Disaster Management Community Research Articles

Feedback Process of a Tsunami Evacuation PlanUsing Quantitative Dataof Drillsfor Supporting Vulnerable Peoplein a Community

To prepare evacuation plans, including an evacuation support system for vulnerable people such as the elderly, injured, pregnant, or other people requiring support during a tsunami evacuation, validating evacuation drills with respect to real-world circumstances using quantitative data is important. This study aims to clarify the importance of using evacuation drill data for evacuation planning. To this end, we measured the movements of residents during an evacuation drill conducted according to a set plan in a community and verified the observed quantitative data. We have been supporting the drills and community disaster management plan (CDMP) in the Shinyo Community of Kobe City since 2008 and hence selected this community for our study. We measured the residents’ evacuation time and speed using various transportation modes to transport vulnerable people to safety during the drill and verified the evacuation plan’s effectiveness. Quantitative data were verified in the drills and vulnerable people and their supporters, who were measured on this occasion, were evacuated from the tsunami warning area within the estimated tsunami hitting time for Hyogo prefecture of 90 min after the earthquake. Further, using four types of transportation modes—a rollator (wheeled walking aid), transport chair, wheelchair, and cart—yielded conveyance speeds (average of the time taken by a vehicle to traverse the entire evacuation route, excluding wait times at traffic signals) of 1.03, 1.42, 1.50, and 1.27 m/s, respectively. Few days later, the participants provided feedback on the drills in an evaluation meeting and deemed the evacuation plan effective. This study presents a progressive thought process that utilizes the interaction between “planning” and “training” to enable a feasible CDMP to combat disasters.

Peningkatan Kapasitas Tenaga Penyelenggara Makanan Darurat Bencana melalui Penyuluhan di Desa Sukarasa, Salawu, Tasikmalaya

Tasikmalaya District is the second most disaster-prone area in Indonesia. Landslides and earthquakes were last disaster that occurred in Sukarasa Village, Salawu Sub-district, Tasikmalaya. Food management during disasters in the area was carried out with various obstacles, so preparedness efforts are needed in the implementation of effective and efficient food management. The purpose of this activity was to strengthening the capacity of the Regional Disaster Management Agency (RDMA) and communities in disaster-prone areas in preparing food for the needs of disaster victims through a education. This activity was carried out during July-October 2018. The main method of this activity were the preparation of technical guidelines for implementetion of disaster emergency food with RDMA Tasikmalaya and education to the target groups.This activity has produced a technical guideline book with the title in disaster emergency conditions with the utilization of local resources. The book has been declared feasible to be issued by the RDMA of Tasikmalaya District and obtained Copyright Number EC00201851988 and ISBN Number 978-602-51817-9-5. The application of the book in the form of extension and practice to the residents of Sukarasa Village, Salawu Sub-district volunteers, and BPBD staff in Tasikmalaya District showed an increase in knowledge and skills in preparing recipes and making ready-to-eat food products in disaster emergency conditions in accordance with the guidelines book.

Community Based Disaster Risk Management: A Case Study of Mahakali River Basin, Kanchanpur

Kanchanpur district is one of the disaster-prone districts identified by Nepal Risk Reduction Consortium (NRRC). Every year the community of Kanchanpur district are affected by multi-disaster primarily flood. The most communities are highly vulnerable due to the poverty, disadvantage caste and ethnicity, hazard, education etc. This study endeavour to explore the status of community initiative to build up disaster resilient. This study covers 10 villages of Mahakali river basin in Kanchanpur district. The villages are under the process of disaster resilience through establishing Community Disaster Management Committee (CDMC), who supports to get access to disaster risk reduction (DRR) information, vulnerability and capacity assessment and developing trained man power for preparedness and response.

A SNA-based methodology for measuring the community resilience from the perspective of social capitals: Take Nanjing, China as an example

Facing increasingly frequent disasters, the resilience concept are widely adopted to make up the limitations of traditional community disaster management. The relationships among community stakeholders along with their responsibilities and actions are important social capitals coping with community disaster, which have a significant impact on forming the community resilience. Accordingly, this paper is the first attempt to measure the community resilience using social network analysis (SNA) method from the view of social capitals of stakeholders. Firstly, six key disaster-adapting social capitals in the urban community are identified using systematic literature review (SLR). Then, the social capitals before, during and after the community disaster are calculated based on the SNA to characterize the level of community resilience. Finally, taking a waterlogging disaster in Nanjing city of China, some implements on enhancing the community resilience in different phases are proposed from four aspects: rapidity, robustness, redundancy and resourcefulness. The findings in the case study and the conclusions of this paper provides an easy method to calculate the resilience and social capitals of a community at different stages of a disaster, and also helps to improve disaster prevention and reduction efforts in urban communities, especially those that are collaboratively managed by multi-stakeholders.

Disaster Medicine, Telemedicine and Integrated Vector Control: United Nation’s Space Technology Program for Disaster Management

UN-SPIDER-United Nations platform for space-based information for disaster management and emergency response is a new programme established as per UN’s resolution 61/110.UN-SPIDER is being implemented as an open network of providers of space-based solutions to support disaster management activities. Besides Vienna, the programme also has an office in Bonn, Germany and Beijing, China. In recent years the program have contributed to making space technologies available for humanitarian and emergency response, UN-SPIDER is the first to focus on the need to ensure access to and use of such solutions during all phases of the disaster management cycle, including the risk reduction phase, which significantly contributed for reducing the loss of lives and property. The UN-SPIDER programme is achieving this by being a gateway to space information for disaster management support, by serving as a bridge to connect the disaster management and space communities and by being a facilitator of capacity-building and institutional strengthening, in particular for developing countries. This paper communicates about emergency, disaster medicine, telemedicine and vector-borne disease management for prevention and control of harmful health effects due to disasters and optimizing benefits to both human health and the environment.

Measuring the Disaster Resilience of an Urban Community Using ANP‐FCE Method from the Perspective of Capitals

ObjectiveFacing increasingly frequent disasters, the resilience concept can make up the limitations of traditional community disaster management. This article evaluated the disaster resilience in an urban community from the perspective of capital, and provides measurements for stakeholders to enhance the community resilience.MethodsOn the basis of selected capital indicators using systematic literature review, the urban community resilience framework is established based on analytic network process and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation. Finally, the results are analyzed using the importance–performance analysis.ResultsFirst, 12 indicators within three dimensions of community capitals are identified. Then, the weights of social, economic, and natural capital are calculated as 33, 41, and 26 percent, respectively. Afterward, taking a waterlogging disaster as an example, an aged community acquired a 46.57 score of resilience. The importance–performance quadrant shows the priority of factors to be improved.ConclusionRelationship, norms, demographic characteristics, voluntary activity, physical facilities, communication system, general property, dedicated assets, resources, energy, ecological environment, and artificial environment are considered as key capitals of community resilience. In addition, a general framework to calculate and evaluate the resilience in a community is established that provides a benchmark for rating the resilience of urban communities.

Facilitating Community Risk Communication for Wide-Area Evacuation during Large-Scale Floods.

Large-scale floods have been occurring more frequently in Japan as a result of current global weather anomalies, yet evacuation procedures face several issues. These include low evacuation rates of citizens, wide-area evacuation by car, and residents who cannot evacuate on their own. For example, in the Kofu Basin, Yamanashi Prefecture, due to the size of the potential inundation area and a population that exceeds 300,000 people spread across 10 municipalities, a large number of residents would have to evacuate across municipal boundaries by car. The author proposed and applied a risk communication method to the Riverside District, Chuo City (with about 1400 households and a population of about 4000), assisting in developing a community disaster management plan for wide-area evacuation without a single victim in case of floods, which has been in place for three years. The next step was risk communication to key stakeholders, such as national, prefectural, and municipal governments. Finally, a public symposium on large-scale evacuation in the Kofu Basin was held. During the panel discussion with representatives of the Kofu River and National Road Office, prefectural government of Yamanashi, the municipality, community residents, and the author as panelists, the role of each stakeholder in area-wide evacuation was clarified and confirmed.

Understanding the dissemination and adoption of innovations through social network analysis: geospatial solutions for disaster management in Nepal and Kenya

Vulnerable areas of the world, including many developing countries, are increasingly exposed to natural disasters. New technologies, such as geospatial technologies, could help them manage the risks of extreme events and cope with disaster aftershock. However, new technologies are often disseminated slowly among the relevant stakeholders. Assuming that knowledge exchange through stakeholder networks can effectively enhance the uptake of innovation, this research applied a social network approach focussing on the structural patterns of communication and collaboration networks regarding landslide-related disasters in Nepal and floods in Kenya. Using methods of formal social network analysis, we reveal centrally positioned stakeholders and discuss their actual and potential roles in outscaling innovations between the different sectors and upscaling them to different levels within the disaster management communities under study. In doing so, this case study demonstrates the potential of social network analysis for improving the dissemination of innovations for disaster risk management.

Peningkatan Kapasitas Desa Tangguh Bencana

ABSTRACT Lam Teungoh village is one of the most affected areas during the tsunami 2004. Twelve years after the tsunami, most of the tsunami preparedness facilities in Lam Teungoh Village, such as evacuation signs and information on tsunami hazards are found in poor conditions. This activity aims to improve the capacity and resilience of apparatus and community of Lam Teungoh Village in the facing disaster. This activity is carried out through participatory survey methods, lectures, discussions, simulation, observation, mentoring, and evaluation. This activity involves several partners including Aceh Besar District Disaster Management Agency, village and community governments, schools, and non-governmental organizations (NGOs). The outcomes of this activity include: i) Increased community understanding on disaster management, ii) Hazards, vulnerabilities, and capacities of Lam Teungoh Village on facing disaster are identified, iii) Disaster Management Plan Document, Disaster Risk Map, and Disaster Evacuation Map are formulated, iv) Disaster Risk Reduction Forum in Lam Teungoh Village is established, and v) Training needs of women and youth group in improving community economic status are identified. Keywords: Aceh Besar; Lam Teungoh; disaster resilient village; resilience community

Community Preparedness Model in Landslide Disaster Risk Reduction in Tugumukti Village, Cisarua Subdistrict, West Bandung District, Indonesia


 
 
 This research is aimed to describe handling model toward disaster-prone and vulnerable condition in Tugumukti Village through community preparedness in the effort of Community-based disaster risk reduction. It is an approach to encourage local community in managing disaster risk. This approach is expected to create an independent community and have abilities in managing disaster risk. Preparedness is one important part in reducing disaster risk which demands ability and community participation especially people who live in the disaster-prone area. This research used qualitative action research where the researcher is the research instrument. The action research requires the researcher to do direct practice in the community as the subject being studied. In knowing preparedness in Tugumukti Village based on preparedness framework to disaster developed by LIPI in collaboration with Unesco/ISDR (2006) that is (1) attitude and knowledge system, (2) Policy and Manual, (3) Emergency Planning, (4) Alert System and (5) Resource Mobilization.The research about community preparedness initiated by tested the community preparedness model conducted in three-month practicum, such as (1) ground motion socialization, (2) the installation of banners about landslide (3) 1000 tree planting in landslide area, and (4) drainage channels improvement. Community preparedness model which have been tested in the research is the initial model. The result of the initial model through the interview, FGD and researcher analysis based on preparedness framework toward disaster, then generated that trialing the early models is only just at the stage of the first parameter that is the knowledge and attitudes, while for the other parameters are still said to be less. Based on that, it is necessary to improve the model. In improving the model, participatory action plan formulated by the implementation of the activities through (1) The formation of disaster management community (KMPB), (2) construction and installation evacuation route and meeting point (3) Beras perelek activation, (4) KMPB account making, (5) KMPB post construction, (6) early warning manufacture, (7) disaster equipment procurement, and (8) Training for landslide emergency response simulation.
 
 

Integrated climate change risk assessment and evaluation of adaptation perspective in southern Punjab, Pakistan

Climate change is posing stresses on water resources, food security, population, environment and economy of the southern Punjab. Integrated climate change risk assessment is carried out using assessed likelihood approach for defined mean, hot & dry, central, warm & wet climate models over selected time slices and adaptation plans. Climate models are based on the 5th, 50th & 95th percentiles of PRECIS RCM projections of temperature & precipitation under IPCC A2 & A1B scenarios. Four time slices 2015, 2035, 2065 and 2085 are selected to assess the temporal climate change risk and to evaluate the performance of selected adaptations to reduce climate threats over considered assets. Results are presented in terms of risk indices and risk reduction units (RRUs). In first half of the 21st century, climate change risk will continue to increase from current level and is high (>10) in most of the selected time slices. Maximum ensembles of climate models, time slices and adaptation plans observe moderate (37–40 RRUs) and high (40–55 RRUs) risk class. Cumulative risk has been calculated through integration of sectoral sensitivity e.g. population density, land use, food security and multidimensional poverty to climate change risk class using AHP and overlaying in GIS environment. About 90% and 83% area of southern Punjab is falling in high cumulative risk. About 13% area, comprising Muzaffargarh and Rajanpur district is under very high cumulative risk. Water induced adaptations like development of water resources, dam & flood control protection, temporary flood barriers and water resource acquisition are the preferred and suitable adaptations as these observed >100 RRUs for most of the ensembles. Assessing baseline vulnerability and sectoral sensitivity to climate stimuli are the hot spots requiring priority attention and firm decision making by disaster management authorities and communities residing in southern Punjab.

Systematizing Community-Based Disaster Risk Management (CBDRM): Case of urban flood-prone community in Thailand upstream area

Flooding risk in Thailand has been exacerbated by rapid urbanization, deforestation in the uplands and poor disaster management system. Important lessons learned from the long history and experiences of flood disasters point to the need for better solutions to reduce damage to property and life. However, progress in organizing community disaster management is slow and reveals limitations in disaster risk reduction by the community and government in general. Nevertheless, in this limited case study of three flood prone communities, some of them were found to have developed the coping ability to organize and manage the situation to ensure their safety. They innovated their own solutions to reduce the risk posed by floods instead of waiting for and wholly depending on support from the government. The study has found evidence of spontaneous Community Disaster Risk Management Organization (CDRMO) formation in the case study of Thai communities. This important finding leads to the main question raised in this study: ‘how is a system of Community-Based Disaster Risk Management (CBDRM) and CDRMO formed in Thai communities?’ This research is based on an empirical study using field interviews, surveys, participatory observation, focus group discussions and questionnaires to describe how community solutions that can be defined as an organic system of CBDRM and CDRMO in Thailand were achieved. This research discusses possibilities to promote CDRMO in other Thai communities using the lessons learned from the innovations made in some communities and incorporating them in policy design in order to promote a CBDRM system in Thailand.

International law applicable to urban conflict and disaster

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to provide a comprehensive overview of the international legal framework governing urban crises arising from conflict, “natural” and technological disasters.Design/methodology/approachThe paper deploys legal analysis to the most relevant bodies of international law pertaining to urban crises and systematically outlines the key legal issues arising.FindingsInternational humanitarian law (IHL) and international human rights law (IHRL) provide important protections to vulnerable persons in both human-made and “natural” disaster settings. While the two bodies of law do not draw explicit distinctions between urban and rural settings, their various provisions, and indeed their silence on, crucial issues that would enhance legal protection in urban settings merit greater attention.Research limitations/implicationsThe paper provides an overview of the sources of international law of most relevance to urban crises. Further research is required into how the urban environment influences their application concretely in urban settings.Practical implicationsIn an era when international law is being challenged from many sources and attention is turning to the increasing potential for urban violence and vulnerability, this paper serves to sensitise the disaster management and humanitarian community to the relevance of international legal frameworks to its activities in urban settings.Originality/valueThis paper considers the most salient international legal issues arising during crises and compares and contrasts how the different bodies of international law (IHL and IHRL) address each of the kinds of crises (conflict, “natural” or technological disaster), respectively.

Exploring the administrative mechanism of China's Paired Assistance to Disaster Affected Areas programme.

The Paired Assistance to Disaster Affected Areas (PADAA) programme is a mutual aid initiative with Chinese characteristics, which speeded up the process of restoring and reconstructing regions affected by the Wenchuan earthquake on 12 May 2008. The PADAA is an efficient instrument for catastrophe recovery, yet it remains a mysterious mechanism to many members of disaster management communities. This paper aims to lift the veil on it by assessing its origins and evolution. It draws on the multi-level moderated competition model to explain how the PADAA functions within the Chinese administrative system. The country's top-down political system allows the central authority to mandate provincial and local governments from more economically developed regions to assist devastated areas with post-disaster reconstruction. The practices of local accountability complement vertical control by giving leaders from donor regions strong incentives to accomplish assigned reconstruction tasks, resulting in intense competition between them.

The Development and Initial Validation of the Citizen Disaster Communication Assessment

Current U.S. federal disaster management approaches advocate for citizens to engage in local efforts to cope with the negative consequences of disasters. In line with this approach, this project develops and validates the Citizen Disaster Communication Assessment (CDCA), which is a comprehensive survey instrument measuring individuals’ communication across disaster phases. The CDCA development process occurred over three studies. Study 1 consisted of assessment item generation and expert review. Study 2 determined the dimensionality of citizen disaster communication. Study 3 surveyed three communities experiencing different disaster phases in order to confirm the CDCA factor structure. Results (a) demonstrate evidence of an empirically derived citizen disaster communication measure and (b) inform current understanding of how citizens’ communication can participate in community disaster management. Future research should use the CDCA in other diverse communities to further validate the measure and to provide additional insight into the structural and sociodemographic factors influencing disaster communication.

Improving community disaster resilience through scorecard self-testing

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to develop government and community-level critical thinking, planning, and action for improving community disaster resilience by reporting a study that sought to evaluate the possibility of using the Torrens Resilience Institute Australian Community Disaster Resilience (CDR) Scorecard in the Malaysian context.Design/methodology/approachA participatory action research approach (done in 2015) encouraged key people involved in managing the 2014 Kelantan floods in Malaysia’s north-east to participate in discussions about, and self-testing of, the CDR Scorecard to measure and improve their communities’ disaster resilience.FindingsThe CDR Scorecard can be useful in the Malaysian community context, with some modifications. Self-testing revealed that participating communities need to strengthen their disaster resilience through better communication, cross-community cooperation, maximizing opportunities to compare their plans, actions and reactions with those reported in research publications, and aligning their community disaster management with reported best practice internationally while acknowledging the need to adapt such practice to local contexts.Research limitations/implicationsThere is a need for a Malaysia-wide, simple-to-use, standardized disaster resilience scorecard to improve communities’ quality, self-efficacy, and capability to facilitate improved disaster resilience.Practical implicationsThe adaptation of Australian CDR Scorecard for used in the country.Social implicationsAwareness of CDR level will enhance community and government preparedness, mitigation, and responses to flood disaster.Originality/valueThis project is the first of its kind in Malaysia. It provides an example of the possibilities of using the CDR Scorecard globally in the form of a context-specific toolkit. The engagement of key people in the community in self-testing the Scorecard provides genuine, on-the-ground, real life data, giving others an understanding of local assessment of each community’s resilience level.

Developing a Web-Based Supporting Application for Individual Evacuation Plans Through Hazard Risk and Geographical Analyses

After the 2011 East Japan Earthquake, the Japanese Cabinet Office has promoted local governments and communities to develop a “Community Disaster Management Plan.” Local governments started to hold workshops to develop the said plan for residents in local communities. However, only a few residents (i.e., those who are interested in disaster prevention) participate in these workshops; thus, most residents do not have opportunities to survey disaster prevention. Considering this issue, we decided to develop a supporting application for individual disaster management plans by analyzing hazard risks and land features. In this research, we focused on evacuation planning for residents. Furthermore, we developed it as web-based application as any resident connected to the internet may be struggling with their evacuation. In our proposed application, users have to take seven steps: (1) learn features of tsunami attack and countermeasures during a tsunami disaster, (2) set start point for evacuation, (3) set first and second goal for evacuation based on lessons learned from the “Miracle of Kamaishi,” (4) search the shortest evacuation route from start point through the first goal to the second goal, (5) review change of elevation on the evacuation route, (6) review hazard risks and land feature on the evacuation route and to reroute if necessary, and (7) download their settled evacuation route to their own devices as a GPX file. After developing a prototype of the application, we published it as a web service. While the publishing was in process, we gathered logs on how users took actions based on our proposed application. Approximately 10 days after publishing the prototype, we analyzed the path of users’ action flow, and we detected issues that need to be resolved to improve esidents’ disaster management capacity during tsunami disasters. Generally, our application helped prepared users for tsunami disaster prevention.

A Study on the Outcomes and issues by Making Community Disaster Management Plan upon community

A Study on the Outcomes and issues by Making Community Disaster Management Plan upon community

Study on an Online Communication and Task Management System for Disaster Response Utilizing Natural Language Processing

The development and implementation of online-based disaster management information processing systems advance communication among disaster management communities. Many such communities communicate using general-purpose natural language messaging. Online disaster informationprocessing systems should process such communication for making common operational picture and managing tasks and resources. We are thus developing online disaster information management support systems that use natural language processing. In doing so, we compare conventional paper-based and online-based systems for implementing online-based systems and develop task management support systems that use natural language processing.

Research on Planning Process of Community Disaster Management Plan at Tsunami-Hit Area

We cover surveys and planning covering the process from the review process for evacuation behavior to the formulation of disaster management plans after the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake. We focus on the community disaster management plan for the Ando district of Otsuchi town in Iwate Prefecture. We also examine processes and methods for transforming review results into documentation planning. Based on findings from a survey on evacuation behavior, we evaluate factors influencing evacuation behavior and analyze findings from a “Survey on the Situation of Death in the Ando District.” Based on results, we discuss workshops held on review meetings on disaster management planning for the Ando district neighborhood association. We close by extracting and summarizing the features and problems of Ando district tsunami disaster management.