Crowdsourcing Research Articles

Vaccination Coverage and Predictors of Vaccination among Children Aged 12-23 Months in the Pastoralist Communities of Ethiopia: A Mixed Methods Design.

This study assessed vaccination coverage and its associated factors among children aged 12-23 months in pastoralist Ethiopia. It was conducted in three woredas of the Afar region using a community-based cross-sectional mixed methods design with quantitative and qualitative methods. A total of 413 mothers with children aged 12-23 months participated in the quantitative study via a simple random sampling technique. Logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with vaccination, and thematic analysis techniques were used for qualitative data. The percentage of patients who received full vaccination was 25%. Based on vaccination card observations, the dropout rate from Pentavalent-1 to Pentavalent-3 was found to be 2.9%. Logistic regression analysis revealed significant associations between mothers and caretakers with formal education, those who owned mobile phones, had antenatal care (ANC) visits, and birthed at a health facility with full vaccination. The overall proportion of full immunization is lower than the target set by the World Health Organization (WHO). The findings suggest that programs and policy makers should prioritize improving the access and enrolment of women and caretakers, promoting mobile phone ownership, and encouraging ANC visits and the promotion of health facility deliveries, as these are associated with higher rates of immunization.

High prevalence and risk factors associated with asymptomatic malaria among children in Nkwen village, Northwest Region, Cameroon

BackgroundIn endemic locations, asymptomatic malaria is a major contribution to the rise in clinical malaria. In order to achieve the goal of interrupting malaria transmission, control programmes should take into consideration carriers of asymptomatic malaria parasite. Hence, the purpose of this study was to look at the prevalence and risk factors of asymptomatic malaria in children in Nkwen village.MethodsUsing a cross-sectional and community-based design, conducted between June and December 2022, a total of 246 children were enrolled after obtaining informed and signed consent from parents and/ or guardians. To collect data, pre-tested, closed-ended, structured questionnaires were used, ensuring the accuracy and reliability of the information gathered. A digital thermometer with infrared forehead capability was used to take participants’ body temperature, providing precise measurements and respondents with temperature < 37.5 °C, and not presenting any symptoms or indicators of malaria were included in the study, ensuring the focus on asymptomatic cases. Blood samples were collected by venipuncture and screened for the presence of asymptomatic parasitaemia using blood smear microscopy and nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Data was entered into Microsoft Excel worksheet and analysed using SPSS version 23 software. Logistic regression models were carried out to explore the risk factors associated with asymptomatic malaria at household and individual levels and statistically significant association was considered at a p-value < 0.05.ResultsA total of 246 healthy children were examined for asymptomatic malaria infection using microscopy and PCR. Of the examined children, 65.9% (162/246) were malaria positive by PCR while 59.3% (146/246) were malaria positive by microscopy. Considering both diagnostic methods, females had a greater prevalence of asymptomatic malaria than males. In logistic analysis, the risk of developing asymptomatic malaria was associated several factors: previous malaria episode (OR = 5.14; CI 2.94–9.01), family history of malaria (OR = 3.86; CI 2.21–6.74), homestead near swampy areas (OR = 3.56; CI 2.10–10.61), non-utilization of insecticide treated nets (OR = 4.36; CI 2.53–7.5), non-usage of indoor residual spray (IRS) (OR = 6.67; CI 3.75–11.86) and opened eaves (OR = 3.86; CI 2.21–6.74). No associations were established between asymptomatic malaria and the following factors: age group (p > 0.05), gender (p > 0.05) and type of wall construction (p > 0.05).ConclusionThe high rate of asymptomatic malaria in this study is a significant problem and may jeopardize the current malaria control effort. Personal and house-level risk factors were linked with asymptomatic malaria. Therefore, it should be considered when evaluating and restructuring more successful malaria elimination tactics to accomplish the intended goals of malaria control.

Knowledge of the Stress-Health Link as a Source of Resilience Among Mexicans in the Arizona Borderlands.

Mexicans who migrate to the United States endure significant stressors related to the migration process and social and environmental conditions of life in the United States. Given that chronic stress exposure has been linked to the onset of health conditions, these ecological factors may expose them to increased risk for poor health. However, Mexicans have many positive health outcomes compared to those monitored nationally, making it crucial to understand possible sources of resilience in this population. Here, we investigate Mexicans' lay health knowledge in response to stress as a possible source of health-related resilience. Health knowledge is considered a central facet of practical and traditional knowledge as well as adaptive modes of intelligence and has a tangible impact on health. Using an ethnographically grounded community-based participatory research design informed by the theory of embodiment, our hybrid team of bilingual university and community-based researchers interviewed Mexican-origin residents (N = 30) living in rural southwestern Arizona about how they experienced and responded to stress and incorporated it into their etiological frameworks. Thematic analysis revealed that participants paid close attention to how stress presented itself in their bodies, which informed their understanding of its potentially harmful health impacts and motivated them to employ multiple stress reduction strategies. Our results highlight the breadth of Mexicans' lay health knowledge, thereby challenging dominant narratives about low rates of health literacy in this population. Findings can be harnessed to optimize potential health protective effects in home and community settings as well as to inform preventive and clinical interventions.

Discovering Novel Social Preferences Using Simple Artificial Neural Networks

How do we make decisions about allocating scarce resources to others when we face multiple alternatives? While people usually evaluate multiple allocations jointly or non-independently, distributional preferences have been analyzed through behavioral models that assume independent evaluation. Here, we explore distributional preferences that can be identified when we analyze allocation decisions with a flexible model class that can factor in joint evaluation. In Study 1, we recruited 3,006 Japanese crowd workers and provided them with 13,041 theoretically designed resource allocation problems. Using artificial neural networks, we discovered two types of allocation problems among 13,041 problems where the choices made by the participants could only be predicted with a model that factored in joint evaluation of two options. For example, one of these problems showed that the participants became sensitive to differences in their self-reward between two allocations which pitted the participants against disadvantageous equity, which could be naturally supported by our intuition but could not have been discovered unless joint evaluation was considered. In preregistered Study 2, we recruited 185 Japanese participants to conduct a conceptual replication of the machine-discovered distributional preferences. We had participants evaluate two allocation options on the same (i.e., jointly) or different (i.e., separately) screens, confirming that the distributional preferences discovered in Study 1 (i.e., joint-evaluation situation) were more often observed in the former joint-screen situation. Our findings showcase the usefulness of a prediction-oriented machine learning approach to the exploration of novel behavioral theories in social decision-making.

Citizen science and science communication: toward a more inclusive pattern?

Despite research calls in citizen science and science communication for more participatory approaches, practical attempts are uncommon. This practice insight focuses on a significant barrier to adopting a participatory approach — the lack of inclusion. In this project, I identified the barriers and determinants of inclusion through a literature review, and then I developed and tested a framework applicable to participatory science communication projects to determine if projects recognise and address inclusion considerations. I successfully tested the framework using reports from a European citizen science project. By considering inclusion criteria as essential for participatory science communication, this framework may help practitioners account for inclusion considerations during the design and monitoring stages of the project cycle.

Leveraging Participatory Science for Tackling Water Supply Challenges in Water-Scarce Developing Regions

This paper explores how participatory science helps address water supply challenges in developing countries suffering from water shortages. In the absence of technical capacity to monitor the water supply system, this participation constitutes an excellent alternative to involve citizens in data collection and evaluation of the quality of the water service. The paper presents the design and implementation of a participatory science platform that enables data about the quality of the water supply in the city of Kharas in Palestine to be collected. Thanks to significant citizen participation, the study demonstrates that participatory science enhances the management of the water supply system and public awareness and engagement. Temporal and spatial analysis of collected data helped us to better understand the water supply system and identify the causes of the water service degradation. The study shows that the success of citizen participation requires cooperation between the water staff and citizens, including continuous dialogue and training and the construction of a friendly citizen participation platform.

Logistical and preference bias in participatory science butterfly data

The volume of and interest in unstructured participatory science data has increased dramatically in recent years. However, unstructured participatory science data contain taxonomic biases—encounters with some species are more likely to be reported than encounters with others. Taxonomic biases are driven by human preferences for different species and by logistical factors that make observing certain species challenging. We investigated taxonomic bias in reports of butterflies by characterizing differences between a dedicated participatory semi‐structured dataset, eButterfly, and a popular unstructured dataset, iNaturalist, in spatiotemporally explicit models. Across 194 butterfly species, we found that 53 species were overreported and 34 species were underreported in opportunistic data. Ease of identification and feature diversity were significantly associated with overreporting in opportunistic sampling, and strong patterns in overreporting by family were also detected. Quantifying taxonomic biases not only helps us understand how humans engage with nature but also is necessary to generate robust inference from unstructured participatory data.

The effect of engagement in private lands research on landowner conservation knowledge, attitudes, awareness, and behavioral intentions

ABSTRACT Landowners and scientists often interact during conservation research projects on private lands, creating the opportunity for impactful outreach efforts. However, this potential has received little attention in the literature. This is particularly true for situations where landowners interact with researchers, but do not actively participate in data collection (a “traditional research” model that contrasts to participatory science projects). In this paper, we explore and compare the effects that engaging landowners in traditional versus participatory science research has on landowner conservation knowledge, attitudes, awareness, and behavioral intentions. We find similar effects across both treatment groups, with involvement leading to greater knowledge, increased awareness, more positive attitudes, and/or more behavioral intentions regarding conservation among participants. However, landowners reported limited tangible behavior change during our study. Our results suggest that engaging with landowners during private lands research may be valuable to conservation, but further research is needed on how to optimize these interactions.

Derailment is associated with increased depressed mood at lower levels of stress: An experimental approach

BackgroundAs an emergent developmental construct, derailment – an individual difference hallmarked by a temporal discordance of the self – has been positively associated with depressive features, though less is known about the role of stress in this relationship. The aim of the present study was to explore the interaction between derailment and subjective stress on depressed mood. Methods265 adults recruited through Prolific – a crowd sourcing platform were first tasked with completing baseline measures, then were randomly assigned to a low stress or high stress condition. We utilized an adapted version of the Online Trier Stress Test to manipulate stress levels. Next, depressed mood and post-test perceived stress were measured. We analyzed data through STATA using a two-tailed independent samples t-test and multiple linear regression. ResultsFindings suggested the experimental manipulation increased subjective stress within the high stress condition compared to the low stress condition (Mdiff = 36.14, SE = 4.4, t = 8.21, p < .001). Further, we found the interaction between derailment and stress conditions was associated with increased depressed mood (β = −0.11, SE = 0.05, p = .038, R2 = 0.5). Notably, we found significant between-condition differences in depressed mood for those who endorsed either low (d = 0.22, SE = 0.07, p = .003) or moderate levels of derailment (d = 0.11, SE = 0.05, p = .033), but not for those who endorsed high levels of derailment (d = 0.01, SE = 0.07, p = .92). LimitationsThis study utilized self-report measures, which may be susceptible to biased responses. ConclusionsDerailment may play a role in the persistence of depressed mood regardless of varying contexts of stress.

Prioritizing research needs and opportunities at the intersection of implementation science and engagement science

BackgroundThere has been increased attention to the need for, and the positive impact of, engaged or participatory science in recent years. Implementation scientists have an opportunity to leverage and contribute to engagement science (ES) through the systematic integration of engagement into implementation science (IS). The purpose of this study was to gather information from researchers and others to develop a prioritized list of research needs and opportunities at the intersection of IS and ES.MethodsWe conducted three Zoom-based focus groups with 20 researchers to generate a list of unmet needs, barriers, and to describe normative themes about use of ES and IS. Then a panel of nine experts in IS and/or engagement ranked the needs and barriers using a survey and met via a Zoom meeting to discuss and generate research opportunities and questions, with reference to the focus group outputs.ResultsRespondents and experts concurred on the importance of engagement in IS. Focus group participants reported 28 needs and barriers under the themes of 1) need for best practice guidance related to engagement processes and outcomes and 2) structural barriers to integrating ES in IS. The expert panel prioritized six structural barriers and four barriers related to generating best practice guidance, with corresponding recommendations on research opportunities. Example research opportunities related to engagement processes included: define “successful” engagement in IS contexts; adapt engagement tools and best practices from other disciplines into IS. Example research opportunities related to outcomes included: assess the impact of engagement on IS outcomes; examine engagement practices that lead to optimal engaged research. Example research opportunities related to structural barriers included: leverage research evidence to create structural changes needed to expand support for engaged IS; examine factors that influence institutional buy-in of engagement in IS.ConclusionsResearch needs exist that relate to engagement processes, outcomes, and structural barriers, even for scientists who value engaged research. Expert panelists recommended sequential and reinforcing research opportunities that implementation and engagement scientists can tackle together to advance both fields and health equity. Future work should assess insights from broader invested parties, particularly patients and community members.

Ethics of the Use of Social Media as Training Data for AI Models Used for Digital Phenotyping.

Digital phenotyping, or personal sensing, is a field of research that seeks to quantify traits and characteristics of people using digital technologies, usually for health care purposes. In this commentary, we discuss emerging ethical issues regarding the use of social media as training data for artificial intelligence (AI) models used for digital phenotyping. In particular, we describe the ethical need for explicit consent from social media users, particularly in cases where sensitive information such as labels related to neurodiversity are scraped. We also advocate for the use of community-based participatory design principles when developing health care AI models using social media data.

Color aberration in malachite kingfishers: Insights from community science observations in Queen Elizabeth National Park, Uganda.

Color aberrations in birds corresponds with important ecological functions, including thermoregulation and physiological impacts, camouflage and increased predation, and social interactions with conspecifics. Color aberrations in birds have been reported frequently in the scientific literature, but aberrations in many species remain undocumented or understudied. We investigated records of leucism in malachite kingfishers (Corythornis cristatus) from observations of community scientists on iNaturalist and eBird in Uganda. Leucistic kingfishers were only observed within the Queen Elizabeth National Park (QENP), Uganda. When considering all observations of malachite kingfishers that included photographs within the QENP, leucistic individuals accounted for 13.0% and 10.4% of total malachite kingfisher observations within the study area from iNaturalist and eBird, respectively. Leucistic observations were recorded from September 2015 through February 2017, making up 60.0% and 68.2% of observations of malachite kingfishers within the study area from iNaturalist and eBird during that time, respectively. The localized and short documentation period suggests observations represent a single individual, while the high observation rate likely corresponds with collection bias due to the novelty of the individual. Our findings help to better understand the ecological importance and potential consequences for color-aberrant individuals, although color aberration did not appear to inhibit our subject's ability to find a mate. Our work also highlights how participatory science can promote the documentation of color-aberrant individuals in wild populations, although it poses challenges when trying to estimate abundance.

The impact of nursing sustainable prevention program on heat strain among agricultural elderly workers in the context of climate change

BackgroundThis study assesses a geriatric nursing-led sustainable heat prevention program for elderly agricultural workers. It targets those aged 60 and above, addressing the heightened risk of heat strain in the era of climate change. MethodsA community-based quasi-experimental design involved 120 elderly agricultural workers, divided into intervention and control groups. The program, spanning three months, included education on hydration, rest, protective clothing, and recognition of heat-related illnesses. ResultsThe intervention led by geriatric nursing professionals showed significant improvements in heat strain metrics. The Heat Strain Score Index (HSSI) and the Observational-Perceptual Heat Strain Risk Assessment (OPHSRA) Index indicated increased safety levels and reduced risk categories among participants. ConclusionsThe study demonstrates the effectiveness of a geriatric nursing-led, tailored prevention program in reducing heat strain among elderly agricultural workers. It highlights the crucial role of nursing in adapting healthcare practices to the challenges posed by climate change. Trial RegistrationClinicalTrials.gov, ID NCT06192069 retrospectively registered.

FedTA: Federated Worthy Task Assignment for Crowd Workers

FedTA: Federated Worthy Task Assignment for Crowd Workers

Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices about Menstrual Hygiene among Tribal Adolescent Girls of Raigad district in Maharashtra, India

Introduction: In light of the universal experience of menstruation among girls, it remains concerning that there exists a dearth of awareness regarding the menstrual process and appropriate menstrual hygiene practices, particularly among adolescent girls hailing from tribal backgrounds. The objective of our study was to evaluate menstruation-related knowledge and practices in adolescent girls belonging to a tribal community. Materials and Methods:The present research employed a community-based cross-sectional design. The study sample comprised 400 tribal adolescent girls aged between 13 and 18. The participants were purposefully selected from different schools in the Raigad district of the Maharashtra state. A predeveloped and validated questionnaire guide was employed to evaluate the knowledge and practices about menstruation. The data was subsequently analyzed using appropriate statistical tests. Results: The average age of menarche was 14.2 years. Notably, a mere 36% of the participants had prior awareness of menstruation before experiencing menarche. Among those who were aware, the primary source of information on menstruation was their friends, accounting for about 43% of respondents, followed by mothers. Most participants believed that they should avoid visiting holy places (67.75%), relatives, friends, or neighbors (57.75%) during menstruation. They also felt that they should not perform household activities (54.25%), bathe daily (44.75%), or practice isolation during their menstrual period (59.25%). The majority of the adolescent girls followed unhygienic practices during menstruation. Conclusions: Tribal adolescent girls exhibit a notable lack of knowledge regarding menstruation. Furthermore, their practices surrounding menstruation are influenced by a range of myths and misconceptions.

Integrating counts from rigorous surveys and participatory science to better understand spatiotemporal variation in population processes

Abstract Knowledge of variation in population processes (e.g. population growth) across broad spatiotemporal scales is fundamental to population ecology and critical for conservation decision‐making. Count data from rigorous surveys (e.g. surveys with probabilistic sampling design and distance sampling information) can inform population processes but are often limited in space and time. Participatory science data cover broader spatiotemporal extents but are prone to bias due to limited to no sampling design and lack of distance sampling information, hindering their capability of informing population processes. Here, we developed an integrated dynamic N‐mixture model that jointly analyses rigorous survey and participatory science data to inform population growth at broad spatiotemporal extents. The model contains a flexible scaling parameter that allows fixed and random effects to account for biases and errors in participatory science data. We conducted simulations to evaluate the inference performance of this model across a broad range of spatial and temporal overlap between rigorous survey and participatory science data. We also conducted a case study of Baird's Sparrow (Centronyx bairdii), a species of conservation concern, to illustrate the application of the integrated model with rigorous survey data from the Integrated Monitoring in Bird Conservation Regions programme and participatory science North American Breeding Bird Survey and eBird data. Simulations showed that the integrated model improved precision without biasing parameter estimates, in comparison with a model informed by rigorous survey data alone. The case study further demonstrated the utility of the integrated model for quantifying range‐wide, long‐term population processes and environmental drivers despite limited spatiotemporal extent of rigorous survey data. In particular, we found that population growth rate peaked under medium temperature, which were only apparent in the integrated model. The integrated model developed in this study is useful for understanding wildlife population processes at broad spatiotemporal scales with count data. The flexible structure of this model, in particular the scaling parameter, makes it highly adaptable to a broad range of ecological systems and survey procedures. These properties make this modelling approach highly relevant for both population ecology and conservation practice.

Platform work and traditional employee protection: The need for alternative legal approaches

Paid work via digital platforms (so-called crowd work and gig work) is gaining in importance in Europe. Platform workers often suffer poor working conditions. Most platform companies treat crowd and gig workers as self-employed or independent contractors and, thus, normally protective labour laws do not apply. In response, initiatives have been taken through case law and legislation to extend the reach of the traditional employmentship to platform work. For example, the German Federal Labour Court ( Bundesarbeitsgericht) reclassified and treated platform workers as employees in high-profile rulings, which are discussed in more detail below. The recently adopted EU Directive on Platform Work enshrines a legal presumption of employment for platform workers. Regulations have also recently been introduced in EU Member States that subsume platform workers under the concept of employee. However, as argued in this article, legal and judicial initiatives aimed at extending the employee status often have limits given the market dynamics and de facto adaptation and circumvention strategies used by platform businesses. Moreover, traditional labour law protection does not always seem to be suitable for tackling the complexities and peculiarities of the various types of platforms. The following theses therefore seem worth discussing: 1. Extending employee status to platform work appears promising if this is already anchored in the socio-economic reality and if a consensus can be reached between the social partners in this regard. An existing example is the Spanish riders’ law, which pursues a sectoral approach and was supported not only by trade union organisations but also by employers’ associations. 2. In addition, the creation of a substantial core of social rights for platform workers, irrespective of employment status, should be strongly focused and legally brought forward. The long-standing scholarly discussion about alternative regulatory approaches to forms of work in the legal grey area between dependent employment and self-employment should be revived and made fruitful for the new phenomenon of digital work platforms. 3. Thirdly, self-regulatory Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) initiatives by platform companies to improve working conditions should be encouraged by legislators and policymakers. As will be shown later in this article, a wide range of CSR efforts by the platforms already exist. In order to counter the risk of window dressing, the platform business operators’ own initiatives should be made effective through appropriate flanking legal measures and public pressure.

Local Ecological Knowledge on the Natural History and Human–Fauna Relationships of the Brazilian Three-banded Armadillo (Tolypeutes tricinctus) in Northeast Brazil

Local ecological knowledge (LEK) can be a valuable source of information about species’ biology and their conservation, especially for threatened and poorly known species, such as the Brazilian three-banded armadillo ( Tolypeutes tricinctus). Here, we gathered information about the natural history and human–fauna relationships of T. tricinctus based on the LEK of residents from a rural community in northeast Brazil, where a population of T. tricinctus has been recently discovered. To understand LEK, we used participatory transect walks, semi-structured interviews, and a member-checking workshop. T. tricinctus was considered a locally abundant and widespread species, primarily nocturnal, highly popular, and not among the most hunted species. Our findings have important implications for the understanding of T. tricinctus biology and conservation. First, they show that, although T. tricinctus is highly threatened by hunting, there are still localities where it is not among the most hunted species, where it may still be common. Second, as T. tricinctus is a locally common and popular species, research and participatory science projects may be feasible in the area. Moreover, to increase sampling effectiveness, research projects can consider aspects of T. tricinctus biology identified in this study. In conclusion, our findings reinforce the importance of ethnobiology assessments to improve knowledge about species’ biology and inform local research and conservation efforts.

A self‐reported instrument to measure and foster students' science connection to life with the CARE‐KNOW‐DO model and open schooling for sustainability

AbstractNational governments are concerned about the disconnection of young people from science, which hampers the development of a scientifically literate society promoting sustainable development, wellbeing, equity, and a green economy. Introduced in 2015 alongside Agenda 2030, the “open schooling” approach aims at enhancing students' science connections through real‐life problem solving with families and scientists, necessitating solid evidence for scalability and sustainability. This study conceptualizes “science connection,” a term yet underexplored, as the integration of science's meaning and purpose into personal, social, and global actions informed by socioscientific thinking. It details a novel 32‐item self‐report questionnaire developed and validated from insights of 85 teachers into “science connection”‐enhanced learning. A new consensual qualitative analysis method with visual and textual snapshots enabled developing quantitative measures from the qualitative findings with rigor. The multilanguage instrument provided just‐in‐time actionable data, enhancing the immediacy and applicability of the feedback to 2082 underserved students aged 11–18 across five countries participating in open schooling activities using the CARE‐KNOW‐DO model. This innovative feature supports open science and responsible open research, offering real‐time insights and fostering immediate educational impact. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses revealed five components of science connection: Confidence and aspiration in science; Fun participatory science with teachers, family, and experts; Active learning approaches; Involvement in‐and‐outside school science activities; and Valuing science's role to life‐and‐society. Many students felt connected to science— Brazil: 80%, Spain: 79%, Romania: 73%, Greece: 70%, UK: 57%— with boys: 75%, girls: 73%, nonbinary students: 56%. These differences need in‐depth research. Results suggest that science connections decline from the primary to secondary education, but the CARE‐KNOW‐DO model may reengage older students. A robust science connection enhances scientific literacy and builds science capital. This instrument aids policymakers, educators, and learners in identifying factors that facilitate or impede students' engagement with science for sustainable development efforts.

Social Justice, Community Engagement, and Undergraduate STEM Education: Participatory Science as a Teaching Tool.

Social justice is increasingly being seen as relevant to the science curriculum. We examine the intersection of participatory science, social justice, and higher education in the United States to investigate how instructors can teach about social justice and enhance collaborations to work toward enacting social justice. Participatory science approaches, like those that collect data over large geographic areas, can be particularly useful for teaching students about social justice. Conversely, local-scale approaches that integrate students into community efforts can create powerful collaborations to help facilitate social justice. We suggest a variety of large-scale databases, platforms, and portals that could be used as starting points to address a set of learning objectives about social justice. We also describe local-scale participatory science approaches with a social justice focus, developed through academic and community partnerships. Considerations for implementing participatory science with undergraduates are discussed, including cautions about the necessary time investment, cultural competence, and institutional support. These approaches are not always appropriate but can provide compelling learning experiences in the correct circumstances.