Compact Block Research Articles

224-Gbit/S 4-PAM Operation of Compact DC Block Circuit Integrated Hi-FIT AXEL Transmitter With Low Power Consumption

We previously developed a semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) assisted extended reach electroabsorption modulator integrated distributed feedback (EADFB) laser (AXEL) to increase the optical modulation output power and a high-frequency integrated design based on the flip-chip interconnection technique (Hi-FIT) to obtain a high modulation bandwidth. We achieved a high-output power 224-Gbit/s 4-level pulse-amplitude-modulation (4-PAM) operation of a Hi-FIT AXEL module. In this paper, we developed a compact DC block circuit integrated into Hi-FIT AXEL module to decrease chip-power consumption without increasing the sub-assembly size and degrading the modulation bandwidth. We designed a Hi-FIT AXEL sub-assembly, that include a flip-chip interconnection board with a DC block circuit that affects the modulation bandwidth. We achieved a 3-dB bandwidth of up to 64 GHz for this designed sub-assembly. The fabricated Hi-FIT AXEL module has a 3-dB bandwidth of more than 62 GHz and a flat frequency response up to 50 GHz. For the 224-Gbit/s 4-PAM operation, the fabricated Hi-FIT AXEL module has a chip-out average output power of +10.0 dBm with a transmitter eye-closure quaternary (TECQ) of 1.9 dB. The integrated compact DC block circuit can reduce chip power consumption by up to 17%.

Spectral focusing-based stimulated Raman scattering microscopy using compact glass blocks for adjustable dispersion.

Spectral focusing is a well-established technique for increasing spectral resolution in coherent Raman scattering microscopy. However, current methods for tuning optical chirp in setups using spectral focusing, such as glass rods, gratings, and prisms, are very cumbersome, time-consuming to use, and difficult to align, all of which limit more widespread use of the spectral focusing technique. Here, we report a stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) configuration which can rapidly tune optical chirp by utilizing compact adjustable-dispersion TIH53 glass blocks. By varying the height of the blocks, the number of bounces in the blocks and therefore path length of the pulses through the glass can be quickly modulated, allowing for a convenient method of adjusting chirp with almost no necessary realignment. To demonstrate the flexibility of this configuration, we characterize our system's signal-to-noise ratio and spectral resolution at different chirp values and perform imaging in both the carbon-hydrogen stretching region (MCF-7 cells) and fingerprint region (prostate cores). Our findings show that adjustable-dispersion glass blocks allow the user to effortlessly modify their optical system to suit their imaging requirements. These blocks can be used to significantly simplify and miniaturize experimental configurations utilizing spectral focusing.

Measuring River-View Visibilities of Individual Dwellings for Planning of Compact Urban Riverside Neighborhood Blocks

Line-of-sight occlusion in compact cities commonly reduces the river views of riverfront residents. This study developed a new approach to measure the river-view visibilities of individual dwellings in urban riverfront neighborhood blocks. The objective of this study is to achieve a good integration between the morphology of building groups and the ideal river-view visibility of dwellings, and to provide assistance in building and landscape design through the proposed method. First, a design case of an actual riverside neighborhood block with two initial building layout schemes was selected. The complex layout scheme led to a better building-group morphology than the simple layout scheme. Second, 3D models were built using the Rhinoceros and Grasshopper software platforms, and 3D isovists were generated on the hypothetical River Surface Curve (RSC) equipartition points. Finally, the data from the 3D isovists were used to measure the river-view visibility of each dwelling. The results show that river views were available for all dwellings with the simple layout scheme; however, the complex layout scheme was polarized, with 3% of the dwellings having no river views, and a higher number of dwellings with high-quality river-view visibilities. The optimized layout scheme was based on repeated adjustments of the river-view visibility for all dwellings. The viewpoint clouds of the river views on the dwelling exterior walls are described for facade design guidance. The river-view measurement approach can accurately and efficiently measure the river-view visibility of each dwelling in the block, which can be used in optimizing of neighborhood block design.

Effects on the migration and speciation of heavy metals by combined capping and biochemical oxidation during sediment remediation

Capping and oxidation by lanthanum-modified bentonite (LMB) and calcium nitrate (CN) has a dual effect of deep phosphorus (P)/arsenic (As) clearance and surface P/As blockade. However, little information is available on the effect of LMB and CN on heavy metals. In this study, we hypothesize that LMB and CN exerted the same synergistic effect on heavy metals as P and As. We verified this through Rhizon samplers, diffusive gradients in thin films technology (DGT) and planar optode (PO) methods. The results showed that individual and combined LMB and CN treatments temporarily decreased but eventually increased the dissolved oxygen of the sediment-water interface (SWI). DGT-labile sulfide in the surface 110 mm sediment, soluble Fe(II) and DGT-labile Fe(II) in the surface 80 mm sediment were eliminated within 30 days by CN and LMB + CN treatments. A temporary sharp increase in soluble Fe, Mn, Co, and DGT-labile Mn, Co, Cu, and Ni was observed in CN and LMB + CN groups probably due to sulfide oxidation and carbonate dissolution. LMB + CN group showed a less-intense increase in DGT-labile metals and less metal release than the CN group (inferred from the total metal content). This indicates that LMB and CN had a synergistic effect on heavy metals. When using the LMB + CN treatment, LMB partly adsorbed and blocked metal release in sulfide and carbonate bound forms and finally transformed them into Fe and Mn oxides and residual forms. We suggest that CN should be combined with capping agents (at an appropriate pH) to compact sediments and block metal exchange at the SWI.

DCSAU-Net: A deeper and more compact split-attention U-Net for medical image segmentation

Deep learning architecture with convolutional neural network achieves outstanding success in the field of computer vision. Where U-Net has made a great breakthrough in biomedical image segmentation and has been widely applied in a wide range of practical scenarios. However, the equal design of every downsampling layer in the encoder part and simply stacked convolutions do not allow U-Net to extract sufficient information of features from different depths. The increasing complexity of medical images brings new challenges to the existing methods. In this paper, we propose a deeper and more compact split-attention u-shape network, which efficiently utilises low-level and high-level semantic information based on two frameworks: primary feature conservation and compact split-attention block. We evaluate the proposed model on CVC-ClinicDB, 2018 Data Science Bowl, ISIC-2018, SegPC-2021 and BraTS-2021 datasets. As a result, our proposed model displays better performance than other state-of-the-art methods in terms of the mean intersection over union and dice coefficient. More significantly, the proposed model demonstrates excellent segmentation performance on challenging images. The code for our work and more technical details can be found at https://github.com/xq141839/DCSAU-Net.

Assessment of gene action for morpho-physiological and biochemical trait in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

The present study was undertaken with the objective to assess the nature and magnitude of gene action for various morpho-physiological and biochemical traits in two crosses namely cross BHU 31 × HD 2733 and cross, HPYT 485 × HD 2967 in wheat. The six basic generations (P1, P2, F1, F2, B1 and B2 obtained from these crosses (made in Rabi 2018 and 2019) were evaluated for 13 quantitative traits including yield and micronutrient traits during Rabi 2020 in compact family block design with 3 replications at Research farm, RPCAU, Pusa and data were recorded on randomly selected plants per replication of each cross for all the traits. The estimation of micronutrient in wheat grains was done by X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry at Harvest-plus Division, ICRISAT, Hyderabad. The result regarding gene effect indicated that in both the crosses dominance and dominance × dominance effect for grain Zinc content (-29.00 & 19.18 and -9.79 & 7.04 respectively in cross I and II) and grain Iron content (-18.16 & 12.37 and -20.29 & 12.31 respectively in cross I and II) has significant role in expression of these traits. Duplicate type of gene interaction was found predominant for grain Zinc and Iron content and almost for all the traits due to opposite sign of dominance (h) and dominance × dominance (l) gene effect which tends to cancel the effect of each other in hybrid combination therefore selection should be advanced in later generation.

Study of Faraday waves in tanks in presence of polystyrene bead layers

When a tank is subjected to vertical forced excitation, Faraday waves appear at the surface of the liquid the tank contains. In this paper, we consider the effect of layers of polystyrene beads placed on the surface of isopropanol undergoing a low frequency vertical sinusoidal excitation. Beads on the surface remove most of low-frequency resonances and reduce the amplitude of waves for the remaining ones. The formation of resonances with beads is observed to come from small gaps in the bead layers. A sufficient number of beads is needed to maintain beads in one compact block and prevent Faraday waves.

Urban block as an effective tool for creating an environmentally comfortable environment

Modern urban planning sets itself the task of creating sustainable urban environments that would provide comfortable living and work for the population, while not harming the environment. In this regard, green construction has become one of the most relevant areas in urban planning.Green construction is a construction concept that takes into account environmental aspects and is aimed at creating environmentally friendly and energy–efficient buildings and infrastructure. Green construction includes the use of environmentally friendly materials and technologies, improving the energy efficiency of buildings and infrastructure, as well as the creation of green areas in the city.With the rapid growth of cities and an increase in the number of people, the problem of preserving ecological cleanliness and sustainability of the urban environment is becoming more and more urgent. Environmental problems of cities, such as air, land and water pollution, noise and vibrations, lead to deterioration of public health and negative impact on the environment. In this regard, there is a need for new approaches to urban planning that would take into account environmental aspects.In Russia, as in many other countries of the world, there is a need to create sustainable urban environments. One of the ways to create such an environment is to use urban blocks. Urban blocks are a modern approach to the construction of the urban environment, which allows you to create compact blocks that include residential buildings and infrastructure facilities. They allow for more efficient use of urban space and create comfortable conditions for the life and work of the population. In this article we will look at the practice of using urban blocks in construction, how they differ from other forms of urban development and what advantages they provide for residents and urban infrastructure in general.

Empirical Comparison of Block Relay Protocols

Block relay protocols play a key role in the performance and security of public blockchains. As a result, several such protocols have been deployed in the context of Bitcoin and its variants (e.g. legacy, compact block relay and Graphene) in an attempt to reduce bandwidth utilization. However, the relative performance of these protocols in realistic networking conditions (e.g. with nodes churning -joining and leaving the network) is still not known. This paper aims to fill this key knowledge gap using an experimental testbed of twelve full nodes connected to the Bitcoin Cash blockchain. With the aid of novel logging tools, we contrast the performance of these three protocols, in realistic scenarios, with respect to communication, delay, and block decoding success. Our main findings are that Graphene generally performs the best when nodes remain connected, boasting an average propagation delay of 190 ms (i.e. 29% lower than compact block and 80% lower than the legacy protocol). However, when nodes churn at a high rate, compact blocks may perform better. Through a careful temporal analysis, we identify some root causes of the protocol inefficiencies, together with potential mitigation. We have made our measurement framework and experimental logs publicly available to the broader research community.

Genetic Analysis for Phenological Characters in Desi x Desi Crosses of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) under Timely and Late Sown Conditions

Aims: To study of gene effects for phenological characters in chickpea crosses under different environmental conditions.
 Study Design: Compact family block design (CFBD was followed.
 Place and Duration of Study: The experiment was conducted at research farm, Rajasthan Agricultural Research Institute, Durgapura (SKNAU, Jobner, Jaipur, Rajasathan) during rabi 2020-2022.
 Methodology: The experimental material consisted of parents (P1, P2), F1’s, F2’s, and back crosses with both the parents (B1 and B2) of three chickpea crosses. The six basic generations viz., P1, P2, F1, F2, B1 and B2 of the three crosses viz., RSG-807 × RSG-895, RSG-895 × HC-5 and RSG-974 × Avrodhi were raised in compact family block design (CFBD) with three replications with two environments viz., timely sown (E1) condition and late sown (E2) conditions which were created by different date of sowing, first- November and first-December, 2021, respectively.
 Results: Pooled analysis of variance (ANOVA) over environments and simple ANOVA for difference among generations within cross in each environment were observed significant in all three crosses for both the characters. Means values of all six generations were lower in late sown condition as compare to timely sown condition in all cases. Simple additive-dominance model was found inadequate for both of the characters studied in all the crosses under both the conditions. The result of the generation mean analysis showed that non-additive gene effects were more contributed for the inheritance of traits in most of the cases, then additive gene effects.
 Conclusion: Among the all crosses, the mean performance of f1 generation of cross RSG-807 × RSG-895 was found low for days to 50 % flowering as well as maturity under both the conditions and durations of flowering and maturity were hastened under late sown conditions; therefore, early maturity varieties may be developed. However, due to presence of non-fixable gene effects selection for short durations for flowering and maturity will not effective in early segregating generations. In such situations, simple pedigree method of selection alone is ineffective. Instead, biparental mating followed by selection of desired recombinants from the segregating population is desirable. Since considerable amount of dominance effect was also present for most of the traits, selection of superior segregants has to be delayed to later generations until homozygosity is achieved.

Studies on Inheritance of Botrytis Grey Mould Resistance in Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)

Background: Botrytis grey mould (BGM) is a fungal disease of chickpea and can infect plants at any stage of development. In order to develop the resistant varieties, it is a necessary to understand the pattern of inheritance of its resistance and hence experiments were conducted during rabi 2014-17 at field area of GBPUAT, Pantnagar. Methods: The six different generations of three crosses i.e., DKG 876 x GNG1581, DKG 876 x H 208 and DKG 876 x DCP 92-3 were used as experimental material. All six generations were sown in compact family block design and data obtained from field disease screening were subjected to chi-square analysis. Result: The results revealed that resistance to BGM was dominant over susceptibility. The inheritance of resistance against BGM showed monogenic dominant resistance in ratio of 3 (resistant):1 (susceptible). The results of present study showed the presence of a major gene in governing resistance to BGM in chickpea.

Hetero-valent cations-doped zinc stannate nanoparticles for optoelectronic and dielectric applications

The continuous development in the field of the electronics industry has increased the demand for optoelectronic and dielectric substrate materials. Herein, ZnSnO3 (ZTO) and Mxn: Zn1-xSnO3 (Ca/Mn-ZTO and Cr/Ca/Mn-doped ZTO) nanopowders were prepared via a simple and low-cost coprecipitation method. The structural and functional characteristics were studied using XRD, FESEM, EDS, FTIR, and XPS techniques. The obtained results resembled rhombohedral crystal structure for all samples and gradual reduction was observed in the values of particle size and diffraction angles in the doped ZTO samples. FTIR results showed that multi-doping of ZTO with Ca2+/Mn2+ or Cr3+/Ca2+/Mn2+ causes a shift to higher frequency values of the tetrahedral and octahedral absorption bands indicating the impact of dopant cations on changing the crystal field in the lattice due to the induced strain with larger number of hetero-valent cations. Pristine ZTO particles appeared as agglomerated, dense, and compact blocks, while Cr/Ca/Mn-doped ZTO particles demonstrated larger homogeneity and less agglomeration having a spherical-like shape. The calculated band gap values for pristine ZTO, Ca/Mn-doped ZTO, and Cr/Ca/Mn-doped ZTO nanomaterials are about 2.27, 1.8, and 1.68 eV, respectively. Pure ZTO material possessed high dielectric constant which decreased by increasing the number of doping elements as a result of increasing the electronic conductivity. Moreover, Cr/Ca/Mn-doped ZTO showed the lowest ε′, ε'' and tanδ values in comparison with pristine and Ca/Mn-doped ZTO materials. Consequently, ternary cations doped ZTO materials displayed the best optical and electrical responses for optoelectronic, semiconductors, and electronic devices.

Air exchange rate and pollutant dispersion inside compact urban street canyons with combined wind and thermal driven natural ventilations: Effects of non-uniform building heights and unstable thermal stratifications

In the present work, a delicate CFD research of a multi-street canyon model with varying thermal stratifications and non-uniformities of buildings was conducted to investigate the street ventilation and pollutant dispersion between the compact urban blocks. Non-isothermal turbulent wind flow, temperature field and pollutant dispersion in a two-dimensional computational domain were solved by the Renormalization Group (RNG) k-ε turbulence model along with the enhanced wall treatment. Present numerical results indicated that the variation of ground heating intensity has a significant influence on the airflow pattern in the step-down case, and the distribution of pollutants in the street canyons mainly depends on the variation of the upper clockwise vortex. The canyon ventilation performance became better as the unstable thermal stratification strengthened. Similarly, the increase of ground heating intensity could reduce ADF (atmospheric dispersion factor) in the step-down case and ADF became the lowest when Ri = −3.92 was maintained. Additionally, the increase of building unevenness further complicated the canyon airflow structure, which aggravated the pollution of the canyon. In the step-down configuration, as the standard deviation of adjacent building height gradually increases, canyon ventilation could be further enhanced. For the step-up configuration, the best ventilation performance was found at σH = 16.7 %. ADF of adjacent canyons also varied greatly. When σH = 33.3 % was maintained, the peak and bottom values of ADF were discovered in the step-up and step-down cases, respectively. Present research has provided a theoretical reference for guiding urban design and improve living environment in modern compact cities.

The Spatiotemporal Expression of Ring1B in the Postnatal Mouse Cochlea.

Background:Epigenetic regulation plays significant role in the development of the inner ear. It is known that Ring1B can monoubiquitinate H2AK119 to compact nucleosomes and block gene transcription. Ring1B plays crucial role in embryonic development, heterochromatin function, stem cell maintenance and so on. However, it is still unknown whether Ring1B plays a role in the development of inner ear.Methods:Here, we used postnatal C56BL/6J mice to examine the expression of Ring1B in the cochlea using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, Western blot, and immunofluorescence staining.Results:Ring1B mRNA expression was observed at postnatal day 0 and postnatal day 14 cochlea. Ring1B protein was expressed in the cochlea on postnatal days 0, 14, and 30. The Ring1B was observed to be expressed in spiral ganglion cells at postnatal days 0, 14, and 30. Additionally, Ring1B was expressed in hair cells at postnatal days 0, 14, and 30.Conclusion:Our results provide the basic expression pattern of Ring1B and might be helpful for future investigations of the detailed role of Ring1B in the cochlea.

Umbrella meshes

We present a computational inverse design framework for a new class of volumetric deployable structures that have compact rest states and deploy into bending-active 3D target surfaces. Umbrella meshes consist of elastic beams, rigid plates, and hinge joints that can be directly printed or assembled in a zero-energy fabrication state. During deployment, as the elastic beams of varying heights rotate from vertical to horizontal configurations, the entire structure transforms from a compact block into a target curved surface. Umbrella Meshes encode both intrinsic and extrinsic curvature of the target surface and in principle are free from the area expansion ratio bounds of past auxetic material systems. We build a reduced physics-based simulation framework to accurately and efficiently model the complex interaction between the elastically deforming components. To determine the mesh topology and optimal shape parameters for approximating a given target surface, we propose an inverse design optimization algorithm initialized with conformal flattening. Our algorithm minimizes the structure's strain energy in its deployed state and optimizes actuation forces so that the final deployed structure is in stable equilibrium close to the desired surface with few or no external constraints. We validate our approach by fabricating a series of physical models at various scales using different manufacturing techniques.

Preparation of high-entropy ceramic oxide powder at different calcination temperatures and electrochemical applications

High entropy ceramic oxide (Mg0.2Co0.2Ni0.2Cu0.2Zn0.2)O (HEO) powders were synthesized by precipitation. X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TG-DSC), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS) were used to characterize the morphologies and structures of powders obtained at different calcination temperatures. The results showed that with increasing calcination temperature, the powder changed from a flocky precursor to a compact block shape. Due to the influence of the diffusion rates of different elements, the powder morphologies and structures differed for different calcination temperatures. Finally, the electrochemical properties of HEO powders prepared by the precipitation method were tested. The results showed that HEOs exhibited good electrochemical performance. The initial cyclic discharge capacity was 624.3 F/g; after cycling with different current densities, the discharge capacity still reached 591.3 F/g when cycled at 0.1 A/g, which was attributed to the good cycling performance and rate performance.

Assessment of Genetic Variability of Parameters for Yield and its Components in Soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merrill

An experiment was conducted with 9 crosses of soybean in compact family block design for 14 quantitative traits during kharif 2019 at N. E. Borlaug Crop Research Centre, Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar, Udham Singh Nagar, Uttarakhand, India to assess genetic variability, heritability and genetic advance. Genetic variability were found among the experimental materials for all traits. Phenotypic coefficient of variation was higher than genotypic coefficient of variation for most of the traits. Seed yield per plant showed highest genotypic coefficient of variation (29.1%). The highest heritability was exhibited by plant height followed by number of pods per plant, seed yield per plant and harvesting index. The value of genetic advance ranged from 0.06 (number of seeds per pod) to 89.45 (seed yield per row). The highest value of heritability coupled with high genetic advance as per cent mean exhibited by seed yield per plant followed by dry matter weight per plant, seed yield per row, number of pods per plant, seed yield efficiency which ensured additive gene action.

The shape and size of urban blocks

Two measures of shape compactness and fragmentation are coupled together into a plot that is defined as a two-dimensionalmatrix for classifying boundary shapes. Block shapes in a large sample of cities result in a swallowtail distribution in the matrix, which exposes two fundamental ways of transforming the basic compact block: by dissection, corresponding to large blocks with internal dendritic streets, and by stretching and bending, corresponding to serpentine blocks in hilly terrains and edge blocks along highways, railroads, and canals. The density of cases in each matrix zone reveals the realization of actual blocks out of the probable shape combinations as a manifestation of the social logic of urban form. The observed affinity between the shape and size of non-basic blocks in cities is used to formulate a model that explains them according to the constraints of arranging plots along the streets combined with the requirements for the intelligibility of navigation and the minimization of travel distance. Considering blocks as intra-street cells, the proposed block classification reveals important links between topological and geometric aspects of the street networks thus contributing to urban modeling, morphological classification, and comparative studies.

Disintegrating the Structure and Improving the Functionalities of Pea Fiber by Industry-Scale Microfluidizer System.

In the food industry, the most prominent and concerned points in the application of dietary fiber are hydration properties and oil absorption capacity. The target of this work was to investigate the impact of a novel industry-scale microfluidizer system (ISMS) on the changing structures and functionalities of pea fiber. Different ISMS treatment intensity (0–120 MPa for one pass and 120 MPa for two passes) was applied to treat pea fiber. ISMS treatment induced the reduction in particle size and the transformation of big compact blocks to loose flakes, and the destruction of the original ordered cellulose structure caused the decline of crystallinity. Meanwhile, the hydration properties of pea fiber were improved, and pre-pulverizer and industry-scale microfluidizer treatment together increased the swelling capacity and water retention capacity of fiber. The oil holding capacity of ISMS-treated fiber was increased to more than double the original one. The elevated functionalities of pea fiber by ISMS treatment could be attributed to loosening structure, exposing more surface area, and disordering the crystalline structure, which increased the sites of water binding and oil adsorption. These findings suggested that ISMS could be applied as an effective industrial technique to the disintegrate structure and improve the functionalities of pea fiber, so as to widen the application of pea fibers in foods.

Generation Mean Analysis Reveals the Predominant Gene Effects for Grain Iron and Zinc Contents in Pearl Millet.

Pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.] is a climate-resilient dryland cereal that has been identified as a potential staple food crop that can contribute to alleviating micronutrient malnutrition, particularly with respect to grain iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) contents, in Sub-Saharan Africa and India. In this regard, an understanding of the inheritance pattern of genes involved in Fe and Zn contents is vital for devising appropriate breeding methods to genetically enhance their levels in grains. In this study, we aimed to determine the genetic effects underlying such inheritance and their interactions based on the generation mean analyses. Four experimental crosses and their six generations (P1, P2, F1, BCP1, BCP2, and F2) were independently evaluated in a compact family block design in 2017 rainy and 2018 summer seasons. ANOVA revealed highly significant mean squares (p < 0.01) among different generations for grain Fe and Zn contents. Six-parameter generation mean analyses revealed a predominance of additive genetic effect and a significant (p < 0.05) additive × dominant interaction for the grain Fe content. The additive genetic effect for the grain Zn content was also highly significant (p < 0.01). However, interaction effects contributed minimally with respect to most of the crosses for the grain Zn content and hence we assume that a simple digenic inheritance pattern holds true for it. Furthermore, we established that narrow-sense heritability was high for the grain Fe content (>61.78%), whereas it was low to moderate for the grain Zn content (30.60–59.04%). The lack of superior parent heterosis coupled with non-significant inbreeding depression for Fe and Zn contents in grains further confirmed the predominance of an additive genetic effect. These findings will contribute to strategizing a comprehensive breeding method to exploit the available variability of grain Fe and Zn contents for the development of biofortified hybrids of pearl millet.