Crowdsourcing Research Articles

Maternity waiting home utilization among women who gave birth in the pastoralist communities of Borana Zone, Ethiopia: A community-based mixed-method study design

BackgroundMaternity Waiting Home (MWH) utilization is valuable for enhancing maternal and neonatal health service utilization. Although few studies have been conducted in non-pastoral areas, more evidence is needed from pastoralist communities. Hence, the study aimed to assess the utilization of MWH and its associated factors among women in pastoralist communities in Ethiopia. MethodsA concurrent mixed-method design was conducted from 10 Augustto15 September 2021. The cluster sampling technique was used to select the study participants. Qualitative data was collected through focus group discussions and in-depth interviews. Multivariable logistic regression analysis is used to identify significant factors. Qualitative data were thematically analyzed and triangulated with quantitative findings. ResultsOnly 13 % (95%CI:10.5–15.6) of women had utilized MWHs. Husbands participation in antenatal care (AOR = 5.54, 95%CI: 2.14–14.35), having caregivers at home (AOR = 2.59, 95%CI: 1.14–4.86), attending pregnant-women conferences (AOR = 5.01, 95%CI: 2.17–11.49), the husband received information about MWH (AOR = 3.6, 95%CI: 1.54–8.49), favorable attitude towards MWH (AOR = 3.15, 95%CI:1.47–6.77), birth during the rainy season (AOR = 0.35, 95%CI: 0.15–0.81) and residing within 10 km of a health center (AOR = 0.15,95%CI:0.04–0.58) were significantly associated with MWH utilization. The main themes that emerged as barriers to MWH utilization were lack of awareness, availability and accessibility of the services, norms and perceptions, lack of decision-making power, family support and women's workload. ConclusionThe study found low utilization of MWHs. Husbands' involvement, having information about MWHs, a favorable attitude, the season of birth, and distance were significantly associated. Lack of transportation access, norms, and limited awareness of MWH were also found to be barriers to service utilization. Health education to raise awareness about the importance of MWHs, enabling transportation access, husbands’ involvement, and encouraging women to take an active role in household decision-making are crucial to boosting MWH utilization.

Crowdsourced Fact-checking: Does It Actually Work?

There is an important ongoing effort aimed to tackle misinformation and to perform reliable fact-checking by employing human assessors at scale, with a crowdsourcing-based approach. Previous studies on the feasibility of employing crowdsourcing for the task of misinformation detection have provided inconsistent results: some of them seem to confirm the effectiveness of crowdsourcing for assessing the truthfulness of statements and claims, whereas others fail to reach an effectiveness level higher than automatic machine learning approaches, which are still unsatisfactory. In this paper, we aim at addressing such inconsistency and understand if truthfulness assessment can indeed be crowdsourced effectively. To do so, we build on top of previous studies; we select some of those reporting low effectiveness levels, we highlight their potential limitations, and we then reproduce their work attempting to improve their setup to address those limitations. We employ various approaches, data quality levels, and agreement measures to assess the reliability of crowd workers when assessing the truthfulness of (mis)information. Furthermore, we explore different worker features and compare the results obtained with different crowds. According to our findings, crowdsourcing can be used as an effective methodology to tackle misinformation at scale. When compared to previous studies, our results indicate that a significantly higher agreement between crowd workers and experts can be obtained by using a different, higher-quality, crowdsourcing platform and by improving the design of the crowdsourcing task. Also, we find differences concerning task and worker features and how workers provide truthfulness assessments.

Lab on a Secchi disk: A prototype open‐source profiling package for low‐cost monitoring in aquatic environments

AbstractOwing to the high cost of commercial optical sensors, there is a need to develop low‐cost optical sensing packages to expand monitoring of aquatic environments, particularly in under‐resourced regions. Visual methods to monitor the optical properties of water, like the Secchi disk and Forel‐Ule color scale, remain in use in the modern era owing to their simplicity, low‐cost and long history of use. Yet, recent years have seen advances in low‐cost, electronic‐based optical sensing. Here, the designs of a miniaturized hand‐held device (mini‐Secchi disk) that measures the Secchi depth and Forel‐Ule color are updated. We then extend the device by integrating a small electronic sensing package (Arduino‐based) into the Secchi disk, for vertical profiling, combining historic and modern methods for monitoring the optical properties of water into a single, low‐cost sensing device, that measures positioning (GPS), light spectra, temperature, and pressure. It is charged and transfers data wirelessly, is encased in epoxy resin, and can be used to derive vertical profiles of spectral light attenuation and temperature, in addition to Secchi depth and Forel‐Ule color. We present data from a series of deployments of the package, compare its performance with commercially available instruments, and demonstrate its use for validation of satellite remotely sensed data. Our designs are made openly available to promote community‐based development and have potential in communicating and teaching science, participatory science, and low‐cost monitoring of aquatic environments.

Community-based design through the enactive concept of participatory sense-making: the case of water care in the Moravia neighbourhood of Medellín, Colombia

ABSTRACT Community-based design has become established in the design scene due to its advantages and new values, of which there is ample evidence. In this article, we document a real case of a design process with a vulnerable community in the Moravia neighbourhood in the city of Medellín (Colombia) where the methodological elements and the values that predominate in this type of design processes are described. The preliminary results of the intervention yield very positive outcomes in relation to the original design objectives. However, the theoretical exploration of why these forms of design can be more effective when it comes to changing cultural practices has been scarcely studied. We believe that we can extend and adapt explanations from the theories of social cognition of enactivism, especially, with its concept of participatory sense-making to justify the creation of the new meanings and practices that community design offers. Indeed, we believe that the introduction of new artefacts situated in specific contexts that are conceived from a participatory conception, create new nodes of meanings that can be more successful in transforming practices in the communities participating in their own design processes.

Community-led water governance: Meanings of drinking water governance within remote First Nations and Métis communities in Saskatchewan

Access to safe drinking water remains a significant challenge for many Indigenous communities in Canada, particularly for remote communities. This stems from historic colonial practices of water governance that have relied on Western worldviews and excluded Indigenous Peoples. Using an Indigenist research framework and a Community-Based Participatory Research design, we, as Indigenous and non-Indigenous collaborative research team wanted to learn from remote Indigenous communities, including Star Blanket Cree First Nation and the Cumberland House Village at the Treaty 4 and 5 territories (known as Saskatchewan) that have not been adequately represented in water governance. Following this, we used storytelling and deep listening to engage seven Elders and knowledge-keepers from the two communities. The findings show Indigenous People have spiritual and historical worldviews and practices surrounding water and its governance. Promoting Indigenous worldviews in water governance is critical to enhancing access to safe drinking water within the two communities. Therefore, reviving and reconnecting Indigenous drinking water governance promotes community healing and water protection. Insights from this paper propose a meaningful bridge between Western and Indigenous perspectives and the capacity to govern water through deep and complex practices and meanings of water governance.

Working From Within: The Rural Community Participatory Design Framework.

This article describes the development of the rural community-based participatory design framework to guide healthcare design teams in their integration of rural community and clinical voice during the planning, design, and construction of a healthcare facility. Rural communities are facing an alarming rate of healthcare facility closures, provider shortages, and dwindling resources, which are negatively impacting population health outcomes. A prioritized focus on rural care access and delivery requires design teams to have a deeper understanding of the contextual considerations necessary for a successful healthcare facility project, made possible through engagement and partnership with rural dwelling community members and healthcare teams. The rural community participatory design framework is adapted from the rural participatory research model, selected due to its capture of key concepts and characteristics of rural communities. Underpinning theories included rural nursing theory and theory of the built environment. The framework encompasses healthcare facility project phases, key translational concepts, and common traits across rural communities and cultures. As a middle-range theoretical framework, it is being tested in a current healthcare project with a Critical Access Hospital in Montana to facilitate design team and stakeholder collaboration. The rural community participatory design framework may be utilized by design teams as a means of familiarization with rural cultures, norms, values, and critical needs, which relate to meaningful design. The framework further enables design teams to critically appraise best practices of stakeholder engagement throughout the project lifecycle.

Participation in Critical Dialogues With Illustrative Images Increases Knowledge About COVID-19 Prevention: A Mixed Methods Longitudinal Approach

This intervention study uses community-based participatory research (CBPR) and longitudinal design to examine changes in COVID-19 prevention knowledge over time (3 time points) among racially minoritized participants ( n = 38). The intervention comprised critical dialogues alongside an illustration used to engage participants in conversations about socioeconomic conditions affecting acquisition of COVID-19 knowledge. Quantitative data showed that COVID-19 prevention knowledge was higher for participants who completed the intervention. Qualitative data were used to illustrate the context under which participants experienced COVID-19 pandemic, how they received COVID-19 prevention information, and how they engaged in decision-making around COVID-19 protective behaviors. Contributions to mixed method research: The combination of CBPR, repeated measures, and critical dialogues (with and art form) in intervention research.

Determinants of postpartum long-acting reversible contraceptives in the extended postpartum period in Shashago district, Central Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study conducted in the community

BackgroundWomen who fail to initiate contraceptive use within the first year after childbirth face an increased likelihood of experiencing unintended pregnancies in close succession. In regions with limited resources, the use of postpartum contraceptives, particularly long-acting reversible contraceptives, remains notably low. Consequently, this study sought to assess the prevalence and determinants of postpartum long acting reversible contraceptives in the extended postpartum period in the Shashago district, Central Ethiopia.MethodsThis study employed a community-based cross-sectional design, conducted between March 1, 2021, and April 15, 2021, involving a total of 617 women of reproductive age. The selection of study participants was performed using a multistage stratified sampling technique. Data collection was carried out through the use of a structured interviewer-administered questionnaire. Subsequently, the collected data were entered into Epi-data version 3.1 and exported to SPSS version 25 for further analysis. Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses were conducted, and statistical significance was determined using a P value of 0.05, along with adjusted odds ratios (AORs) and their corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI).ResultsA total of 224(36.3%) women used long-acting contraceptives after giving birth. Among these women, 31.1% used Implanon, while 5.2% used an intrauterine device (IUD). Factors significantly associated with the use of long-acting contraceptives after childbirth included age 25–29 years (AOR: 1.8, 95% CI: 1.1-3.0), age ≥ 35 years (AOR = 8.7, 95% CI: 3.6–21.5), primary education (AOR = 3.3, 95% CI: 1.6–6.7), secondary education and above (AOR = 3.5, 95% CI: 1.5–8.3), and history of abortion (AOR = 2.7, 95% CI: 1.3–5.4). Additionally, having good knowledge of long-acting contraceptives after childbirth (AOR: 2.4, 95% CI: 1.5–3.9) was significantly associated with their use.ConclusionThis study revealed that a small number of women opt for long-acting contraceptives after childbirth, with Implanon being more popular than IUDs. Factors such as age, education level, abortion history, pregnancy counseling, and knowledge about long-acting contraceptives were linked to their usage. Integrating contraceptive counseling into routine antenatal and postnatal care is essential for ensuring access to postpartum contraception. Tailored interventions based on age and education level could also help promote long-acting contraceptive use. More research and targeted interventions are needed to overcome these barriers and improve access to these methods for postpartum women.

Instance redistribution-based label integration for crowdsourcing

Crowdsourcing provides an inexpensive solution to employ crowd workers labeling instances, and hence each instance is labeled with a multiple noisy label set instead of its true label. Label integration aims to infer a true label from its multiple noisy label set. However, existing fine-tuned methods increase the model complexity while enhancing the performance of label integration. Therefore, it is a challenge to search for a simple but efficient label integration method. Meeting this challenge, this paper proposes instance redistribution-based label integration (IRLI), a novel method for label integration. Firstly, from the label view, we estimate the probability of an instance belonging to each class based on its multiple noisy label set and obtain a multiple noisy label distribution vector. Secondly, from the attribute view, we reestimate the probability of an instance belonging to each class based on its attribute set and obtain an instance redistribution vector. Finally, we combine the multiple noisy label distribution vector and the instance redistribution vector of each instance to infer its integrated label. Comprehensive experimental results on both simulated and real-world crowdsourced datasets validate the superiority of IRLI.

Density estimation of the globally threatened fishing cat Prionailurus viverrinus through a participatory science approach in the Chilika lagoon, eastern India

The fishing cat Prionailurus viverrinus is an Indo-Malayan wetland-dependent felid which is listed as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List. Its main prey, fish, has low energetic demands and is abundant in productive aquatic habitats. This facilitates high piscivore densities and potentially alters expected scaling patterns that link population density to the body mass of small cats. With local community participation, we estimated the density of the fishing cat in Chilika, Asia’s largest brackish water lagoon, located in the state of Odisha, eastern India, with community participation. The study was carried out in 2 phases in different habitats during 2021 and 2022: a homogeneous marshy habitat and its buffer (Northern Block), and a heterogeneous matrix of different land-use types (Southern Block). We deployed a total of 144 camera traps across 4380 trap nights. Using spatially explicit capture-recapture (SECR), we estimated mean (±SE) fishing cat density to be 0.69 ± 0.1 ind. km-2 in the Northern Block and 0.67 ± 0.33 ind. km-2 in the Southern Block. The population abundance estimates for the Northern and the Southern Blocks were 159 ± 23 and 185 ± 91 respectively. In the former, SECR modelling indicated an effect of anthropogenic habitat modification upon the species’ home range extent. Our density estimates are amongst the highest reported for the species outside protected areas. The results imply that Chilika holds an abundant population of the fishing cat, the continued persistence of which requires mitigation of local and external threats to fish populations. Furthermore, our study, with its inclusive approach, sets a precedent for the use of camera trapping for obtaining robust density estimates of species with uniquely marked individuals in wetland habitats.

First record of Camponotus textor Forel, 1899 (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) from Ecuador

We present the first records of Camponotus textor Forel, 1899 (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) from Ecuador, representing the first records from west of the Andes. We explore the use of participatory science data from iNaturalist and scientific collections to understand the distribution of C. textor. While iNaturalist data alone cannot confirm the presence of C. textor due to the need for precise morphometric data, it can be a valuable tool for assessing the species’ potential distribution. This study increases Ecuador’s known ant species to 826 and Camponotus species to at least 61. Challenges in distinguishing C. textor and C. senex prevent us from determining C. textor’s native status and highlight the need for further research on Camponotus in Ecuador.

Practical Applications of a Participatory Science Project Evaluation Tool: Perspectives from Across Earth and Space Science

While traditional science often focuses on peer-reviewed scientific publications and citations to gauge efficacy, citizen science projects, also called participatory science projects, span a broader range of goals, methods, and products than are capturable by such means. The Science Products Inventory (SPI) is one tool to assist with participatory science evaluation that extends beyond scientific outputs such as publications. Its use cases were limited to a cohort of projects during its initial development, so here we explored its utility and flexibility for use cases across multiple US federally-funded participatory science projects. We examined the tool’s formative and longitudinal utility, accessibility, and adaptability with contributory projects spanning different sizes, scopes, and goals. We found that the tool was easily customizable, making it suitable for individual project needs, including meeting the needs of funders for evaluation. It was easy to use, making it suitable for data gathering by non-expert evaluators, and it enabled practitioners to reflect on ways to enhance a project’s impact. We also found it useful for comparing evaluation data over time and between projects. Ultimately, citizen science includes elements across various dimensions that can be examined using quantitative indicators—like those in the SPI—and qualitative means. A combination of evaluation approaches could be appropriate for individual project goals and stakeholders, but we show how the simplicity and customizability of the SPI can provide benefits across a range of projects and programs.

Operationalizing community-based open scientific design research benchmarks: application to model-based architecture design synthesis

AbstractThe point has repeatedly been made that validation is a crucial success factor in demonstrating the scientific contribution and ensuring the adoption of results. Still, researchers in design science validate their research findings too infrequently. We must all evaluate our claimed contributions on open benchmarks to improve validation quality and foster cumulative research. In this paper, we propose a meta-model to standardise and operationalise the concept of open scientific benchmarks in design science and to guide communities of researchers in the co-development of scientific benchmarks.

Label noise correction for crowdsourcing using dynamic resampling

Crowdsourcing provides a cost-effective labeling solution for the acquisition of labeled training samples for machine learning by employing workers on the Internet. A common approach to improving the label quality is to employ a truth inference method to infer integrated labels for samples from their multiple noisy labels obtained from different crowd workers. Although the quality of integrated labels is significantly improved compared with that of the original noisy ones, it still cannot completely eliminate the noises inevitably existing in the integrated labels. To further improve the label quality, this paper proposes a novel label noise correction method for crowdsourcing based on dynamic resampling (DRNC). DRNC first divides the dataset with inferred labels into a clean set and a noisy set through a filter. According to a certain proportion, the clean set and the noisy set are resampled to train multiple heterogeneous classifiers, which form an ensemble classifier. Then, the dataset is divided by the ensemble classifier into a new sub-noisy set and a sub-clean set. The whole process repeats multiple rounds, generating multiple sub-clean sets. Finally, these sub-clean sets are used to train classifiers, which jointly correct the wrong labels in the dataset by voting. Experimental results on 25 simulated and 4 real-world datasets consistently show that the proposed DRNC averagely improves the quality of labels as well as the quality of learned models in the range of 1 to 10 percentage points, compared with four state-of-the-art crowdsourcing noise correction methods.

Crowdsourced Assessment of Aesthetic Outcomes of Dorsal Preservation Rhinoplasty

Abstract Goals/Purpose The inherent subjectivity in evaluating aesthetic outcomes presents a unique challenge in assessing rhinoplasty. Crowdsourcing has provided a new metric for objective analysis. The authors designed a study to compare the aesthetic outcomes of dorsal preservation rhinoplasty versus structural rhinoplasty using a reliable and valid crowdsourcing platform. We aim to objectively quantify the relative aesthetic advantages of performing a dorsal preservation technique. Additionally, we aim to demonstrate the efficacy of using crowdsourcing as an efficient and reliable method for evaluating any plastic surgery aesthetic outcome. Methods/Technique This retrospective observational study was approved by the IRB at UCLA. A total of 64 patients who had previously undergone rhinoplasty performed by the senior author were included. All surgeries were performed at the UCLA Ronald Reagan Medical Center. Patients with prior nasal surgery or trauma were excluded. All subjects were photographed using standard rhinoplasty views during the pre-and postoperative visits. Frontal and right profile photographs were then cropped in a standardized fashion (Photos, Version 8.0, Apple Inc.) and used for evaluation. All evaluations and ratings were collected using the HIPPA compliant and encrypted software via a secure online platform (LoveMyDelta, Inc., Philadelphia, PA). All crowd workers were recruited and vetted through this platform, with internal fidelity checks performed. Each crowd worker was shown a profile and frontal view of a patient and asked to score the overall appearance of the nose, the nasal dorsum profile, the symmetry of the dorsal aesthetic lines, and the dorsal contour using a visual analog scale. Scoring was performed using a provided validated visual assessment guide. They were asked whether they believed the subject had undergone rhinoplasty and asked to provide a level of confidence in their guess. Crowdworkers’ responses were aggregated to allow for high-powered intra-rater analysis. Intra-rater reliability and confidence intervals were calculated. Aggregate data from all raters were used to generate an absolute value of aesthetic state for each cohort. A "delta" was then obtained for each value by comparing the preoperative to the postoperative state to obtain a representative value of the improvement after undergoing surgery. Raters were asked if the patient appeared to have had surgery, and each correct and incorrect response was proportionally weighted based on the raters' confidence in their answer. The delta (difference in preoperative to postoperative aesthetic state) for each parameter for the dorsal and non-dorsal preservation cohorts was calculated using non-paired T-tests to determine significance. Results/Complications A total of 64 patients were included for evaluation. The structural rhinoplasty cohort consisted of 34 patients. The dorsal preservation cohort included 30 patients. Both dorsal preservation and non-dorsal preservation rhinoplasty cohorts were associated with improved overall crowdsourced aesthetic outcomes and improved outcomes across all subparameters. Overall, delta (d) improved in both dorsal preservation (0.300, 95% CI +/- 0.047) and structural (0.377, 95% CI +/- 0.055) cohorts. When raters were asked to predict whether a patient had surgery, the correlation coefficient between the confidence in the prediction and that prediction being correct was 0.74 (95% CI +/- 0.47 in the structural group, suggesting that a crowd worker was likely to be correct in identifying whether a patient had structural rhinoplasty. However, the correlation coefficient was -0.0554 (95% CI +/- 0.058) in the dorsal preservation group. This suggests the raters were unable to consistently identify which patients had dorsal preservation rhinoplasty with any confidence. Conclusion In the ongoing challenge to achieve better aesthetic outcomes in plastic surgery, crowdsourcing is a valuable tool for helping to measure these outcomes. We compared the aesthetic outcomes of dorsal preservation rhinoplasty versus structural rhinoplasty using a reliable and valid crowdsourcing platform. We found that significant improvements in overall aesthetic outcomes were achieved with both techniques, while a more natural “unoperated” outcome was achieved when performing a dorsal preservation technique. With this type of study and assessment tool, we helped to demonstrate the efficacy of using crowdsourcing as an efficient and reliable method for evaluating any plastic surgery aesthetic outcome.

Determinants of default from completion of child immunization among children aged 15-23 months in Kacha Bira district, Kembata Tembaro zone, South Ethiopia: a case-control study.

Child immunization is crucial to protect children from vaccine-preventable diseases. However, if a child defaults from completing immunization, they are at a greater risk of contracting such diseases. Previous studies have evaluated various factors that contribute to defaulting from immunization, but they did not consider the fear of COVID-19 as a variable. Additionally, there is inconsistency in the factors identified across different areas. This study aimed to examine the determinants of defaulting from child immunization among children aged 15-23 months in Kacha Bira district, Kembata Tembaro zone, South Ethiopia. A study was conducted using a community-based unmatched case-control design to identify the determinants of child immunization completion. The study included 255 children aged 15-23 months in the Kacha Bira district from 3 May 2022 to 1 June 2022, using a multi-stage sampling technique. Face-to-face interviews of mothers or immediate caretakers of the child were conducted using a mobile device, and the questionnaire was developed using the Kobo Toolbox. The data collected were analyzed using SPSS version 25. Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify the determinants, and the adjusted odds ratio with 95% CI and a p < 0.05 were considered statistical significant. The multivariable logistic regression analysis identified four independent predictors of immunization defaulting. Antenatal care (ANC) follow-up [AOR = 5.40, 95% CI (2.24-13.52)], postponing vaccination schedule [AOR = 2.28, 95% CI: (1.05-4.93)], parity of the mother [AOR = 3.25, 95% CI: (1.45-7.27)], and knowledge of the mother about vaccination [AOR = 6.77, 95% CI: (2.33-19.64)] were determinants of immunization defaulting. In this study, lack of ANC follow-up, postponement of the vaccination schedule, mothers with parity of greater than four, and poor knowledge of the mothers about immunization were identified as determinants of immunization defaulting.

A Perspective on Crowdsourcing and Human-in-the-Loop Workflows in Precision Health.

Modern machine learning approaches have led to performant diagnostic models for a variety of health conditions. Several machine learning approaches, such as decision trees and deep neural networks, can, in principle, approximate any function. However, this power can be considered to be both a gift and a curse, as the propensity toward overfitting is magnified when the input data are heterogeneous and high dimensional and the output class is highly nonlinear. This issue can especially plague diagnostic systems that predict behavioral and psychiatric conditions that are diagnosed with subjective criteria. An emerging solution to this issue is crowdsourcing, where crowd workers are paid to annotate complex behavioral features in return for monetary compensation or a gamified experience. These labels can then be used to derive a diagnosis, either directly or by using the labels as inputs to a diagnostic machine learning model. This viewpoint describes existing work in this emerging field and discusses ongoing challenges and opportunities with crowd-powered diagnostic systems, a nascent field of study. With the correct considerations, the addition of crowdsourcing to human-in-the-loop machine learning workflows for the prediction of complex and nuanced health conditions can accelerate screening, diagnostics, and ultimately access to care.

A review of science teaching approaches for equity focusing on race, class, and religion from the perspectives of Freire's and Arendt's theories of education

AbstractThis paper presents a literature review of science teaching approaches that seek to support equity in science classrooms, focusing on marginalization based on (i) race/ethnicity, (ii) social class/socioeconomic background, and (iii) religion. Considered were approaches that science teachers can use in science classes in secondary schools. They were analyzed and discussed against the backdrop of critical pedagogy by Paulo Freire and the educational theory by Hannah Arendt, which constitutes a novelty in science education research. The review used meta interpretation combined with systematic searches in the ERIC database. It is, thus, limited to works published in English. A total of 930 articles (2013–2021) were identified out of which 64 were fully analyzed. The analysis shows that most approaches strive to provide more equal access to the existing science knowledge and structures of the community. This corresponds to the introduction to the “old world” in a conservative interpretation of Arendt's term. I argue that in addition, it is necessary to employ a more radical interpretation of the “old world” as fundamentally plural which is done in translanguaging and grappling with racism. Further, the transformative nature of science education needs to be strengthened in terms of Freire's critical pedagogy and Arendt's concept of natality. This means allowing students to become aware of oppressive structures to induce change. Only youth participatory science, youth participatory action research, and grappling with racism explicitly aim for this. This shows that nuanced perspectives on equity in science education are needed.

Who engages whom?—Deficit communication in participatory science governance as democratic deficit

Abstract This article builds on the evolving relationship between science and society, focusing on the increasing emphasis on public participation in science decision-making processes. Public participation in science is often regarded as an embodiment of democratic principles that grant citizens the opportunity to engage with and influence scientific and technological developments. However, deficit models of science communication in participatory governance may be turning into democratic deficits. This article critically examines the deficit model of science communication, highlighting its potential democratic deficit. Drawing on empirical evidence from two case studies in a rural, socio-economically underdeveloped region in Portugal, the authors analyse the dynamics between agency and structure in hierarchical decision-making structures and power relations. We recommend policy implications to enhance the democratic quality of participatory science governance processes, based on convergence of initiatives, transparency, and new prospects for science communication.

Power and participation: A systematic review of marine protected area engagement through participatory science Methods

Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) are a critical part of the marine resource management community’s toolbox in seeking a sustainable and vibrant global ocean system. The processes of community engagement with MPAs, however, are rooted in pre-existing power dynamics inherent in environmental governance systems and influenced by historical contexts of colonialism. Marine governance has historically operated in a top-down manner, imposing exclusionary forms of conservation on local communities without affording them equitable power in the process. Meaningful engagement of community members in MPAs has been suggested as one of the key enabling conditions that drive successful marine protection. Specifically, participatory science methods have the potential to engage local communities, elevate local voices and expertise, and strengthen both local communities and scientific learning. This systematic scoping review assesses the peer-reviewed literature to understand the quality and nature of participatory science methods that have been used to engage communities in MPAs. The review highlights that, while participatory science methods are not uncommon in MPAs, they seldom challenge existing power dynamics. The results of this review show that power in MPA processes related to participatory science is generally retained by conventional researchers and MPA managers. Based on these findings, the authors provide recommendations to marine resource management researchers and practitioners to help the ocean governance community support greater power sharing with local communities through equitable and locally appropriate participatory science methods.