Community Policing Philosophy Research Articles

Community policing as a partnership between the police and the community: a european experience

The article analyzes the concepts, philosophy, principles and basic forms of Community Policing as a model of interaction between the National Police of Ukraine and the population. A historical digression of the formation of the Community Policing strategy was made and it was proved that it was based on the implementation of the basic principles of modern police of Robert Peel, modified and tested in the law enforcement agencies of democracies. It is proposed to define Community Policing in the sense of a community-based approach to policing, which recognizes that effective policing depends on community assistance and support and is based on innovative collaboration between the police and the community to jointly identify and solve problems. facing the community. It has been proved that Community Policing, as a model of interaction between the police and the population, has its own philosophy and certain organizational principles. The purpose of realization of the Community Policing model is substantiated and defined and the expected results of its introduction in Ukraine are formulated. The most promising forms of interaction between the police and the population within the model are analyzed. Community Policing operating in Ukraine. The experience of European countries on the implementation of Community Policing and the possibility of its implementation in Ukraine is studied, the main legal acts regulating the functioning of the Community Policing model in Ukraine are analyzed.

A Convention Out of the Blue: Implementing Community Policing over the Long Term

Community policing became popular in Canada in the 1990s. This longitudinal case study explores its implementation in a Quebec police force. It sheds light on challenges involved in implementing and sustaining reforms in public organizations. Looked at through the lens of convention theory, implementation is seen to produce a community policing convention which paradoxically contributes to its marginalization, and to ambiguity around the community policing philosophy and practices. This led to persistent misunderstanding of the model and mixed interest among police officers. These findings are relevant to public organization managers in multiple sectors interested in implementing reforms.

정책사상의 이론적 기초로서 인간의 이해

정책(학)의 본질에 관한 철학적 사고를 정책이론으로 체계화하는 정책사상에서 인간의 이해는 아직까지 초보적인 수준이다. 따라서 비교적 짧은 정책학의 학문적 역사뿐만 아니라 행태과학 중심의 정책학이 발전되면서 정책사상과 그의 기초이론인 인간의 이해 등이 소홀히 취급된 것은 사실이다. 그러나 21세기에 오면서 정책사상에서 인간을 설명하는 연구들이 진행되기 시작했다. 이와 같은 하나의 연구로서 본 논문은 정책사상에서 인간을 정책인으로 이해하기 위해서 우선적으로 인간을 개념적으로 정의한 것부터 검토해 보았다. 그리고 인간을 이해하는 대표적인 인류학적 인간학에서 인간을 생물학적 인간과 철학적 인간으로 구분해서 설명하는 것을 비판적 입장에서 정리하였다. 마지막으로 인간과 비인간과의 상호관계에서 설명하는 인간의 이해의 논쟁도 찾아보았다. 이에 따라서 정책사상에서 정책인의 존재는 정책세계에서 중심자의 역할을 하면서 정책의 세계를 독점적으로 지배하고 운영하는 인간이지만, 만물의 영장으로서 사물을 착취하거나 지배하는 인간이 아니라 정책의 주재자로서 독점적으로 정책을 결정하고 실천하는 인간이라고 가정해 보았다. 동시에 독점적으로 정책을 지배하고 관리할 수 있는 수월적 정책능력을 소유하면서 정책대상자나 사물의 존재의 가치를 높이기 위해서 그들의 결정과 판단에 개입하고 간섭하는 정책인으로 그의 존재를 이해해 보았다.

Community Policing: An approach for Countering Youth Radicalization in Eastleigh Area of Nairobi County

Community policing approaches have been used successfully to prevent crime, reduce the fear of crime, and improve public safety. A raging debate, however, is emerging as to whether this approach can be used with equal effectiveness in the prevention of terrorism. Over the last sixteen years, Kenya has tried several approaches to “the war against terrorism.” However, none of the approaches has succeeded in stamping out terrorism. The purpose of this study, therefore, was to find out ways in which the philosophy of community policing could be modelled to fit a citizen based-counter terrorism strategy. The study established that community policing principles can be used to create sustainable partnerships between law enforcement agencies and residents, thus facilitating the identification of root causes of youth radicalization. Training of police officers on community policing principles and trends in youth radicalization was strongly recommended. Further, police officers should invest more in trust-building initiatives in establishing a joint early warning system with the local communities they serve. The study further recommends an intensive public awareness campaign on the nature, indicators, and symptoms of youth radicalization within Eastleigh and the country at large.

EVALUATION OF THE PROCESS OF DECENTRALIZATION OF THE WORK ORGANIZATION OF THE POLICE IN THE CONTEXT OF PHILOSOPHY COMMUNITY POLICING

The author attempts to evaluate the process of decentralization of Police work against the background of the Community Policing philosophy. The essence of this philosophy was presented and then the processes of liquidation and reactivation of Police stations in Poland were characterized. The basic thing is to point out the premises that indicate the legitimacy of establishing police stations and their further functioning.

The State of Public Security in the Reorganised Communes of the Province of Masovia After the Restoration of Police Stations

In the article one can find an analysis of the state of security in respect of the reorganised communes of the Province of Masovia province after the restoration of the police stations. The restoration of police stations is a switch towards a creative model of Policing bringing it closer to the problems of society. It is the model of functioning of the Police based on the philosophy of community policing. Therefore, the article is also an attempt to address the question as to whether the solutions applied have proved to be effective. During the period 2010–2013 in the area of the Masovian garrison 70 police stations were decommissioned in 70 communes. As a consequence of extensive public consultations and as a result of an analysis of recommendations reported concerning reconstruction of Police structures in communes, it was decided to create 9 police stations in the years 2016–2017. In order to evaluate the effectiveness of the police stations created, the data analysed referred to the number of investigated crimes, the crime detection rate, the number of police officers in the patrol service and a response time in the supervised area. The statistical data dating from 2013–2016, so from the time when in the area of aforementioned communes police stations did not exist and from the first half-year of 2017 when police stations were functioning again, have been correlated and analysed. The analyses revealed that the state of security has improved. It has been demonstrated that the structural changes implemented in the functioning of Police are very effective in the communes researched. The improvement in the statistical data is not the only positive result of the changes. The most significant improvement is the increased sense of security among the local residents who have an easier access to Police.

Community Policing (CP): Challenges on Preventing Crime and Human Security in Bangladesh

The study contains about Community Policing (CP) that is an organizational strategy and the way of philosophical thoughts allows working together between Police and Community to prevent and solve the problems of crime and offers human security. It is built on two prime features, firstly; it requires the transformation of methods and practice of the police, and secondly; taking steps to establish a relationship between the police and the public. Through the Community Policing philosophy, the ultimate goal is the creation of a professional, representative, responsive, and accountable institution that works with the public. Crime casts fear into the hearts from all walks of life and prevents them from taking their rightful place in the development and growth of our country. The rights and freedoms which the constitution entrenches are threatened every time a citizen becomes a victim of crime. In Bangladesh, Police is principally a reactive force with a philosophy of public control rather than community service. The emphasis is on solving crime after it occurs, rather than preventing it from happening in the first place. It can largely be ascribed to a lack of awareness, monitoring, and understanding, but also to a lack of leadership on the part of various stakeholders, including the police. There has been a poor evaluation by Bangladesh Police to analyze and treat the underpinning causes of crimes. Because of this lacking, and the lack of police guidelines or policy on crime prevention, police are unable to provide advice to the public on what preventative actions they can take. In fact, police themselves lack training and experience in crime prevention and community safety. The study focuses on the nuts and bolts of the performance of community policing. How it is working, what are the drawbacks of it, what the contributions of it in preventing crime and what can be strategies to make them effective and efficient to prevent crime while respecting human security and ensuring a safer and more secure Bangladesh permitting its citizens to live in an era of peace, security and justice.

COMMUNITY POLICING IN BORDER COMMUNITIES

Community orientated policing is widely held as the relatively new and interesting philosophy for Latvian policing. For the fifteen years the community policing movement has been gaining momentum acquiring the support of politicians, reformers, and the society. Unfortunately there are problems that continually plague the philosophy of community policing. Some of the largest obstacles that police organizations face with the community policing program are the initial implementation and understanding of community policing, the ability to change and adapt to the new format of policing, and the acceptance.As part reform programs, State police of Latvia seek to introduce community policing. There is no clear or consistent definition of what constitutes a community policing programme. However, most community policing initiatives aim to improve relations between the police and residents, engage community members or civic organizations in evaluation of police services, and expand information sharing. Community policing control activities are not always linked to police reform initiatives; somestimes the two activities occur simultaneously in isolation on each other. There have been more increasing attempts to link or find synergies between control initiatives and realised programs, especially (community-based) weapons collection programs and disarmament and demobilization projects. Policing reform has been a rather neglected area of security sector reform that has been addressed on an ad hoc basis. Some analysts see the need to reduce the number of firearms in circulation as a way to improve public security, and thus training in the management of safeguarding police stockpiles, keeping accurate inventories of weapons and appropriate weapons handling need to be reinforced.Public safety cannot be taken for granted. It can only be achieved not only through the professionalism of our finest, but through successful collaboration with their neighboring counterparts as well. They all deserve our respect and gratitude, and not calumny and frivolous criticisms.

Community policing in England, Wales, and European Union: Past, present and future

Community policing philosophy has become an attractive field within the policing literature, exercised enthusiastically by police forces across England and Wales as a response to police and crime related issues ranging from poor policepublic relations to minor crime and disorder. This paper provides a critical appraisal of community participation and problem solving elements of community policing before moving onto explaining how they have been implemented in England, Wales, and European Union. Finally, this study also highlights that there are stubborn and very serious financial, organisational and cultural challenges regarding the successful application of community policing schemes in England, Wales, and European Union

Recuperar el control estatal en territorio de la Mara Salvatrucha: un análisis a partir del acuerdo “Santa Tecla Municipio Libre de Violencia”

Este artículo presenta la primera parte de una investigación más amplia sobre el control social y territorial de la Mara Salvatrucha en la colonia San José del Pino y la comunidad San Rafael, ambas del municipio de Santa Tecla. En un estudio de caso en el marco de una Maestría en Estudios Latinoamericanos en la Universidad de Ámsterdam, se han mapeado los efectos de las políticas preventivas de seguridad pública en la zona, con énfasis en la estrategia “Santa Tecla Municipio Libre de Violencia” (MLV). El artículo analiza los efectos del proceso de pacificación, generado a partir de 2012 con la implementación de la filosofía de policía comunitaria y la estrategia MLV, para el tejido social y el sostenimiento local en las comunidades mencionadas. También se evalúa la recuperación de la gobernanza local después de décadas de ausencia estatal en la zona. Como resultado de las nuevas políticas de seguridad pública, los índices de delincuencia han bajado, el temor ha disminuido, el sostenimiento local ha mejorado, y valores y redes sociales están reestablecidas. Sin embargo, es necesario crear una política de seguridad pública que le dé sostenimiento a mediano y largo plazo a las demandas y necesidades del sector, independientemente de quién gobierne el municipio; este esfuerzo no puede detenerse si se quieren resultados positivos.Revista Policía y Seguridad Pública 5(1) 2015: 179-246

Análise da aplicação do método desdobramento da função qualidade “QFD” em serviços preventivos de polícia

Apesar da expressiva contribuição do QFD para a construção do framework teórico sobre a gestão do desenvolvimento de produtos e serviços, verifica-se uma embrionária aplicação no setor público. O objetivo deste artigo é analisar a aplicação do método no contexto da segurança pública, sendo o estudo delimitado ao serviço Patrulha Escolar na Polícia Militar de Minas Gerais. A estratégia de pesquisa escolhida foi a pesquisa-ação, e instrumentos qualitativos e quantitativos foram utilizados na coleta e análise de dados. O método mostrou-se eficaz para: sistematizar um grande conjunto de informações internas e externas à corporação, facilitando o planejamento posterior de ações de policiamento; promover uma dinâmica orientada e estruturada nos encontros da polícia com a comunidade; identificar as necessidades do público escolar bem como priorizar as atividades de policiamento que melhor atenderiam a tais anseios e para compreender a capacidade de prestação de serviço de uma unidade de patrulha escolar. Por outro lado, o serviço policial apresenta um conjunto singular de características que dificultou parcialmente o planejamento pelo método. Tal serviço não tem nicho de mercado específico, sendo um serviço de direito e, não, por aquisição. Também se apoia em aspectos legais e regulamenta comportamentos, gerando rejeição. Apesar dessa natureza particular, dois fatores favoreceram a aplicação do método: a institucionalização da filosofia de polícia comunitária na organização e a familiarização dos policiais com conceitos de gestão e qualidade. A conclusão final é que o método QFD se apresentou como um instrumento promissor para melhorar a qualidade dos serviços públicos brasileiros.

Psychological Empowerment of Frontline Police Officers in Response to Social Service Role Strain in China

Provision of social service is one of the most significant roles of the police. A review of the related literature in policing seems to reveal that empowerment holds significance for frontline officers who are largely responsible for social service delivery. This study examines the possible relationships between police social service role strain (PSSRS) and police social service psychological empowerment (PSSPE) among frontline police officers in China. This study adopts a two-phase (quantitative and qualitative approaches) sequential explanatory design. In the first phase, a questionnaire is used to collect data from a sample of 200 frontline community patrol officers in Shenzhen Public Security Bureau, China. After conducting the quantitative analysis, the author uses in-depth interviews to explore the nature of PSSRS and PSSPE from 12 selected interviewees’ insights. According to the results of the survey and in-depth interviews, the participants report a comparatively high level of PSSRS and a low level of PSSPE. It has been found that there are significantly negative correlations between PSSRS and PSSPE in the Chinese police organization. The Chinese police force is suggested to provide effective interventions for individual experience of psychological empowerment by continuously committing to the organizational philosophy of community policing in response to the PSSRS among frontline police officers.

UNDERSTANDING ORGANIZATIONAL SOCIALIZATION PROCESS OF POLICE OFFICERS AND JOB SATISFACTION Polisin Sosyalleşme Süreci ve İş Memnuniyeti

Understanding police socialization is significant not only for understanding the officers themselves but for understanding the transformation of police in his/her career. There are many studies regarding the socialization process of officers and its outcomes. However, these studies focus more on large, urban police departments and ignore the socialization process of officers in small police departments, and the influence of community policing philosophy and increasing diversity of police officers on the socialization and its outcomes. A small type police organization in the USA is analyzed in this study. Nine interviews were conducted with police officers in this inductive study. The results of this study show that the work environment (i.e., crime rates, crime diversity, neighborhood, and target population) and policing approaches such as community policing influence the socialization process of the police. In addition, police officers attach more importance to problem solving, partnership, and public relations in this new environment which, in turn, positively affect the job satisfaction of the police officers. These results are also meaningful for the Turkish National Police which has departments with different crime rates and size and is increasingly adapting community policing or similar policing approaches.

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Police departments in Turkey utilize community policing philosophy in an effort to create a social bond between police and the citizens they serve. Although Turkish National Police has a centralized organizational structure, the way community policing is implemented is not the same at every police department. Most police departments use project designs as means to create community policing programs. This study suggests implementing a community policing program by using social disorganization theory (SDT) as a theoretical framework. According to SDT, one of the major predictors of social control in a community is the level of control by the community over adolescent groups. It is argued that uncontrolled teenagers often turn into gang groups and display delinquent behaviors. Therefore, the community’s ability to supervise its teenagers is a way to stop the creation of gangs and delinquent behaviors. In explaining the linkage between social disorganization theory and different types of community policing implementations, Mardin Police Department’s project “Ideallerimizdeki yarinlar” is offered as a case study. This project enables young individuals to understand and value the importance of community involvement and hard work in creating a better future both for them and for their families.

The Coercive Impact of Federal Grants: COPS Grants and the Diffusion of the Community Policing Philosophy

The diffusion of an innovation occurs when it is communicated to other organisations or markets. This study employs institutional theory, focusing on coercive isomorphism, to examine the diffusion of the community policing philosophy via federal funding from the US Department of Justice Office of Community Oriented Policing. Data was derived from the FAST grant programme designated for the hiring of police officers serving smaller jurisdictions. Findings reported that less than half of the possible organisational field accessed a FAST grant, indicating a modest impact of coercive efforts via COPS grants. In addition, while the bulk of FAST grants were awarded during the earliest stages of the grant programme, analysis indicates this behaviour is not what would be expected. Consequently, while most grants were awarded quickly, institutional or occupational isomorphism was not achieved with regard to diffusing the community policing philosophy via a federal grant programme.

Using Volunteers in Policing: A Force Field Analysis of American Supervisors

This study used a Force Field Analysis to assess the attitudes of American police supervisors regarding the use of volunteers in policing. Organisations exist in a state of quasi-stable equilibrium, and any planned change should work to identify the driving and restraining forces that function to maintain that equilibrium. For example, economic conditions may force police agencies to utilise volunteers to handle many policing tasks, but this may threaten the equilibrium of police organisations and traditional police culture. For this study a national sample of police supervisors completed a survey with attitude measures related to the use of volunteers in police work. Driving and restraining forces are identified and their strengths and weaknesses are discussed. Findings indicate that, with respect to the driving forces, the items associated with organising the community and community policing may be limited in their strength as driving forces. The power of the restraining forces indicates that the use of volunteers in policing is acceptable to this cohort of police supervisors. Aggressiveness in policing is a fairly strong restraining force. Bivariate correlation results indicate that supervisors with higher levels of education contribute to positive views of several volunteer aspects. Also, more experienced police supervisors do not feel volunteers are more trouble than they are worth. There appears to be a strong relationship between the need for volunteers as part of an agency's community policing philosophy, and volunteers are seen as important to reducing crime and disorder. Finally, several significant results suggest that volunteers are accepted within the police culture.

Encyclopedia of community policing and problem solving

Community policing, as a philosophy, supports the systematic use of partnerships and problem-solving techniques to proactively address the immediate conditions that give rise to public safety issues, including crime, social disorder, and fear of crime-as opposed to responding to crime after it occurs. Community policing expands the traditional police mandate. It broadens the focus of fighting crime to include solving community problems and forming partnerships with people in the community so average citizens can contribute to the policing process. Originating during police reform efforts of the 1970s, the philosophy of community policing is currently widespread and embraced by many citizens, police administrators, scholars, and local and federal politicians. What sorts of collaborative partnerships have evolved between policing agencies and the individuals and communities they serve? How do police departments engage in systematic examination of identified problems to develop effective responses? How have police departments aligned their organizational structures to best support community partnerships and proactive problem solving? Just how effective have efforts at community policing been? These questions and more are explored within the pages of this new reference work.

A linguagem dos direitos. O simbólico nas reclamações dos moradores de favelas

Malinowski (2003), Gluckman (2006), Bohannan (1989), Geertz (2002) and Nader (1997) demonstrated that the laws reflect a particular conception of the world. Added to this that, even within a society the law is subject to multiple meanings. The code can be unique, but the way he’s lived and thought vary (or vary) according to the social group together. To understand the demands for rights and the conflicts that arise from the perception that they are being disrespected, you must be aware of the significant universe of those involved in the situation. In this article, I discuss the correlation between conceptions of rights, dissatisfaction with the police and demands for respect, as presented by the inhabitants of Cantagalo and Pavao-Pavãozinho. This approach allows us to ponder the possibilities and challenges of projects inspired by the philosophy of community policing created to operate in favelas and peripheries, since it takes into account what are the complaints and demands of the population “target” of these initiatives.Key words: conceptions of rights, police violence, favelas.

A linguagem dos direitos. O simbólico nas reclamações dos moradores de favelas

Malinowski (2003), Gluckman (2006), Bohannan (1989), Geertz (2002) and Nader (1997) demonstrated that the laws reflect a particular conception of the world. Added to this that, even within a society the law is subject to multiple meanings. The code can be unique, but the way he’s lived and thought vary (or vary) according to the social group together. To understand the demands for rights and the conflicts that arise from the perception that they are being disrespected, you must be aware of the significant universe of those involved in the situation. In this article, I discuss the correlation between conceptions of rights, dissatisfaction with the police and demands for respect, as presented by the inhabitants of Cantagalo and Pavao-Pavaozinho. This approach allows us to ponder the possibilities and challenges of projects inspired by the philosophy of community policing created to operate in favelas and peripheries, since it takes into account what are the complaints and demands of the population “target” of these initiatives. Key words: conceptions of rights, police violence, favelas.

Revisiting gender issues: continuing police reform

This paper will discuss continuing police reform and gender issues and how the organizational culture can be moved from misogynist to inclusive. In addition, it will discuss how the community policing philosophy has caused special populations, (gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender), who under the professional model were often marginalized, can be dealt with in a manner devoid of bias or prejudice. The role of police women in the twenty-first century will also be discussed in relation to the feminist writers’ perspective as the police accept that their role has a duty of care and is not solely about crime fighting.