Regional Comparative Analysis Research Articles

Assessing the Role of Economic, Financial, and Institutional Dynamics on CO2 Emissions: Comparative Analysis of OECD and Western Balkan Regions

Assessing the Role of Economic, Financial, and Institutional Dynamics on CO2 Emissions: Comparative Analysis of OECD and Western Balkan Regions

Research on the potential of integrated vehicle control with closed-loop phase portrait analysis

The phase portrait is an important tool for analyzing vehicle stable region widely utilized in vehicle dynamic control systems. At handling limits, traditional open-loop vehicle stable region constraints will restrict the vehicle control ability, while the closed-loop actuator interventions can help states outside the open-loop stable region converge back to stable origin, which is more suitable for constraining vehicle states under extreme working conditions. This article systematically analyzes the potential of integrated vehicle control with closed-loop phase portrait. Firstly, a vehicle dynamic model considering actuator dynamics and tire transient characteristics is established. Then, a numerical optimal control method for calculating closed-loop controllability region is introduced. The controllability region under different friction coefficients, vehicle speeds, convergence time, vehicle steering response characteristics, actuator time constants, and tire transient characteristics are discussed and analyzed. In terms of different control inputs combinations, this article displays the controllability regions under different front steering angles, rear steering angles, direct yaw moments, and their synergistic performances. Control input laws derived from numerical optimization are summarized in two specific directions. Finally, a comparative analysis of open-loop stable regions and closed-loop controllability regions confirms the superiority of the proposed method. Potential applications of the systematic analysis are also discussed.

Characterisation of C-C Ligand 7 (CCL7) as Asthma Genetic Marker in Pigtailed Monkey.

The pigtailed monkey (Macaca nemestrina) is one of the species that have potency like the cynomolgus monkey that is widely used as an animal model for asthma study. The CCL7 gene has potential as a genetic marker because of the secreted chemokine that plays a role in asthma. The aims of this research are to characterise the CCL7 gene of pigtailed monkey, compare the structure of their CCL7 gene with other primate species and determine model 3D structure protein prediction of CCL7 protein. The amplicons were sequenced, and the results were analysed by the bioinformatics technique. The 3D CCL7 protein structure was predicted using I-TASSER. We have isolated 2221 bp sequences CCL7 gene and 109 amino acids from pigtailed monkey. Variation of CCL7 gene sequence between pigtailed monkey and other primate species (Macaca fascicularis, M. mulatta and Homo sapiens) was found in exon 1, exon 2 and exon 3 as CDS (Coding DNA Sequence) region. The analysis homology of nucleotides and amino acid sequences of the CCL7 gene indicated that the pigtailed monkey and three other primate species have a high homology rate with an identity score above 90%. Meanwhile, a comparative analysis of CDS and amino acid regions showed that the pigtailed monkey also has the highest similarity with the three other primate species with more than 90% identity score. The 3D structure protein prediction model of the CCL7 pigtailed monkey revealed the highest similarity with H. sapiens with an identity value of about 95%. Therefore, the pigtailed monkey CCL7 gene has high similarity with H. sapiens, which means that based on molecular similarity, the pigtailed monkey has the potential to be an animal model for asthma study, especially the study of molecular and the role of CCL7 in asthma pathogenesis.

Genomic characterization of Haemophilus influenzae harbouring an exogenous resistance gene.

Introduction. Reports of β-lactamase-producing Haemophilus influenzae are increasing worldwide.Aim. This study aimed to elucidate the molecular characteristics and evolution of β-lactamase-producing H. influenzae.Methodology. A total of 159 clinical isolates were characterized using multi-locus sequence typing. Antimicrobial resistance genes and integrative and conjugative element (ICE) types were identified through PCR and DNA sequencing. The genetic structure of ICE was further investigated using whole-genome sequencing.Results. Out of 159 clinical isolates, 20.8% (n=33) were β-lactamase producers. Thirteen sequence types (STs) were identified. ST 103, 155, 165 and 388 have been identified in previous studies, suggesting that strains with these STs tend to acquire the β-lactamase gene bla TEM-1. Among β-lactamase producers, 66.7% (n=22) of bla TEM-1 were located on ICE. The ICEs could be classified into two groups based on their sequence (types I and II). Among these strains, 2017-Y3 harboured a macrolide resistance gene, mef (A/E), in ICE. A comparative analysis of the ICE region of this strain and those from other countries suggested that each isolate was derived from ICE type I or II. These regions, including mef (A/E), were similar to those of Tn6822, which is commonly found in Streptococcus.Conclusions. This study revealed several STs associated with the acquisition of β-lactamase genes on ICEs. Additionally, ICE evolution involved the acquisition of exogenous genes. The accumulation of resistance genes in ICE raises concerns regarding the emergence of multidrug-resistant H. influenzae.

An innovative evaluation method for clinical comparative analysis of occlusal contact regions obtained via intraoral scanning and conventional impression procedures: a clinical trial

ObjectivesTo compare the occlusal contact regions (OCRs) obtained through an intraoral scanning system and conventional impression procedures via an innovative evaluation method.Materials and methodsFifteen participants with complete dentitions and stable centric occlusion were included. Three groups were created based on the technique used to obtain the OCRs of quadrant posterior teeth at the maximal intercuspal position: 100 μm articulating paper (Control), an intraoral scanner (Test 1, T1) and conventional impression procedure (Test 2, T2). OCRs of control group were digitized by the intraoral scanner, while all conventional impressions were cast and digitized by an extraoral scanner. The virtual occlusal records of the 2 test groups were obtained by buccal bite registration. The OCRs within 100 μm in the 3 groups were three-dimensionally superimposed based on the tooth surfaces and the area of OCRs (SC, ST1, ST2) was calculated. The area of overlapping OCRs (SO) between the test groups and the control group was calculated. In the two test groups, the consistency rate of OCRs (SO/SC) and the positive rate of OCRs (SO/ST) were calculated and compared. For occlusal tightness evaluation, the mean occlusal clearances (OC) as well as minimum OC between the upper and lower models were calculated and compared.ResultsThe consistency rate of OCRs was 0.73 ± 0.17 for T1 group and 0.23 ± 0.13 for T2 group (p < 0.001). The positive rate of OCRs was 0.67 ± 0.15 for T1 group and 0.56 ± 0.23 for T2 group (p = 0.143). The mean OC was 51.32 ± 16.04 μm for T1 group and 68.20 ± 18.15 μm for T2 group (p = 0.024). The minimum OC was − 61.74 ± 35.38 μm for T1 group and 4.09 ± 27.15 μm for T2 group (p < 0.001).ConclusionsFor obtaining occlusal records in the quadrant posterior region, the tested intraoral scanning system was more reliable for recording occlusal contact regions and showed higher occlusal tightness compared with conventional impression procedures.Clinical relevance(1) The evaluation method can assist clinicians in making more objective analysis and comparisons among different sources of virtual occlusal records. (2) Occlusal tightness is a key and indispensable indicator in the evaluation of virtual occlusal records, and it can be quantified by measuring the occlusal clearance utilizing the current evaluation method.

Music Characteristics and Regional Differences in (SHE) Ethnic Minority Folk Songs: A Comparative Analysis of Ningde and Eastern Fujian Regions

Tucked away in the stunning province of Fujian in southeast China, the region has a cultural tapestry as varied and vibrant as its breath-taking scenery. Through the analysis and coding of folk songs from four different geographical regions in China (Fujian and Ningde), this paper aimed to determine the degree of mutual interaction and integration of the musical cultures of the Shen and Han nationalities into modernity. It did this by developing a new musical characteristic density map for machine music classification. The nationality known as (SHE) is a small ethnic group in the area. The traditional cultural heritage as well as the growth of the (SHE) nationality have lagged behind the rapid advancement of modern times. This study investigates how to incorporate the culture of the (SHE) nationality into modern culture in order to fully realise the goal of "going out," starting from the conventional cultural heritage and creative growth of the (SHE) nationality. This paper discusses the formation of the (SHE) Minority folk songs in the context of protecting intangible cultural heritage. It does this by using the methods of literature research, field investigation, and comprehensive analysis to gather first-hand fresh field data from the components of historical evolution, protection process, inheritance method, development dilemma, and countermeasures. Questions of development and inheritance. The world will recognise the allure of the traditional culture of the (SHE) nationality as it is continuously enhanced and vibrant.

Artificial intelligence in the Russian regions

Objective: to provide a comparative assessment of the use of artificial intelligence technologies by organizations in the context of Russian regions and to identify determinants of their dynamics. Methods: descriptive statistics, histogram, grouping, principal component method, panel data models. Results: an absolute trend of recent years is to study and implement artificial intelligence technologies in many economic, industrial processes and social life. The article analyzes the trends in the application of artificial intelligence technologies in the Russian regions. The comparative analysis of regions by the level and growth rate of artificial intelligence technologiesuse by organizations showed that the regions were heterogenous by the dynamics of this indicator in 2020-2022. The regions were divided into four groups: above average and below average level in Russia. Econometric modeling based on the method of principal components gave grounds to unite the determinants of the use of artificial intelligence technologies into four components. Panel data fixed-effects models showed a significant impact of the component, characterizing the state of human capital, the level of economic development, and innovation activity of organizations in the region. Scientific novelty: for the first time an attempt was made to provide a comparative analysis of Russian regions by the level of artificial intelligence technologies use by organizations and to find the determinants of its change. Practical significance: the heterogeneity of regions in terms of the artificial intelligence technologies use by organizations was substantiated, as well as a great impact of the specific characteristics of regions, which should be taken into account when building a national policy of artificial intelligence development.

Comparative analysis of the LARP1 C-terminal DM15 region through Coelomate evolution.

TOR (target of rapamycin), a ubiquitous protein kinase central to cellular homeostasis maintenance, fundamentally regulates ribosome biogenesis in part by its target La-related protein 1 (LARP1). Among other target transcripts, LARP1 specifically binds TOP (terminal oligopyrimidine) mRNAs encoding all 80 ribosomal proteins in a TOR-dependent manner through its C-terminal region containing the DM15 module. Though the functional implications of the LARP1 interaction with target mRNAs is controversial, it is clear that the TOP-LARP1-TOR axis is critical to cellular health in humans. Its existence and role in evolutionarily divergent animals remain less understood. We focused our work on expanding our knowledge of the first arm of the axis: the connection between LARP1-DM15 and the 5' TOP motif. We show that the overall DM15 architecture observed in humans is conserved in fruit fly and zebrafish. Both adopt familiar curved arrangements of HEAT-like repeats that bind 5' TOP mRNAs on the same conserved surface, although molecular dynamics simulations suggest that the N-terminal fold of the fruit fly DM15 is predicted to be unstable and unfold. We demonstrate that each ortholog interacts with TOP sequences with varying affinities. Importantly, we determine that the ability of the DM15 region to bind some TOP sequences but not others might amount to the context of the RNA structure, rather than the ability of the module to recognize some sequences but not others. We propose that TOP mRNAs may retain similar secondary structures to regulate LARP1 DM15 recognition.

The Impact of Environmental Variability on Cotton Fiber Quality: A Comparative Analysis of Primary Cotton-Producing Regions in Türkiye

The Impact of Environmental Variability on Cotton Fiber Quality: A Comparative Analysis of Primary Cotton-Producing Regions in Türkiye

Genomics of hybrid parallel origin in Aquilegia ecalcarata

BackgroundThe parallel evolution of similar traits or species provides strong evidence for the role of natural selection in evolution. Traits or species that evolved repeatedly can be driven by separate de novo mutations or interspecific gene flow. Although parallel evolution has been reported in many studies, documented cases of parallel evolution caused by gene flow are scarce by comparison. Aquilegia ecalcarata and A. kansuensis belong to the genus of Aquilegia, and are the closest related sister species. Mutiple origins of A. ecalcarata have been reported in previous studies, but whether they have been driven by separate de novo mutations or gene flow remains unclear.ResultsIn this study, We conducted genomic analysis from 158 individuals of two repeatedly evolving pairs of A. ecalcarata and A. kansuensis. All samples were divided into two distinct clades with obvious geographical distribution based on phylogeny and population structure. Demographic modeling revealed that the origin of the A. ecalcarata in the Eastern of China was caused by gene flow, and the Eastern A. ecalcarata occurred following introgression from Western A. ecalcarata population. Analysis of Treemix and D-statistic also revealed that a strong signal of gene flow was detected from Western A. ecalcarata to Eastern A. ecalcarata. Genetic divergence and selective sweep analyses inferred parallel regions of genomic divergence and identified many candidate genes associated with ecologically adaptive divergence between species pair. Comparative analysis of parallel diverged regions and gene introgression confirms that gene flow contributed to the parallel evolution of A. ecalcarata.ConclusionsOur results further confirmed the multiple origins of A. ecalcarata and highlighted the roles of gene flow. These findings provide new evidence for parallel origin after hybridization as well as insights into the ecological adaptation mechanisms underlying the parallel origins of species.

Histological and single-nucleus transcriptome analyses reveal the specialized functions of ligular sclerenchyma cells and key regulators of leaf angle in maize

Leaf angle (LA) is a crucial factor that affects planting density and yield in maize. However, the regulatory mechanisms underlying LA formation remain largely unknown. In this study, we performed a comparative histological analysis of the ligular region across various maize inbred lines and revealed that LA is significantly influenced by a two-step regulatory process involving initial cell elongation followed by subsequent lignification in the ligular adaxial sclerenchyma cells (SCs). Subsequently, we performed both bulk and single-nucleus RNA sequencing, generated a comprehensive transcriptomic atlas of the ligular region, and identified numerous genes enriched in the hypodermal cells that may influence their specialization into SCs. Furthermore, we functionally characterized two genes encoding atypical basic-helix–loop–helix (bHLH) transcription factors, bHLH30 and its homolog bHLH155, which are highly expressed in the elongated adaxial cells. Genetic analyses revealed that bHLH30 and bHLH155 positively regulate LA expansion, and molecular experiments demonstrated their ability to activate the transcription of genes involved in cell elongation and lignification of SCs. These findings highlight the specialized functions of ligular adaxial SCs in LA regulation by restricting further extension of ligular cells and enhancing mechanical strength. The transcriptomic atlas of the ligular region at single-nucleus resolution not only deepens our understanding of LA regulation but also enables identification of numerous potential targets for optimizing plant architecture in modern maize breeding.

Moderating role of political stability and economic policy uncertainty between country governance practice and stock market performance. A comparative analysis of Pakistan and Kurdistan Region of Iraq.

The objective of the study is to explore the relationship between country governance practices along with political stability and Economic policy uncertainty, and stock market performance of two different economies, Pakistan and Kurdistan region of Iraq. To meet our objectives, we used the 25 years past data from 1996 to 2021. Data is collected from the DataStream database. The regression analysis is used as the method of estimation for linear and moderation effect. Our results show that regulatory quality, rules of law and political stability has significant positive relationship with stock market performance of Pakistan, but all the governance indicators have significant positive relationship with stock market performance of the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. Moreover, political stability has significant moderating impact between the governance practices and the performance of the stock markets of both economies indicating that the governance practices perform well with the political stability that leads to rise in the stock market indices of selected countries. Economic policy uncertainty has significant negative moderation impact due to creating the risk in both economies that decrease the performance of the stock markets of the selected economies. Finally, our study advocated some implications for the investors to increase their confidence on the stock of high political stability and low economic policy uncertainty economies. Government can take significant measures to control the uncertainty of the policy and portfolio managers can adjust their risk on the ground of the political stability and efficient governance practices countries.

Investigating palatal rugae diversity – a comparative analysis of Bilaspur and Nagpur regions

Forensic odontology plays a key role in person identification in case of mass disasters, criminal investigations, and ethnicity studies, and in identifying decomposed and disfigured bodies, fire victims, and victims of motor vehicle accidents. Rugoscopy is an important specialty, which has been an area of interest for many forensic odontologists. As palatal Rugae are present in all victims and resistant to change (aging, trauma, and so forth) so they act as an ideal for identification. Palatal Rugae are also named Plicae Palatinae transverse or Rugae Palatine. The Palatal Rugae are generally transverse ridges placed in the anterior part of the palatine mucosa. Palatal Rugae are resistant to thermal effects (heat and burn) and decomposition changes because of their internal position in the head. They are used in cases where dental identification is not possible and in patients where other body parts are burnt or decomposed.: Aim of the study is to identify and analyze different patterns of palatal rugae and gender differences in Bilaspur and Nagpur populations. : This study will include a total of 80 dental casts — 40 males and 40 females.: The analysis of palatal rugae concerning the number of rugae, shape, length, and unification will be done.

A Multivariate Performance Analysis of the Plastics Manufacturers: Comparative Analysis of European Regions

Abstract This study evaluates the economic performance of plastics manufacturers in European regions (e.g., Western, Southern, Central and Eastern Europe, and the Baltic States) between 2017 and 2020 based on data from 3,372 companies using multivariate correspondence analysis (MCA) and Welch’s test. They were analyzed according to the indicators of profitability, sales (or turnover), employment, and total assets. The results of MCA show that Central and Eastern European companies are absolute leaders in terms of profitability. While Southern European companies have the highest total assets, their sales and profitability are lower compared to other regions. We found that Western European companies lead in terms of turnover and that the Baltic region is roughly on par with Central and Eastern European countries in terms of profitability and employment. These differences were also tested using the pairwise Welch’s test, which revealed highly statistically significant differences, especially in turnover and total assets. The results also show that profitability levels are similar regardless of company size, while sales and total assets are significantly different across European regions. These findings on plastics manufacturers in different European regions are crucial to help policymakers and industry leaders make informed decisions to address economic performance, investment and environmental concerns, and to develop sustainable solutions for the plastics industry.

Unveiling the journey of a highly inclined CME

Context. A fast (∼2000 km s−1) and wide (&gt; 110°) coronal mass ejection (CME) erupted from the Sun on March 13, 2012. Its interplanetary counterpart was detected in situ two days later by STEREO-A and near-Earth spacecraft, such as ACE, Wind, and Cluster. We suggest that at 1 au the CME extended at least 110° in longitude, with Earth crossing its east flank and STEREO-A crossing its west flank. Despite their separation, measurements from both positions showed very similar in situ CME signatures. The solar source region where the CME erupted was surrounded by three coronal holes (CHs). Their locations with respect to the CME launch site were east (negative polarity), southwest (positive polarity) and west (positive polarity). The solar magnetic field polarity of the area covered by each CH matches that observed at 1 au in situ. Suprathermal electrons at each location showed mixed signatures with only some intervals presenting clear counterstreaming flows as the CME transits both locations. The strahl population coming from the shortest magnetic connection of the structure to the Sun showed more intensity. Aims. The aim of this work is to understand the propagation and evolution of the CME and its interaction with the surrounding CHs, to explain the similarities and differences between the observations at each spacecraft, and report what one of the most longitudinal expanded CME structures measured in situ would be. Methods. Known properties of the large-scale structures from a variety of catalogues and previous studies were used to have a better overview of this particular event. In addition, multipoint observations were used to reconstruct the 3D geometry of the CME and determine the context of the solar and heliospheric conditions before the CME eruption and during its propagation. The graduated cylindrical shell model (GCS) was used to reproduce the orientation, size and speed of the structure with a simple geometry. Also, the Drag-Based Model (DBM) was utilised to understand the conditions of the interplanetary medium better in terms of the drag undergone by the structure while propagating in different directions. Finally, a comparative analysis of the different regions of the structure through the different observatories was carried out in order to directly compare the in situ plasma and magnetic field properties at each location. Results. The study presents important findings regarding the in situ measured CME on March 15, 2012, detected at a longitudinal separation of 110° in the ecliptic plane despite its initial inclination being around 45° when erupted (March 13). This suggests that the CME may have deformed and/or rotated, allowing it to be observed near its legs with spacecraft at a separation angle greater than 100°. The CME structure interacted with high-speed streams generated by the surrounding CHs. The piled-up plasma in the sheath region exhibited an unexpected correlation in magnetic field strength despite the large separation in longitude. In situ observations reveal that at both locations there was a flank encounter – where the spacecraft crossed the first part of the CME – then encountered ambient solar wind, and finally passed near the legs of the structure. Conclusions. A scenario covering all evidence is proposed for both locations with a general view of the whole structure and solar wind conditions. Also, the study shows the necessity of having multipoint observations of large-scale structures in the heliosphere.

(770) - Comparative Regional Analysis of Severe Primary Graft Dysfunction: Insights from Tthe International Consortium on PGD

(770) - Comparative Regional Analysis of Severe Primary Graft Dysfunction: Insights from Tthe International Consortium on PGD

Regional disparities in COVID-19 case fatality rates: A comparative analysis of Nigerian Geopolitical Regions in 2020 and 2023

In December 2019, first case of COVID-19 was documented in the Wuhan, China. The symptoms commonly associated with COVID-19 include cough, fever, fatigue, and breathing difficulties. In 30th January 2020, the WHO declared COVID-19 a Public Health Emergency of International Concern. The coronavirus entered Nigeria through an infected Italian citizen who came in contact with a Nigerian citizen who was subsequently infected with the coronavirus. The coronavirus then spread to other citizens in Lagos and to other parts of the country. This study focuses on analysing the Case fatality rates (CFR) of COVID-19 in different geopolitical regions of Nigeria in the years 2020 and 2023. The regions considered are North Central, North East, North West, South South, South West and South East. This was a retrospective study using national surveillance data collected from all 36 States and Federal Capital Territory (FCT) in Nigeria. Epidemiological indices of COVID-19 of 12th July, 2020 and data as at 26th February, 2023 were downloaded from the official update database of the Nigeria Centre for Disease Control (NCDC) and World Health Organisation (WHO) weekly report within the same period of this study The confirmed cases and deaths were extracted directly while the Case fatality rates (CFR) were computed. The total confirmed cases, death cases, and Cases Fatality Rates (CFR) as at 12th July 2020 was 31,323, 706 and 2.3% respectively. However, in 2023, the values had changed to 440,139 confirmed cases, 3156 death cases an a CRF of 0.7% respectively. The North Central region was observed to have the highest fatality rate of 62.1% and 47.2% in 2020 and 2023 respectively. The North East accounted for 32.5% and 12.6%, Noth West 36.4% and 16.4%, South- South, 37.5% and 12.4%, South East 16.9% and 4.7% and South West 15.4% and 10.1% respectively in 2020 and 2023. The 6 geopolitical regions of the country experience decrease at different proportion in Case Fatality Rates and this can be attributed to various factors, including increased vaccination coverage, better understanding of the virus, improved healthcare infrastructure and more effective public health measures. Despite the decrease in case fatality rate, regional disparities still exist which may be linked to underlying socioeconomic and healthcare disparities between regions. Addressing these disparities is crucial for a more equitable response to future pandemics

Evolution of the enhancer-rich regulatory region of the gene for the cell-type specific transcription factor POU1F1

Precise spatio-temporal expression of genes in organogenesis is regulated by the coordinated interplay of DNA elements such as promoter and enhancers present in the regulatory region of a given locus. POU1F1 transcription factor plays a crucial role in the development of somatotrophs, lactotrophs and thyrotrophs in the anterior pituitary gland, and in maintaining high expression of growth hormone, prolactin and TSH. In mouse, expression of POU1F1 is controlled by a region fenced by two CTCF sites, containing 5 upstream enhancer elements, designated E-A (5′ to 3′). Elements C, B and A correspond to elements shown previously to play a role in pituitary development and hormonal expression; functional roles for elements E and D have not been reported. We performed comparative sequence analysis of this regulatory region and discovered that three elements, B, C and E, are present in all vertebrate groups except Agnatha. One very long (>2 kb) element (A) is unique to mammals suggesting a specific change in regulation of the gene in this group. Using DNA accessibility assay (ATAC-seq) we showed that conserved elements in anterior pituitary of four non-mammals are open, suggesting functionality as regulatory elements. We showed that, in many non-mammalian vertebrates, an additional upstream exon closely follows element E, leading to alternatively spliced transcripts. Here, element E functions as an alternative promoter, but in mammals this feature is lost, suggesting conversion of alternative promoter to enhancer. Our work shows that regulation of POU1F1 changed markedly during the course of vertebrate evolution, use of a low number of enhancer elements combined with alternative promoters in non-mammalian vertebrates being replaced by use of a unique combination of regulatory units in mammals. Most importantly, our work suggests that evolutionary conversion of alternate promoter to enhancer could be one of the evolutionary mechanisms of enhancer birth.

Statistical analysis of the differentiation of regions of the Russian Federation by tax revenues of consolidated budgets using the R language

The subject area of this article is the application of descriptive statistics and multidimensional classification methods to describe the regional features of the formation of tax components of revenues of consolidated budgets of the Russian Federation. The aim of the work is to demonstrate the simplicity and effectiveness of using mathematical and statistical methods and the functionality of the open source language R to solve problems of structural analysis of tax revenues, identify regional specifics, and comparative analysis of regions from the point of view of tax revenues. The apparatus of mathematical statistics implemented in the R language, in particular, opens up wide opportunities for classifying tax subjects, including multidimensional ones, significantly facilitating the procedures of analysis, ranking and planning. The functionality described in the article can be used in the process of forming and adjusting tax policy at different levels. The possibilities of the mathematical statistics apparatus in combination with the instrumental methods of the R language are revealed by the example of the classification analysis of the regions of the Russian Federation. At the same time, the absolute and relative values of tax revenues in the revenues of regional budgets are selected as classification features. The classification by belonging to the federal district and the study of the "natural" stratification by the method of cluster analysis are considered. The apparatus of mathematical statistics and, especially, the tools of the R language are used unreasonably rarely in research of this kind, despite the ease of use and the absence of the need for special training, these circumstances determine the relevance of this article. Aggregation by federal districts made it possible to identify: the Ural Federal District as the leader in terms of the average regional share of tax revenues in the revenue part of the budget and the North Caucasus Federal District, characterized by the lowest average regional contributions of tax payments to regional budgets. The analysis of the natural stratification of the regions of the Russian Federation by their relative tax contributions to consolidated budgets made it possible to identify groups: the most typical regions, subsidized regions, donor regions and regions in which the most expensive assets of enterprises of the Russian Federation are concentrated

Computer-Assisted Morphometric Comparative Analysis of Argyrophilic Nucleolar Organizer Regions (AgNORs) in Leukoplakia With Dysplasia and Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma.

Background Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and oral leukoplakia (OL) with dysplasia are closely linked conditions in the oral cavity, with the latter often indicating precancerous changes, underscoring the urgency of early detection and intervention. Histopathological confirmation is crucial for accurate diagnosis. The nucleolar organizer region (NOR), specifically analyzed through silver-staining (argyrophilic NORs), provides insights into nuclear changes associated with the lesion. Computer-assisted morphometric analysis enhances precision and objectivity in evaluating AgNOR-related parameters. Aim To conduct a computer-assisted morphometric comparison of AgNORs using various NOR-related parameters in cases of OSCC and leukoplakia with dysplasia and to evaluate their diagnostic significance. Materials and methods A computer-assisted morphometric analysis was conducted using various NOR-related parameters, such as nuclear profile area, single AgNOR profile area per nucleus, total AgNOR profile area per nucleus, and number of AgNOR profiles per nucleus on a total sample of 90 specimens, which includes leukoplakia with dysplasia (30), OSCC (30), and a control group, including 30 samples of normal oral mucosa. A comparison was conducted on the morphometric values between the groups under investigation. Tukey's multiple comparison tests and ANOVA were used to analyze the data and determine the differences between the groups. Results The present investigation revealed a significant difference in all four AgNOR-related parameters between leukoplakia and OSCC in comparison to the control group (normal oral mucosa). Comparing OL (41.78 ± 0.46) and OSCC (62.78 ± 0.47) to the control group (35.93 ± 0.99), the mean value of nuclear profile area (A Nuc) was significantly greater. In comparison to the control group (3.40 ± 0.09), the mean value of a single AgNOR profile area per nucleus (A NOR) was found to be relatively lower in both research groups, OL (2.00 ± 0.02) and OSCC (1.39 ± 0.01). The total AgNOR profile area per nucleus (TA NOR) had a mean value of 10.61 ± 0.69 in OL and 12.05 ± 0.28 in OSCC, respectively, compared to 7.82 ± 0.38 in the control group. The study found that there was more number of profiles of AgNORs per nucleus (n NOR)in the study groups of OL (5.30 ± 0.29) and OSCC (8.69 ± 0.19) than in thecontrol group (2.32 ± 0.11). Conclusion The parameters linked to the NOR are biologically informative and easy to check regularly in a pathology lab. Additionally, AgNORs give us important information that enables us to study the range of nuclear changes in malignant and potentially malignant lesions.