forces and associated public propositions leading to institutional changes through the Meiji Restoration and the Xinhai Revolution are identified and compared.

A Scottish vision of Korea and East Asia before the ‘Great Divergence - John Campbell and Early Modern European Comparative Historical Discourse -

This article explores the intellectual significance of the early modern British interest in global and comparative historical discourse. It highlights the prominent concern with the relations between East Asia and Europe as central to the dynamic patterns of world order. Early modern British intellectual life was shaped profoundly by the insights of the Scottish Enlightenment about East Asia’s importance in global history. We can see this clearly in the writings of one of the most wide-ranging but now largely neglected eighteenth-century Scottish authors: John Campbell (1708-1775). A leading contributor to the Universal History project (London, 1747-1766), Campbell wrote extensively on European settlements in the East Indies. For Campbell, the key benefit of disseminating knowledge of East Asia was the encouragement of commercial relationships that would elevate the wealth and power of Britain. His work illustrates the self-conscious realization of Europe’s peripheral status in regard to East Asian power and economy. Crucially, Campbell highlighted the central global historical dynamic of the enormous outflow of precious metals to Asia in the early modern era. His arguments contribute new details and insights to the perspective of Chinese economic historians such as Kenneth Pomeranz and Robert B. Marks who contend that the hegemony of a Western-dominated world system was both a historically contingent and very recent phenomenon.

Moral Authority Leadership and Progressive Islamic Discourse: The Gulen Movement and the Nahdlatul Ulama in Comparative Historical Perspective

Much of the current scholarships on Islamic social movements in Muslim-majority countries focus on the political discourses of conservative/fundamentalist Islamic groups such as Al Qaeda and Hamas. Fewer scholarships have examined the role of theological ideas in influencing the political discourse of progressive/liberal leaning Islamic groups such as the Gulen Movement (GM) from Turkey and the Nahdlatul Ulama (NU) from Indonesia. Virtually none of the scholarships on these two movements have examined them from a comparative historical perspective. Utilizing constructivist international relations theory, this study attempts to make a theoretically informed cross-regional comparison between these two groups. It analyzes similar and different strategies utilize by these groups to promote and institutionalize progressive Islamic ideas - defined in this study as theological support toward democracy, state-religion separation, and religious tolerance/pluralism - within their respective societies. By conducting comparative historical, cross-regional study of these two Islamic movements, my project serves as a theory development exercise of the role of moral authority leadership and its role in disseminating new theological ideas beyond the artificial regional boundaries that has historically made scholarship on political Islam and Islamic social movements in the Middle East and Southeast Asia to exist largely separately, with little dialogue and collaboration with one another. This study brings together existing knowledge about Islamic social movements from the two countries in order to develop a new theory on the role of theological change within Islamic social movements that is generalizable across the Islamic world. The data of this research consist of historical documents, secondary studies, and in-depth interviews with officials and activists from these movements.

Nationalization, modernization and symbolic media: towards a comparative historical sociology of the nation-state

Nationalization, modernization and symbolic media: towards a comparative historical sociology of the nation-state

The Fate of Nationalism in the New States: Southeast Asia in Comparative Historical Perspective

In two landmark essays published in 1973, the eminent anthropologist Clifford Geertz offered an early assessment of what he termed “The Fate of Nationalism in the New States,” referring to the newly independent nation-states of Asia, Africa, and the Middle East. Ranging with characteristic ease and flair across Burma, India, Indonesia, Lebanon, Malaysia, Morocco, and Nigeria, Geertz argued that an “Integrative Revolution” was under way, but one complicated and compromised by the inherent tension between “essentialism” and “epochalism,” between “Primordial Sentiments and Civil Politics in the New States.” Geertz argued:The peoples of the new states are simultaneously animated by two powerful, thoroughly interdependent, yet distinct and often actually opposed motives—the desire to be recognized as responsible agents whose wishes, acts, hopes, and opinions “matter,” and the desire to build an efficient, dynamic modern state. The one aim is to be noticed: it is a search for identity, and a demand that the identity be publicly acknowledged as having import, a social assertion of the self as “being somebody in the world.” The other aim is practical: it is a demand for progress, for a rising standard of living, more effective political order, greater social justice, and beyond that of “playing a part in the larger arena of world politics,” of “exercising influence among the nations.”

The Public Sphere and Comparative Historical Research: An Introduction

The Public Sphere and Comparative Historical Research: An Introduction

Democratization and Discourse: The Public Sphere and Comparative Historical Research

Democratization and Discourse: The Public Sphere and Comparative Historical Research

Technology Transfer and the Gendering of Communications Work: Meiji Japan in Comparative Historical Perspective

This paper is concerned with the gender segmentation of occupations and the extent to which the gendered nature of a technology, or the use of that technology, is transferred from one country to another. Two imported technologies, the postal system and the telephone, are used as case studies to explore the gendering of occupations in Meiji Japan. I argue that the gendering of these occupations was the outcome of the nature of the imported technologies, the need to make the technology work in local circumstances, the required attributes of employees and prevailing social perceptions of gender. The gender division of labour that resulted was in both cases similar to, but not identical with, that in the countries from which the technologies came. However, the gendering of postal occupations in early Meiji was not the subject of any formal consideration by the authorities, whereas the later arrival of the telephone in the early 1890s was associated with a more carefully planned gendering of telephony along the lines of Western industrial economies. In both cases, though, the gender division of labour initially established persisted through much of the 20th century.