Companies In Slovakia Research Articles

Ensuring the logistics of the last mile from the perspective of distribution companies

In recent years, last mile logistics has been a serious issue, mainly because customers expect fast and reliable delivery of their order, no matter where they buy it or order it. Distribution companies are forced to develop innovative solutions for the delivery of goods to customers to meet their needs and meet their requirements. In the world, drones or autonomous vehicles, for example, are already used to deliver certain types of goods within the last mile, but in most cases traditional methods such as postal and courier services are used to deliver goods. The aim of the article is to state the possibilities of delivery of goods to customers, which are currently offered by distribution companies in Slovakia. For this purpose, the individual methods of delivery of goods, which are offered to customers by distribution companies and e-shops, were compared, evaluated in terms of their positive and negative aspects. Subsequently, the methods of delivery of goods in relation to the type of goods and customer requirements were investigated. The most frequently offered ways of delivering goods to customers are delivery of goods to a stone shop or a post office. On the other hand, the least offered option is the delivery of goods to an external dispensing point.

Online Marketing Communication Trends in Slovak Hotel Industry

Abstract Research purpose. Traditionally used communication mix as a part of company’s marketing strategy, including advertising, sales promotion, personal sales and public relations, is gradually changing and expanding. Thanks to the development of new information-communication technologies, all these tools are constantly being transformed into the conditions of the Internet. This fact also affects consumer’s lifestyle, and thus, their buying behaviour. As a large part of consumers are almost always online via fixed internet, WIFI or within data, companies in various sectors, especially in service sector such as hotel industry, have a better opportunity to reach a specific target group with online marketing communication. The main goal of the article is to provide a literature review on online marketing communication from the viewpoint of several foreign and domestic authors, analyse its trends in hotel industry and propose measures for the efficient online marketing communication in Slovak hotels. Design/Methodology/Approach. To achieve the main goal of the article, general scientific methods as well as statistical methods such as descriptive statistics were used. The primary data were obtained from the questionnaire survey focused on the determination of the online marketing communication trends in the hotel industry by Slovak consumers. The size of the basic set was determined by using demographic statistics of the Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic and was consisted of inhabitants living in the Slovak Republic older than 15 years. In total, 390 respondents participated in the marketing survey. The survey took the form of computer-assisted web interviewing respecting the ICC/ESOMAR (International code on Market, Opinion and Social Research and Data Analytics). For the processing of the survey data, the quantitative assessment method was applied. The secondary data included domestic and foreign scientific works, statistical databases and annual companies reports. Findings. Gradual changes in society, including the advent of new communication technologies, have an impact on the changing attitudes and behaviour of consumers, especially represented by the new generations, who prefer communication with companies in the online environment. However, there is still a large number of companies in Slovakia, including the hotel industry, that underestimate the power of online marketing communication, and their activity in the online environment such as social media is often inadequate. Based on the analysis and results of the questionnaire survey, it is thus clear that implementation of online marketing communication in business strategy of Slovak hotels brings many benefits, including brand building, improving relationships with customers and increasing their brand loyalty. Originality/Value/Practical implications. Finally, measures for the efficient implementation of online marketing communication in the specific Slovak conditions are proposed, and opportunities for future research are recommended.

Tax Loss Amortization of Companies in Slovakia

The purpose of this article is to research how companies optimize income tax with the ambition to maintain the achieved sales and profits at the highest possible level. Its purpose is to find out whether companies in Slovakia compensate for higher tax liability by tax loss amortization to reduce their income tax payable. Based on the review of literature from the field of legislation concerning the tax loss amortization by using the descriptive statistics of selected corporate and tax indicators, the companies are monitored in order to capture their behavior in paying income tax. The methods of deduction and synthesis are used in this article. The observed corporate and tax indicators are focusing on the relationship between the tax liability arising from corporate income tax, amortized tax losses, and the amount of tax payable in Slovakia in the period from 2015 to 2018. Tax loss can be considered as a tool for tax optimization, which is used by companies in all countries of the European Union, while the scope of its applicability is often limited by a time horizon. The amortization of tax losses has an impact on the amount of tax levied and the subsequent income tax payable, while the possibility to use this tool of tax optimization is influenced by the changing legislation in the period under review.

Motivational factors and job satisfaction of employees in agriculture in the context of performance of agricultural companies in Slovakia

The aim of our research is to identify how the effectiveness of motivation and job satisfaction of employees contribute to the success of agricultural companies in Slovakia. The research sample consists of 757 employees in agricultural companies in Slovakia. Baron and Kenny’s mediation model and regression ANCOVA (analysis of covariance) were also used. The hypothesis that the dependence of the business performance on the effectiveness of motivation of the employees is mediated by their job satisfaction has been confirmed. An important finding is that the direct relationship between the business performance of agricultural companies and the effectiveness of employee motivation is not significant. However, the variable that transmits this effect, respectively mediates the impact of the effectiveness of employee motivation on business performance, is the job satisfaction of employees. A significant relationship between the effectiveness of motivation was found mainly among financial motivators, which points to the problematic nature of this motivational setting. Significant influencing factors include age, education and job position. As the effectiveness of financial motivation and satisfaction was highest in these groups, it is possible to start applying new trends in employee remuneration to other groups that have not shown such a connection to such a significant extent.

Sustainable Development of Human Resources in Globalization Period

The article deals with human resource management, its theoretical principles, and its use in practice in the era of globalization. The main goal of this paper is to analyze and describe human resource management focused on the process of human resource development and education. The article shows how the principles are applied in a selected Information-Communication Technologies (ICT) company in Slovakia as an attractive employer who is interested in satisfaction, education, and growth of its employees, thus employer branding. The data was collected through a questionnaire survey with employees in the selected company. Secondary data from corporate sources were used, too. The aim of the survey was to point out the human resources management in a selected company and to examine the perception of the impact of employees development on their performance and to design effective approaches to personnel development in a selected company with an impact on employee performance. The aim of the survey was to find out whether there was a dependence between the subjectively perceived performance of the employees and individual aspects, which are the completion of technical training programs, individual evaluation of the employee, relocation of the employee, and the number of completed training activities. A questionnaire survey was used to achieve this goal.

The impact of the board process on board and corporate performance: the case of Slovakia

Nowadays a great deal of attention is paid to corporate governance (CG). Frequent takeovers of ownership rights by management bodies led to a need for business owners to establish clear rules for business management and compliance monitoring. The aim of this paper is to examine the relationship between selected characteristics of the governance process and the ability of governing bodies to perform their core tasks, as well as to model and predict the impact of the selected characteristics of the governance process on the company’s financial performance, measured by the year-on-year change in return on equity. The respondent sample consists of members of randomly selected top management entities with their headquarters in Slovakia. A total of 132 subjects participated and answered questions in the survey, 54% of which were joint stock companies, 36% were limited liability companies and 10% were respondents from cooperatives. Data were personally collected by a questionnaire survey conducted during 2019. To verify the assumptions and success of the formulated model, correlation analysis, binary logistic regression and other relevant tests were used. The results show that each of the examined board process attributes significantly affects at least one board performance attribute. All significant correlations have a positive value. Independent variables in the ROE regression model increased the estimation rate of ROE change from 54.5% to 93.9%. The model is applicable in the CG practice and allows the prediction of changes in ROE with respect to ongoing governance processes. AcknowledgmentThis paper has been supported by the Scientific Grant Agency of Slovak Republic under the project VEGA No. 1/0749/18 “Research on the application of corporate governance principles in companies in Slovakia”. The authors would like to express their gratitude to the Scientific Grant Agency of The Ministry of Education, Science, Research and Sport of the Slovak Republic for financial support of this research and publication.

Limited Liability Company in Slovakia: Current Problems Faced

This article is focused on the Limited Liability Company (LLC), the most popular form of company in Slovakia, as a legal form for small and medium enterprises. The article analyses selected topics that are important for comparison and for establishing a better understanding of the Slovak regulation; these are mainly capital requirements and capital protection, bans on the return of investment contributions, management responsibility, the responsibility of the single or majority member, and rules on minority protection. The article also describes the current problems regarding the LLC regulation in Slovakia (restrictions on the company formation, transfer of business shares, piercing the corporate veil, de facto statutory body/ director.

Business Failure Prediction for Slovak Small and Medium-Sized Companies

Prediction of the financial difficulties of companies has been dealt with over the last years by scientists and economists worldwide. Several prediction models mostly focused on a particular sector of the national economy, have been created also in Slovakia. The main purpose of this paper is to create new prediction models for small and medium-sized companies in Slovakia, based on real data from the Amadeus database from the years 2016–2018. We created prediction models of financial difficulties of companies for 1 year in advance and also a model for 2 years prediction. These models are based on the combination of two methods, discriminant analysis and logistic regression that belong, among others, to the group of the most commonly used methods to derive prediction models of financial difficulties of the companies. The overall prediction powers of the combined model are 90.6%, 93.8% and 90.4%. The results of this analysis can be used for early prediction of the financial difficulties of the company, that could be very useful for all the stakeholders.

Environmental assessment of existing pavements asphalt layers for production of new asphalt mixtures

Road construction requires a large amount of construction materials. During asphalt pavement construction it is natural aggregate and asphalt binder in particular. Their ratio varies depending on whether they are applied in an asphalt pavement as a wearing, binder or base course. Nowadays, pressure of public opinion on responsible environmental behaviour and effective use of financial resources create an optimal space for assessment of building materials from pavement layers. According to the EAPA (European Asphalt Pavement Association) data from 2017 the wearing courses accounted for 90 % of all pavement layers in European Union. In Slovakia their representation is also dominant. While in Western Europe reassessment of existing asphalt layers by recycling technologies has been used to the maximum, in Slovakia the reassessment was out of interest of construction companies. With the arrival of new machinery, legislation amendment and social pressure on responsible environmental behaviour, the strategy of some construction companies in Slovakia is also changing. The reassessment of existing asphalt layers for production of new asphalt mixtures goes to the forefront of the interest. This article summarizes necessary steps to achieve an increase in the re-use rate of R-material by hot-mix asphalt recycling technology in asphalt mixing plants.

Utilization of Geodetic Methods Results in Small Open-Pit Mine Conditions: A Case Study from Slovakia

Mining, especially surface mining, has a significant impact on the upper part of the soil cover, including fauna and flora. The article deals with the use of geodetic methods to observe the mining process and its possible impact on the environment. The created model can be used to design the recovery and reclamation of open-pit mines after their closure and mining termination. For the modeling of an open-pit mine, 2151 points from two stages of geodetic measurements were used. Graphical presentations of the geodetic measurements were compared with data from aerial photogrammetry. The measurement and processing results were used to visualize the spatial changes in the open-pit mine, which are necessary to take measures related to the recovery of the landscape affected by mining. Based on the calculation, 145.266 m3 were extracted during the period under exploration. When calculating the average excavated volume per working day, it was found that 188 m3 = 500 tons = 0.5 kilotons per day were extracted between the monitored periods. When comparing the original surface and the generated model of the open-pit mine, it was found that the entire top of the rock massif was permanently removed in the total volume of 3,421,000 m3. To capture the impact of mining on the surrounding environment, multispectral images of Landsat 7 and 8 during the observed period. Focused attention was divided into two factors, land surface temperature, and vegetation condition. The results from the temperature maps show that the open-pit mine is becoming a heat island. Analysis of the vegetative state confirms the rapid change in the health of vegetation, resp. reduction of its condition in the area around the open-pit mine. The presented results show that the selected methods and procedures are applicable in the conditions of the small mining company in Slovakia.

Size of the Company as the Main Determinant of Talent Management in Slovakia

Nowadays, all sources in the reproduction process are easily substituted, thus the most important factors in reaching a competitive advantage are human resources. Talent management is the process oriented to enrich higher the ability of employers to increase their quality and productivity. Globalization has changed the structure of the companies in Slovakia, depending on the size of the company. This paper compares how the size of the company influences the main phases of the talent management process (strategy, identification, assessment, development, retaining). A scaled questionnaire was applied as a tool for data collection in 381 companies operating business in Slovakia. Questionnaire reliability was verified by Cronbach’s alpha. To verify the existence of statistically significant differences between individual groups of respondents, ANOVA was used. We found that the main differences between small and large companies were identified in the phases of talent identification and talent development. In bigger companies, management is more focused on HR plans that include talent identification and acquisition and have more possibilities to develop talented individuals. On the other side we could see that small companies were more successful in the process of retaining the talents. Talented people in small companies are more loyal to the employers and stay in the company for longer periods than talented individuals in large companies.

Usage of indicators of innovativeness in marketing performance assessment in companies in Slovakia

At present, measuring of marketing performance should be an integral part of a comprehensive evaluation of the performance of a company. In this context, the paper points out the trend of the increasing number of indicators used in the area of marketing performance assessment and summarizes the most commonly used indicators in this area, with an emphasis on the innovativeness indicators. Following the theoretical bases it subsequently presents the results of the research more broadly aimed at the issue of marketing performance assessment in companies in Slovakia. The presented results are focusing mainly on the usage of indicators of innovativeness, which have been in companies in Slovakia identified as the least preferred category of indicators in the context of marketing performance assessment. The overall results of the implemented research suggest that the general trends in the examined area to a large extent apply also to companies in Slovakia.

Reward system design supportive to human capital stabilization in a company

The stabilization of human capital at the enterprise level presupposes the systematic and effective use of human resources management tools. One of these tools is the employees’ reward system. The paper in its theoretical contribution defines the conditions under which rewarding serves as an instrument for stabilizing human capital in an enterprise. Consequently, on the basis of its own survey data, the paper contains analysis of reward systems in companies in Slovakia in order to describe their development, current status and trends in the given context. Summary conclusions contains findings, that despite the significant and positive shift in several areas of remuneration systems in companies in Slovakia, the situation is still not optimal and offers room for further development.

Green innovations in logistics supporting the development of innovative green technologies, processes, products and services in companies in Slovakia

Significant changes on global markets influence behaviour of businesses as well as position of logistics. As logistics represents one of the parts in business process, it is important to monitor its direction and development. Modern management in a business, application of new information, technologies and systems, stricter legislation requirements, they all move business logistics forward. Logistics systems are being constantly modernised. Modernisation greatly considers automation, robotics, development of artificial intelligence and digitalisation. Rapid development of technologies and systems causes that future form of logistics, together with technologies, will represent important source of competitive advantage on the market. The main objective of the scientific paper is to identify, analyze, evaluate and generalize the use of green logistics in Slovakia in order to achieve the competitiveness of the company on the market. Green logistics will be one of the most dominant trends in business logistic in forthcoming period.

The Risks of Ethical Credibility: Innovations in Companies Management

The qualitative social changes experiencing in this millennium are characterized primarily by globalization and the internationalization of economic processes. These changes require creating innovative approaches to corporate management to lead to companies’ better economic results and thus provide them with a competitive advantage. Today, companies must respond quickly to the needs of the external and internal environment, be in close contact with customers, and support internal business activity. The paper aims to assess and evaluate selected companies’ ethical credibility in Slovakia based on the research conducted at the Technical University in Zvolen. The results of the research evaluate the risks of ethical credibility in selected companies in Slovakia. The authors build the desired way of behaving and acting of all stakeholders. As a bearer of ethical-moral norms and principles, corporate culture comes to the fore as an indisputable factor in the success of a company in the competition, which acquires a global platform. The currently ongoing economic transformation process creates such conditions for companies’ activities, which require a significant increase in their activities’ efficiency and improved customer needs satisfaction, which causes the need for radical changes. The changes concern in particular, how business entities react to their internal or external environment. Risk is a term that refers to an uncertain outcome with a possible adverse condition. Risk means a threat, a potential problem, the possibility of failure, damage, loss, or destruction. Risk expresses a certain degree of uncertainty, i.e. the probability of achieving a result different from the expected result. Examples of minimizing the risks arising from the unreliability and distrust to employees could improve work efficiency, interpersonal relationships and work ethic, and the work environment. Keywords: ethics, risk, ethical credibility, enterprise, procedure algorithm, research.

Analýza nástrojov manažérskej komunikácie vo vybraných podnikoch poskytujúcich elektronické služby

The article provides an overview of issues related to managerial communication in selected companies providing electronic services. It analyses elements of the communication process, defines individual barriers in managerial communication and points out their subsequent overcoming. As a part of secondary research, we compared internal communication tools and communication channels in several companies in Slovakia and abroad. We then evaluated the findings.

The Impact of digitization and automation of production on the role of the workforce in companies in Slovakia

The aim of this article was to evaluate the current view of domestic and foreign authors on problems and trends of production logistics in the conditions of globalization and to explore possibilities of development of the concept of Industry 4.0 in Slovakia. We also focused on the digitalization of processes, which are one of the basic prerequisites for the company's operation in the Industry 4.0 concept. The current conditions in the Slovak Republic, resulting from the functioning of the market economy, create new opportunities and the need to apply business approaches in production management. It is a prerequisite for the success not only of manufacturing companies to find balance between modern trends and technologies and people with necessary knowledge and skills.

Development of Tax Stimulation and Business Environment in Slovakia

Tax incentives are specific and targeted tax instruments in the economic and social policy of the state. With appropriate tools, the state can support the creation of new jobs and also the sustainability of human resources in existing companies. The article deals with the issue of stimulation of companies in Slovakia and the suitability of the applied incentives in connection with the business environment. The aim of the paper is to approach and analyze the impact of tax incentives applied in the Slovak Republic and evaluate them based on their impact on business entities, respectively business environment. The analysis of the overall development of provided tax incentives in the Slovak Republic is focused on the period from 2002 to 2018. The paper uses the method of analysis and synthesis together with the methods of tabular and graphical representation. Mathematical and statistical methods are used in individual calculations. On the one hand, it can be stated that tax incentives are important, even necessary, for countries, given the inflow of foreign capital, but on the other hand, domestic businesses are disadvantaged by which foreign investors disrupt the domestic business environment.

Comparison of Using Managerial Instruments in Industry Companies in Slovakia and the Czech Republic

Comparison of Using Managerial Instruments in Industry Companies in Slovakia and the Czech Republic

Project tools in relation to the implementation of the ability of innovation companies in Slovakia

The ability of project implementation is considered an important part of corporate reality. The current situation shows that project management is used not only in technology-oriented companies but has also found its place in other areas, mainly because of the effective implementation of the necessary corporate innovations. This article intends to analyze the use of project tools in various types of companies, including public institutions in the Slovak Republic. For the verification of the use of these tools, a random selection of 154 companies implementing projects in the Slovak Republic was used. In the research, we performed a cluster analysis and multivariate regression analysis. The results show the differential use of individual instruments not only in terms of the size of companies but also in terms of realized types of projects. The most important project management procedures are related to team communication, but also to clients and external experts. The results also show that the effective use of tools, especially in the project implementation phase and completion, significantly improves the success of projects.