Community Water Supply Research Articles

Land Use Changes Impact Analysis to Surface Runoff in Kalibenda Village

The rainwater that reaches the ground will enters the soil (infiltration) and some water are not absorbed by the soil will become surface runoff. The regional development tends to change water catchment areas by changing land functions and affecting surface runoff. The regional development in Kalibenda Village has cause problems related to the local community water supply. In 2019 some of the local community in Kalibenda Village have experienced difficulties in accessing clean water supply which has never happened in the past . This study provides an analyze of the impact of land use changes that occur in Kalibenda Village on surface runoff. This study uses a Rational method to calculating runoff discharge by using elevation profile analysis tool from Google Earth program to calculated sloop, Approb_4.1 program to process rain data and ArcSwat Tools in the ArcMap 10.2 program to water catchment analysis. The study results shows that Kalibenda Village divided into 6 (six) catchment water. There has been increased runoff from 2000 to 2021 by 6.44%. The most influential factors are changes in land cover change from rice fields to settlements, plantations and meadow grass.

Joint Participation of the State and Community Based Organizations (CBOS) In Poverty Alleviation: An Impact Study

The study was undertaken to examine the joint contributions of the state and Community Based Organisations (CBOs) in poverty alleviation and the impact thereof in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. The study adopted survey research methodology. The hypothesis of the study was set up to test the relationship between joint participation of the state and community based organizations (CBOs) in social infrastructural development and poverty alleviation. Simple random sampling and multi stage cluster sampling techniques were used to select the sample size for the study. The instrument for data collection was a 20 item, well validated questionnaire. The data analysis revealed that joint participation strategy of the state and CBOs has significant and positive relationship with poverty alleviation through the provision of social infrastructure such as water and electricity supply, skill acquisition, educational and health facilities in local communities of Akwa Ibom State. The study also revealed that the provision of such social infrastructure in the local communities through joint participation of state and CBOs enhanced establishment and spread of small scale business enterprises which in turn increased job opportunities and income earnings of the members of the communities under study. Based on the finding, the study recommends that the state should develop policies that would involve and integrate the people and their CBOs in the development of rural communities in Akwa Ibom State and Nigeria at large particularly in social infrastructural development for purposes of poverty alleviation in the state and the country as well.

Design and performance analysis of a renewable pumping system for treated wastewater to reuse in the Moroccan desert

Abstract Treated wastewaters are an important alternative water supply for communities in dry climates all over the world. This study investigates using waste stabilization ponds (WSPs) to treat wastewater and the design of a solar photovoltaic pumping system to transfer the water to an Oasis in the Moroccan desert. The Oasis is currently about 5 ha in size and is irrigated with 24 m3/day of underground water. The wastewater is subjected to physicochemical and bacteriological analyses, also monitoring of operation, maintenance and loading rates of the WSPs for 12 months. To build a solar water pumping system, data on the system's components as well as local climatic data are obtained. The design optimization is done by simulation software PVsyst. WSPs provide reduced rates of BOD and fecal coliforms of 95 and 99%, respectively, with an average effluent concentration of 20 mg/l and 195 CFU. The exploitation of solar energy for pumping 24 m3/day requires five panels with a unit nominal power of 440 W for each panel and 2200 W for the entire system. This allows us to save about 1,500 kg of CO2 emissions per year, protect the region's fragile water resources and ensure the sustainability of the Oasis.

Towards Financial Sustainability: Beneficiaries’ Perception and Performance of Community Water Supply Services in Ghana

Revenue mobilization is critical for community-managed water systems to overcome financial constraints and to achieve financial sustainability. Using data from beneficiaries of a community managed water supply system in Ghana, we employed descriptive statistics, chi-square, perception index and document review of the system’s financial reports to assess beneficiaries’ views and perception on revenue mobilization for operations and maintenance, system expansion as well as sustainability of the project. The results showed that revenue mobilization for sustainability of operations and maintenance is significantly influenced by water connection type and religion while marital status, age and income of beneficiaries determine sustainability of the project’s expansion. The findings further revealed a significant relationship between sustainability of replacement of the project’s accessories and water connection type as well as gender, marital status, age and income of beneficiaries. The average perception index of 3.2 showed that beneficiaries perceived revenue mobilization as very good for replacing the water system’s accessories. Revenue mobilization is able to support the water system’s expansion to help meet the increasing water demands. In addition, with an average perception index of 3.6, the beneficiaries’ perception was that revenue was enough to fund operations and maintenance. Furthermore, the document review of the system’s financial reports confirmed beneficiaries’ perception of sufficiency of revenue for operations and maintenance. Finally, we found weaknesses in revenue mobilization with over 40% of bills in arrears, mostly from private users. To build resilience to the financial crisis with enhanced innovations, the study recommends the institution of effective debt recovery strategies such as the provision of pre-paid metering for private users, adoption of a public standpipe pay-as-you-fetch system as well as the introduction of smart tap technology for public standpipes in community-managed water supply systems.

Accessible Phreatic Groundwater Resources in the Central Shijiazhuang of North China Plain: Perspective From the Hydrogeochemical Constraints

Phreatic groundwater plays a significant role in the water supply for human communities, especially in water scarce regions. This research was conducted to investigate the hydrochemistry and contamination of phreatic groundwater and their constraints on drinking water supply in a semiarid region of the North China Plain. A total of 49 phreatic groundwaters were collected for the hydrochemical analysis. The results suggested the phreatic groundwater had a slightly alkaline nature. Although the groundwater had a large variation of salinity with the TDS of 172–1,875 mg/l, most groundwater was moderately-hard fresh and of HCO3-Ca type. Contaminants of NO3−, NO2−, NH4+, Fe, F−, Zn, Mn were detected, but only NO3−, NO2−, NH4+, and Fe were found exceeding the drinking water desirable limits at some sites. The nitrogen contaminants were from anthropogenic inputs (urban sewage effluents and agricultural fertilizers) and mainly distributed in the central study area. The anthropogenic inputs of nitrogen contaminants also elevated groundwater salinity. Among the exceeding contaminants, only NO3− would pose a potential health risk to water consumers. The existing health risks by NO3− ranged from medium risk (HQ of 1–4) to high risk (hazard quotient > 4) for all populations, and most risks were categorized into the medium risk rank. Groundwater F− was also found with health risk at some sporadic sites although it did not exceed, only approached, the desirable limit. Its health risk was only to infants and categorized into the medium risk with the maximum HQ of 1.55. Most phreatic groundwater (83.67%) in the study area had relatively good quality and was suitable for domestic usage with the EWQI value below 150. Others belonged to the poor (EWQI of 150–200) and extremely poor (EWQI > 200) quality categories, and mainly distributed in the urban Gaocheng. Thus, it is recommended to pay attentions to the anthropogenic contaminants inputs into phreatic aquifers in human activities areas.

Lead contamination of public drinking water and academic achievements among children in Massachusetts: a panel study

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Public drinking water can be an important source exposure to lead, which can affect children's cognitive development and academic performance. Few studies have looked at the impact of lead exposures from community water supplies or their impact on school achievements. We examined the association between annual community water lead levels (WLLs) and children's academic performances at the school district level. METHODS: We matched the 90th percentile WLLs with the grade 3-8 standardized test scores from the Stanford Education Data Archive (SEDA) on Geographic School Districts (GSD) by geographic location and year. We used multivariate linear regression and adjusted for urbanicity, race, socioeconomic characteristics, school district, grade, and year. The model resembles a difference-in-difference (DID) approach in a panel data setting and can have a causal interpretation if certain assumptions are met. We also explored potential effect measure modifications and lag effects. RESULTS:After adjusting for potential confounders, a 5 μg/L increase in 90th percentile WLLs in a GSD was associated with approximately a 0.00684 [0.00021, 0.01348] standard deviation decrease in the average math test score in the same year. No association was found for English/Language Arts. CONCLUSIONS:Using a DID causal modeling method, we found an association between the annual fluctuation of WLLs and math test scores in Massachusetts school districts, after adjusting for confounding by urbanicity, race, socioeconomic factors, school district, grade and year. The implications of a detectable effect of WLLs on academic performance even at the modest levels evident in Massachusetts are significant and timely. Persistent efforts should be made to further reduce lead in drinking water. KEYWORDS: Heavy metals, Neurodevelopmental outcomes, Children's environmental health, Environmental epidemiology

Private Well Testing in Peri-Urban African-American Communities Lacking Access to Regulated Municipal Drinking Water: A Mental Models Approach to Risk Communication.

Majority African‐American neighborhoods on the edges of North Carolina municipalities are less likely than white peri‐urban neighborhoods to be served by a community system regulated under the Safe Drinking Water Act. These households rely on unregulated private wells, which are at much higher risk of contamination than neighboring community water supplies. Yet, risk awareness of consuming well water is low, and no prior research has tested risk communication interventions for these communities. We present a randomized‐controlled trial of an oversized postcard to promote water testing among this audience. The postcard design followed the mental models approach to risk communication. To our knowledge, this is the first U.S. randomized‐controlled trial of a mailed communication to promote water testing in any audience and one of few trials of the mental models approach. We evaluated the postcard's effects on self‐reported water testing with and without a free water test offer (vs. no‐intervention control) via a survey mailed one month after the interventions. The combined communication and free test doubled the odds of self‐reported water testing, compared to the control group (p = 0.046). It increased the odds of testing by 65%, compared to the free test alone. Recall of receiving a postcard about water testing increased the odds of self‐reported testing twelve‐fold (p < 0.001). Although these results suggest that targeted risk information delivered by mail can promote water testing when paired with a free test, the mechanism remains unclear. Additional research on beliefs influencing perceptions about well water may yield interventions that are even more effective.

Five enablers to deliver safe water and effective sewage treatment to remote Indigenous communities in Australia.

Safe drinking water and effective sanitation in remotely located Indigenous communities are essential services and their provision is a human right. Yet sustainable provision of these services can be challenging. Risks to human health from inadequate provision include transmission of hygiene-related infections from microbial contamination, and toxic chemicals that may cause kidney damage or dysfunction. This narrative review is conducted in the current context of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 6, the 'refresh' of the National Agreement on Closing the Gap in Indigenous inequity, and the 2020 Inquiry of the Australian Productivity Commission into the National Water Reform. Challenges to providing drinking water supplies in remote communities include biological contamination and chemical contamination from naturally occurring elements in groundwater. Monitoring regimes can be challenged by remote location, minimal and/or high turnover of staff and a lack of ongoing maintenance. Unpalatable water can shift consumption to purchased drinks such as sugar-sweetened beverages, with flow-on health impacts of diet-related chronic conditions such as overweight and obesity, and type 2 diabetes. By analysing two effective programs from remote areas of New South Wales and the Torres Strait Islands in Queensland, Australia, five enablers were identified: people factors (support, training, cultural competence); cross-agency collaboration (regulators, funders, state and local government); technology that is fit for place, purpose and local people; funding that is sufficient and sustainable; and taking a systems view of water and sanitation.

Assessment of current status and geospatial analysis of compliance to bacteriological parameters: Tools to ensure access to safe water in Sri Lanka

Compliance of drinking-water to bacteriological parameters serves as a surrogate measure of the risk of water-borne diseases. Understanding the risk of water-borne diseases could help promote healthy behaviors such as household water treatment and safe water storage practices and advocacy to increase access to centrally-managed piped water. The objective of this research was to assess the current status of compliance and to geospatially analyze the probability of compliance to bacteriological parameters in the Western Province of Sri Lanka. A drinking-water quality survey was conducted among 4508 households representing four water-source types: National Water Supply and Drainage Board (NWSDB), dug wells, Community Water Supply (CWS), and tube wells, and other sources. Besides, a detailed assessment of selected NWSDB and CWS supplies was done. Water samples were tested for the total coliform count, thermotolerant coliform count, and free residual chlorine levels against the Sri Lanka Standards. Indicator kriging was performed using the geospatial analyst tool of ArcGIS version 10.6 for different water source types to interpolate the probability of compliance for both total coliform count and thermotolerant coliform count. The bacteriological compliance decreased from NWSDB to tube wells and other sources to CWS to dug wells. The interpolation maps confirm the relatively higher compliance of NWSDB for bacteriological parameters compared to other sources. Areas with a high probability of compliance for both parameters show considerable overlap with urban areas with a supply of centrally managed water from the NWSDB. It is recommended to expand the coverage of NWSDB water, strengthen the drinking-water quality surveillance system and water safety plans, and promote household water treatment and safe storage practices in the Western Province of Sri Lanka.

Sugar sweetened beverages and increasing prevalence of type 2 diabetes in the Indigenous community of Australia

AimsThe aim of this viewpoint was to discuss a profound health gap in type 2 diabetes that exists between Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians. Data synthesisIn Australia, type 2 diabetes is ranked as the fastest growing chronic condition, with the rates of type 2 diabetes higher among Indigenous than non-Indigenous Australians. Improvements to diet could aid in reducing overweight and obesity in the Indigenous community, with sugar sweetened beverages (SSBs) examples of discretionary foods that contain a high amount of sugar. The marked increase in type 2 diabetes, obesity and consumption of SSBs in the Indigenous community may suggest that type 2 diabetes may result from weight gain caused by SSB consumption. Recent evidence suggests that higher consumption of SSBs was associated with greater incidence of type 2 diabetes independent of adiposity. Some determinants influencing increased SSBs consumption in the Indigenous population include advertising, marketing, availability and affordability. ConclusionsThe prevalence rates of type 2 diabetes continue to be higher among Indigenous than non-Indigenous Australians and overall, a link between SSBs and risk of type 2 diabetes is reported. Three solutions to high SSBs consumption in Indigenous communities include increased availability, affordability, and accessibility of healthy food and drink, engagement of Indigenous people in offering solutions including discussion of a sugar tax on SSBs framed with Indigenous input, and the provision of clean community water supply and water bubblers.

Extending traditional water supplies in inland communities with nontraditional solutions to water scarcity

AbstractUrban communities around the world are grappling with the challenges associated with population increases, drought, and projected water shortages. With a substantial global shortfall between water supply and demand expected by 2030, water planning strategies must adapt to a new reality characterized by higher temperatures and less precipitation, requiring new ways of thinking about water management, use, and governance. Commonplace strategies such as water conservation and nonpotable water reuse might not be sufficient to adequately stretch water supplies in water‐scarce parts of the industrialized world. In the United States, planned potable water reuse (i.e., purification of domestic wastewater for reuse as drinking water) is emerging as a way forward to mitigate water shortages without significant changes to lifestyle, behavior, or infrastructure. But potable reuse is not the only solution: paradigm shifting and disruptive options that more holistically address water scarcity, such as composting toilets and market‐based approaches to water use, are also gaining traction, and they could be pursued alongside or instead of potable water reuse. However, these options would require more significant changes to lifestyles, behavior, infrastructure, and governance. While all of the options considered offer advantages, they each come with new concerns and challenges related to cost, public perception, social norms, and policy. The goal of this work is to consider a number of plausible solutions to water scarcity—partial and complete, traditional and disruptive—to stimulate forward‐looking thinking about the increasingly common global problem of water scarcity.This article is categorized under: Engineering Water &gt; Sustainable Engineering of Water Engineering Water &gt; Planning Water

Анализ риска здоровью населения, обусловленного загрязнением питьевой воды (опыт Самарской области)

Environmental contamination is still a pressing issue, in particular, contaminated drinking water sources and contaminated drinking water from centralized communal water supply systems, since it produces negative effects on human health. Our research goal was to estimate probable impacts exerted on overall morbidity in Samara by quality of drinking water taken from centralized communal water supply systems as a most significant environmental factor. Our research tasks included taking and analyzing drinking water samples from centralized communal water supply systems; calculating carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health risks caused by analyzed chemicals. To fulfill the tasks and achieve the goals, in 2018–2019 we performed sanitary-chemical analysis of drinking water quality as per 20 sanitary-chemical parameters; our research object was drinking water taken from centralized communal water supply systems in 7 districts in Samara. Obtained actual data on contamination of water taken from centralized water supply networks in Samara were used as primary basis for calculating hazard indexes and carcinogenic risk coefficients using conventional exposure scenarios. In our research we revealed that maximum total non-carcinogenic hazard quotient was determined by arsenic and petroleum products introduction. Assessment of carcinogenic risks caused by contaminants in drinking water revealed that total health risk for children younger than 18 was within the second range as per its median; total carcinogenic risks for adults, within the third range. At the same time, arsenic contents did not exceed hygienic standards in all examined samples. So, we assessed carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks, basing on actual data on quality of drinking water taken from centralized communal water supply systems. It seems vital to perform a wider-scale controlled study in several regions in order to assess significance of revealed factors for morbidity among population.

Analyzing health risks caused by contaminated drinking water (experience gained in Samara region)

Environmental contamination is still a pressing issue, in particular, contaminated drinking water sources and contaminated drinking water from centralized communal water supply systems, since it produces negative effects on human health. Our research goal was to estimate probable impacts exerted on overall morbidity in Samara by quality of drinking water taken from centralized communal water supply systems as a most significant environmental factor. Our research tasks included taking and analyzing drinking water samples from centralized communal water supply systems; calculating carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health risks caused by analyzed chemicals. To fulfill the tasks and achieve the goals, in 2018–2019 we performed sanitary-chemical analysis of drinking water quality as per 20 sanitary-chemical parameters; our research object was drinking water taken from centralized communal water supply systems in 7 districts in Samara. Obtained actual data on contamination of water taken from centralized water supply networks in Samara were used as primary basis for calculating hazard indexes and carcinogenic risk coefficients using conventional exposure scenarios. In our research we revealed that maximum total non-carcinogenic hazard quotient was determined by arsenic and petroleum products introduction. Assessment of carcinogenic risks caused by contaminants in drinking water revealed that total health risk for children younger than 18 was within the second range as per its median; total carcinogenic risks for adults, within the third range. At the same time, arsenic contents did not exceed hygienic standards in all examined samples. So, we assessed carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks, basing on actual data on quality of drinking water taken from centralized communal water supply systems. It seems vital to perform a wider-scale controlled study in several regions in order to assess significance of revealed factors for morbidity among population.

Risk Factors of Extensively Drug Resistant Typhoid Fever Among Children in Karachi: Case-Control Study.

BackgroundExtensively drug resistant typhoid fever (XDR-TF) has been responsible for an ongoing outbreak in Pakistan, which began in November 2016.ObjectiveThis study aimed to determine the risk factors associated with XDR-TF.MethodsThis age- and sex-matched case-control study was conducted during May-October 2018 in Karachi. All patients with XDR-TF were identified from the laboratory-based surveillance system data. Cases included patients aged <15 years living in Karachi with culture-positive Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi with resistance to chloramphenicol, ampicillin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, fluoroquinolones, and third-generation cephalosporins. Age- and sex-matched controls included children free from the symptoms of TF, aged under 15 years, and residing in Karachi. All controls were recruited from among those who attended outpatient clinics.ResultsA total of 75 cases and 75 controls were included in this study. On univariate analysis, the odds of having XDR-TF were 13-fold higher among participants who used piped municipal water than among those who did not (odds ratio [OR] 12.6, 95% CI 4.1-38.6). The use of bore water was significantly associated with XDR-TF (OR 5.1, 95% CI 1.4-19.0). Cases were more likely to report eating French fries with sauce (OR 13.5, 95% CI 3.9-47.0) and poppadum (OR 3.4, 95% CI 1.7-6.7) from street vendors than controls. Boiling water at home was negatively associated with XDR-TF (OR 0.3, 95% CI 0.2-0.7). On multivariate analysis, 2 factors were independently associated with XDR-TF. Using piped municipal water (OR 10.3, 95% CI 3.4-30.4) and eating French fries with sauce from street vendors (OR 8.8, 95% CI 2.1-36.2) were significantly associated with an increased odds of XDR-TF.ConclusionsCommunity water supply and street food eating habits were implicated in the spread of the superbug S typhi outbreak, which continues to grow in Karachi. Therefore, it is recommended to improve the community water supply to meet recommended standards and to develop a policy to improve the safety of street food. In addition, health authorities are required to conduct mass vaccination for TF among high-risk groups.

Associations between private well water and community water supply arsenic concentrations in the conterminous United States

Geogenic arsenic contamination typically occurs in groundwater as opposed to surface water supplies. Groundwater is a major source for many community water systems (CWSs) in the United States (US). Although the US Environmental Protection Agency sets the maximum contaminant level (MCL enforceable since 2006: 10 μg/L) for arsenic in CWSs, private wells are not federally regulated. We evaluated county-level associations between modeled values of the probability of private well arsenic exceeding 10 μg/L and CWS arsenic concentrations for 2231 counties in the conterminous US, using time invariant private well arsenic estimates and CWS arsenic estimates for two time periods. Nationwide, county-level CWS arsenic concentrations increased by 8.4 μg/L per 100% increase in the probability of private well arsenic exceeding 10 μg/L for 2006–2008 (the initial compliance monitoring period after MCL implementation), and by 7.3 μg/L for 2009–2011 (the second monitoring period following MCL implementation) (1.1 μg/L mean decline over time). Regional differences in this temporal decline suggest that interventions to implement the MCL were more pronounced in regions served primarily by groundwater. The strong association between private well and CWS arsenic in Rural, American Indian, and Semi Urban, Hispanic counties suggests that future research and regulatory support are needed to reduce water arsenic exposures in these vulnerable subpopulations. This comparison of arsenic exposure values from major private and public drinking water sources nationwide is critical to future assessments of drinking water arsenic exposure and health outcomes.

Creating collaboration for contentious projects on managed aquifer recharge: two cases from Finland

In Finland, community water supply has increasingly relied on natural groundwater and artificially recharged groundwater as the raw water source. Several managed aquifer recharge (MAR) projects have been co-created with involved parties and have proceeded well, while some cases have raised considerable resistance among the stakeholders. It seems that success or failure in MAR cooperation is related to management cultures and the ways in which various interests are taken into account, from the very beginning and throughout the process. Empirically, this paper builds on comparison between two conflictual case studies in Finland: one in the Tampere region and the other in the Turku region. The study analyses the major constraints of these projects through the lens of collaborative rationality, also drawing upon discourse analysis and negotiation theory. The material is gathered through thematic interviews of stakeholders, newspaper articles and a stakeholder workshop. The results indicate that conventional management approaches, drawing from expert-based instrumental rationality, were insufficient in both cases. The collaborative rationality framework suggests that legitimacy for the groundwater projects should be gained through joint knowledge production and inclusive multiparty interaction for creating options for collaboration. Both cases lacked the tools and know-how for authentic dialogue and collaboration. The emerging paradigm emphasizes more collaborative approaches for natural resources management and urban planning. While MAR projects operate inside these areas and are highly complex in nature, it is essential to embrace the emerging paradigm in order to promote MAR systems along with their huge potential.

Solar Photovoltaic Application for Contributing Power Supply of Community Clean Water Provider

The need of clean water for human daily life is about crucial. Due to the inadequate capability of government water supply company, it is becoming common for a community to establish their own water supply system. This includes a deep well, high water reservoir, and submersible pump. The pump is normally supplied with power from electricity grid. The extensive availability of sunlight may be used to generate electric power using Solar Photovoltaic (PV) panels for supplying power for the pump. This paper presents the application of Solar PV panels to generate power that contributes power for the pump at the system of clean water provider. A 1000-WP solar panels system is employed to generate the voltage and a 60-A MPPT is used to regulate the voltage for supplying 2 x 150-Ah Li-ion battery. A 3000-W inverter is used to provide AC power for 3-hp 220-V pump. Considering the capacity of Solar PV panels and the continued availability of sunlight, the hybrid supply for the pump is established. This integrates the supply from solar PV and utility grid controlled with Automatic Transfer Switch (ATS). This determines the power supply for the pump either from Solar PV or electricity grid. This system is implemented in the community water supply at Sidomulyo, Krikilan, Sragen. The hybrid strategy enables solar PV to contribute supplying power for the pump and reduce the need of power from utility.

Community Participation in Project Planning: A panacea to improved Performance of Community Water Supply Projects in Kericho County, Kenya

This article sought to investigate the influence of community participation in project planning on the performance of community water supply projects in Kericho County, Kenya. The indicators used to assess this included community participation in; Scope planning, Activity planning and Resource planning. The study adopted descriptive survey design and correlation research design. The descriptive survey design was used to describe characteristics of the population being studied whilst a correlational research was used to describe the degree to which variables under the study were related. The target population comprised 8369 people from which a sample of 382 was considered and out of which 310 responded. The sample comprised of household heads, management committee members and sub-County water officers. The research instruments for this study were: questionnaires, focus group discussion and interview schedules. Stratified proportional sampling, random sampling and census techniques were used to collect primary qualitative and quantitative data. The data was compiled, given codes and input into SPSS version 25 computer program for statistical analysis and presentation. The study findings showed that community participation in scope planning (R=0.580, p=0.00&lt;0.05, R2=0.334), activity planning (R=0.538, p=0.00&lt;0.05, R2=0.288) and resource planning (R=0.511, p=0.00&lt;0.05, R2=0.259) are significant explanatory variables with respect to project performance at 95% confidence level. Therefore, the study concluded that the community should be encouraged to actively participate more during the planning process in order to enhance the performance of their community water supply projects. In this regard, the study recommends that policies to facilitate the structured participation of the community could be enacted to guarantee participation and hence improve the performance of community water supply project.

Evaluation of WASH at Sana’a University as per IWRM Perspective

The Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM) is considered to be a key in achieving a sustainable improved WASH sector. Water supply and sanitation are among the most essential sectors of development Enhancement of community water supplies and sanitation results in improved social, economic conditions and health. Students are likely to be affected in different ways by inadequate Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) conditions in schools and universities, so this may contribute to reduce in getting the right learning opportunities. Due to the importance of the WASH sector in improving the community’s level and standards, this paper will help to assess the WASH at Sana’a University.A multi-disciplinary approach to reach the objective targeted in this paper has been used; an intensive literature review has been done, a closedended questionnaire was developed with the help of some INGOs standards such as WHO, UNICEF and Sphere to collect the required data from the beneficiaries, a checklist was developed and used to acquire the requireddata and information from the fields and meet face-to-face with the key informants of each faculty, and all the collected data and information are analyzed with the help of Kobo Toolbox. The findings of the research showed that water shortages and inadequate sanitation were due to weak infrastructure although its own a very strong infrastructure; systems were not repaired or maintained and fell into disuse. In addition, the water supply shortages were also due to insufficient water capacity, physical contaminatedexisting water sources, lack of communication between university officials, and the obstacles to (WASH) sector which include lack of human resources, lack of financial resources, and unclear roles and responsibilities. The recommendation was based on the findings and related issues with water institution, water sector and resource, sanitation, and hygiene in addition to NGOs to support the university WASH infrastructure.Keywords: Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH), Sana’a University, KoboToolbox and IWRM.

Evaluation of WASH at Sana’a University as per IWRM Perspective

The Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM) is considered to be a key in achieving a sustainable improved WASH sector. Water supply and sanitation are among the most essential sectors of development Enhancement of community water supplies and sanitation results in improved social, economic conditions and health. Students are likely to be affected in different ways by inadequate Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) conditions in schools and universities, so this may contribute to reduce in getting the right learning opportunities. Due to the importance of the WASH sector in improving the community’s level and standards, this paper will help to assess the WASH at Sana’a University.A multi-disciplinary approach to reach the objective targeted in this paper has been used; an intensive literature review has been done, a closedended questionnaire was developed with the help of some INGOs standards such as WHO, UNICEF and Sphere to collect the required data from the beneficiaries, a checklist was developed and used to acquire the requireddata and information from the fields and meet face-to-face with the key informants of each faculty, and all the collected data and information are analyzed with the help of Kobo Toolbox. The findings of the research showed that water shortages and inadequate sanitation were due to weak infrastructure although its own a very strong infrastructure; systems were not repaired or maintained and fell into disuse. In addition, the water supply shortages were also due to insufficient water capacity, physical contaminatedexisting water sources, lack of communication between university officials, and the obstacles to (WASH) sector which include lack of human resources, lack of financial resources, and unclear roles and responsibilities. The recommendation was based on the findings and related issues with water institution, water sector and resource, sanitation, and hygiene in addition to NGOs to support the university WASH infrastructure.Keywords: Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH), Sana’a University, KoboToolbox and IWRM.