Community Of Speakers Research Articles

Нацистская политика в отношении славян караимского вероисповедания в Крыму (1941–1944)

SUMMARY: The article focuses on the plight of Karaite Subbotniks during the Holocaust in Nazi-occupied Ukraine. Subbotniks are known as non-Jewish followers of rabbinical Judaism, but since the late eighteenth century, a smaller community of Slavic followers of Karaism also developed. Karaites are an ancient community of Turkic speakers, mostly in Crimea, who rejected the Talmud and rabbinical teachings. The Nazis had a hard time figuring out their policy toward the Karaites, who did not fit the binary understanding of Jewishness, and Karaite Subbotniks offered an even more mind-boggling example of hybridity. Their treatment by the Nazis, which was genocidal in some instances, underscores the archaic religious nature of the self-proclaimed "scientific" racial policy of the Nazis and the lack of centralization and control in its implementation.

Task-based Language Teaching TBLT

When you ask learners why they enrolled in a language class, they typically will give answers like ‘because I need it for my study and work’; ‘because I want to be able to talk with the family of my partner’; ‘because it is my favourite holiday destination and I want to be able to speak to the people’ or ‘because I really like the language’. In all the years, I have worked as a language teacher myself, I have never met a student who answered: ‘I really wanted to learn past progressive’ or ‘I need to become better at phrasal verbs’. Sometimes, a student might wish to have ‘more vocabulary and better grammar’ as they feel they cannot express their intentions well enough for smooth communication. Still, irrespective of whether they are intrinsically motivated to learn the language or take a more instrumental view as they need it for educational or professional reasons, language learners across the globe usually learn a language because they want or should be able to do something with the language in interaction with people that also use that language to communicate. Inherently, second language (L2) learning is to a large extent socially driven: we want to become a member of the community of speakers that use the target language (Atkinson, 2010). These voices stand in contrast to what we still see in a lot of language teaching material and course books, that adhere to a structurefocussed PPP tradition: isolated structures are being presented and explained – followed by exercises to practice them – followed by communicative activities where students can demonstrate that they can perform in the language using the target structure. In the early 1980s, Task-Based Language Teaching (TBLT) emerged as a functionally oriented alternative to the PPP tradition (van den Branden, Bygate & Norris, 2009). In this short essay, I will present the main concepts and ideas that underly task-based language pedagogy.

Linguistic descriptions and cultural models of olfaction in Umpila and English

People describe olfactory phenomena in various ways. Some, like Umpila speakers (Pama-Nyungan, Cape York Peninsula, Australia), most commonly describe smells in terms of their pleasantness and other subjective evaluations (e.g., kanti ‘intense of sense’, miintha ‘good’, kuntha ‘strong’). Others, like English speakers, most commonly refer to real-world entities (e.g., floral, woody, like pizza). However, the reasons why a language community might use one strategy over another is not yet clear. Drawing on Cultural Model Theory, this study elucidates why speakers of each language may rely on their preferred strategy in accordance with the different olfactory-related cultural practices and ideologies in the respective speaker communities. Umpila speakers have salient cultural models of Country (i.e., the conceptualisation of land/seas/skies as a being with which the Umpila people form a reciprocal relationship with interconnected rights and responsibilities) and resultingly, Country recognises ‘locals’ from ‘strangers’ according to their smell. Being recognised as a local or stranger can have good/bad effects, aligning with the reliance on evaluative descriptions. Important Western cultural models include histories of using smells to signify class and smells being treated as carriers of disease. These models feed into the modern deodorisation and perfuming practices of today, which require a balance between subjective information and precise perceptual detail, which source-based descriptions allow for. The connection between cultural models and linguistic behaviour allows us to further understand the relationship between not only olfactory but sensory culture and sensory language in the minds of speakers.

THE CONCEPT OF NORM FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF INTEGRAL LINGUISTICS

The concept of norm, developed by Eugeniu Coșeriu in 1952 as part of the trichotomy system, norm, speech, and later related to the notion of language type, was defined as a system of obligatory, common, normal actualizations and traditions of the language, which are not necessarily functional, and which vary from one community of speakers to another. In the view of the Tübingen linguist, within the same linguistic community and the same functional system more types of norms can be identified: the norm of the literary language, the norm of the vernacular, the norm of familiar language, the norm of formal language, the norm of vulgar language, etc. In what concerns norm, the Romanian linguist also makes another important distinction, namely that between social norm and individual norm. The present paper deal s with linguistic norm, as it was theorized by Eugeniu Coșeriu, and then focuses on the norm of the Romanian language in particular. Considering the “architecture” of historical language, i.e. the internal differences of the language: diatopic, diastratic and diaphasic also described and analysed by Eugeniu Coșeriu it will illustrate the division of the norm within the Romanian language.

ADVANCE CARE PLANNING FOR SPANISH-LANGUAGE SPEAKERS: PATIENT, FAMILY, AND INTERPRETER PERSPECTIVES

Abstract Language access is a challenge to advance care planning (ACP). Spanish-language speakers are the largest non-English speaking population in the US. While ACP tools have been translated into Spanish, it is unclear how heterogeneity in country of origin may affect the generalizability of translations across diverse US Spanish-speaking populations. The study objective is to describe challenges and facilitators to ACP for diverse populations of Spanish-language speakers. We conducted 3 focus groups with a total of 29 participants from members of Spanish-language speaking communities whose countries of origin were predominantly from the Caribbean, Central, and South America. Eligibility included being 18 years or older, being a native Spanish-speaker, and having direct experience with ACP as a patient, caregiver, or medical interpreter. We conducted thematic analysis with axial coding. Themes include: 1. Linguistic Challenges with Current ACP Translations; 2. Effect of Country of Origin and Culture on ACP Understanding; 3. Impact of Local Healthcare System Cultural on ACP; and 4. Need for ACP to be Normalized into the Local Community. ACP is both a cultural practice and a clinical practice. Recommendations for improving ACP completion for non-English speakers extend far beyond translation, since simply translating ACP tools without a cultural context is neither equitable nor inclusive. A key step is normalizing ACP into the local community. Understanding the intersection of local healthcare systems of ACP practice with the patient’s and family’s cultures of origin will facilitate introducing ACP in a culturally sensitive manner.

Cross-Cultural Adaptation and Validation of the Arabic Version of the Harris Hip Score

BackgroundThe Harris Hip Score (HHS) questionnaire has been translated and validated into many languages including Italian, Portuguese, and Turkish but not Arabic. The goal of this study was to translate HHS into the Arabic language with cross-cultural adaptation to include and benefit Arabic speaking communities as it is the most widely used instrument for disease-specific hip joint evaluation and measurement of total hip arthroplasty outcome. MethodsThis questionnaire was translated following a clear and user-friendly guideline protocol. The Cronbach’s alpha was used to assess the reliability and internal consistency of the items of HHS. Additionally, the constructive validity of HHS was evaluated against the 36-Item Short Form Survey (SF-36). ResultsA total of 100 participants were included in this study, of which 30 participants were re-evaluated for reliability testing. Cronbach’s alpha of the total score of Arabic HHS is 0.528, and after the standardization, it changed to 0.742 which is within the recommended range (0.7-0.9). Lastly, the correlation between HHS and SF-36 was r = 0.71 (P < .001) which represents a strong correlation between the Arabic HHS and SF-36. ConclusionsBased on the results, we believe that the Arabic HHS can be used by clinicians, researchers, and patients to evaluate and report hip pathologies and total hip arthroplasty treatment efficacy.

Visibly invisible: The study of middle class African American English

AbstractMiddle class African American English (AAE) has remained largely invisible to the sociolinguistic lens despite the fact that over 50 years of research has made it one of the most examined varieties of American English. This gap in the sociolinguistic literature is largely reflective of a strategic effort on the part of linguists to dismantle the stigma associated with working class vernacular varieties and improve outcomes for working class speakers who face linguistic discrimination in schools. An unfortunate by‐product of this laudable effort, however, has been the erasure of middle‐class speakers from our conceptualisations of the AAE speech community and a virtual obsession with the vernacular end of the AAE continuum. By interrogating the concept of the linguistic lame and giving greater attention to patterns of code‐switching and the ways in which talking Black or sounding Black get defined at the more standard end of the continuum, sociolinguists have an opportunity to broaden our understanding of AAE and its community of speakers and, in so doing, possibly extend our reach to a more diverse and inclusive audience of budding linguists.

CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS OF ENGLISH, RUSSIAN, AND HEBREW COLOR IDIOMS

The metaphorical acquisition is a necessary element of L2 acquisition for intercultural communication. English and Russian color idioms were the subjects of numerous studies but the contrastive study of color idioms in these three languages and the investigation of Hebrew color idioms are new in the linguistics of color. The work is a summary of the project ”Contrastive Analysis of English, Russian, and Hebrew Color Idioms” consisting of eight articles that conducted contrastive quantitative and qualitative analyses about 2500 (1,100 English, 800 Russian, and 600 Hebrew) idioms with basic color terms in addition of gold and silver idioms. In the framework of the lingua-cultural approach, have been used a set of linguistic methods such as component, qualitative, statistical, contrastive, and cultural-linguistic analysis. The work covered such issues as equivalents, unique metaphors, and idioms with both primary and secondary basic color terms. The article analyzed the associative chains of meanings, the key symbolic meanings, and the 20-21st century color idioms. Special attention was paid to such lexical-semantic features of color idioms such as antonymy, synonymy, variability, and ethnic color idioms. To convey a variety of concepts, a unified systematized table of three parts with wide and flexible classification was created: Nature, Human activity, and Mental, Moral, and Ethic Issues. The results reveal a big number of equivalent color idioms and a significant number of unique color idioms contributing to enriching and widening the lingua-cultural picture of the world and related to the nature, religion, and culture of trilingual speaking communities.&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt; Article visualizations:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src="/-counters-/edu_01/0528/a.php" alt="Hit counter" /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

Problems Faced by Pashto Speaking Community in the Articulation of English Fricative Consonants at Undergraduate Level in Swabi

The present research study aims at exploring the phonological errors with regard to the segmental features committed by the Pashtun ESL learners in Swabi (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa). In this research study, the researchers have used an audio recording as a tool to collect the data from the respondents. Both males and females were included in the data collection to fulfil the ethics of the research. The data was analysed and presented in a tabulated form. The results of the research show that Pashto speakers at Distt Swabi are significantly affected by the first language (Pashto) in the speaking of English, especially in terms of pronunciation. It is hoped that the findings of this research will present a set of general ideas to EFL teachers about the possible problems that the Pashto speakers of English in the area may face in pronunciation. Furthermore, English language teachers being aware of these problems of the students, like lack of familiarity with certain phonemes, and lack of concentration, can accommodate these problems by giving more time to focus on the phonemes that are creating a problem.

Lexical variations in Asian Chinese speaking communities: a corpus-informed study of online, offline, and digital

Abstract Studies on Chinese lexical variations, an emerging field in research of Global Chinese, remain scarce. Drawing upon the notion of onomasiological variation, this study employs corpus linguistics to examine semantic and grammatical characteristics of Chinese variations of three timely lexicons, including online, offline, and digital in the Greater China Region like the mainland of China, Taiwan, and Hong Kong, and overseas countries including Singapore and Malaysia. The results revealed Chinese variation patterns across regions and indicate two tendencies. First, the variations of a lexicon are identical to one another when the selected Chinese speaking communities tend to use different Chinese variations. Second, the variations are likely to be semantically variant when the communities have the same tendency in using the variations. This study argues that corpus linguistics is applicable and appropriate in the research of Chinese lexical variations, as it allows both quantitative and qualitative analysis.

Braporus, corpus de fala coletada em falantes de russo de herança no Brasil: protocolo de coleta de dados

Heritage speakers represent a special category of bilinguals who are exposed to their first language at home in the childhood, but later acquire the main language of their society that becomes dominant. Brazil has numerous communities of heritage speakers of many languages such as Japanese, German, Italian, Polish, and Ukrainian; however, only few speech corpora are being collected. In the current work, we describe the protocol of the data collection and discuss some points about data management for the BraPoRus (Brazilian Portuguese-Russian) corpus, a spoken corpus of heritage Russian in Brazil. The participants are 26 elderly speakers who were born in Brazil or came to Brazil as children in the 1950s. The protocol of the data collection includes: 1) a brief sociodemographic questionnaire; 2) a working memory test in Russian and Brazilian Portuguese using the Month-Ordering task; 3) a semi-spontaneous narrative about the history of the participants’ family and their immigration to Brazil; 4) the Bilingual Language Profile; 5) a sociolinguistic interview with 139 questions; 6) unscripted dialogues between participants in Russian; 7) intonation task; and 8) reading task. The BraPoRus corpus contains more than 160 hours of speech recordings and represents a unique collection of heritage Russian in Brazil. We expect that the protocol described in this work will be useful both for Brazilian linguists who study other heritage languages, and for research on heritage Russian in other countries.

CN55 The testing times project: Collaboration in action

In the UK it is people from non-white and non-English speaking communities have a poorer experience of cancer care than those of a white, UK ethnicity. The National Cancer Patient Experience Survey has shown this over the last three years. Poorly performing questions for these communities ask respondents whether they received all information needed on cancer tests and whether results were explained in an understandable way In West Berkshire a project group was formed to address this with representatives from an Acute Hospital, a Community Comissioning Group, a cancer charity, a regional Cancer Alliance and the facilitator of a community group (the ‘Cancer Champions'). The project took a well evaluated leaflet on tests in English and translated it into three languages, Nepalese, Urdu and Polish. These represent the largest non-English speaking communities in West Berkshire. The leaflet was taken to focus groups from three communities (Neplaese, Urdu-speaking and Polish-speaking) and was firstly presented in English and views captured via a questionairre, then the same in the translated language. Structure, visual presentation, use of pictures and translation quality was appraised. The groups considered what other support might be necessary alongside the leaflet, (eg who might group members contact if they were concerned about tests for cancer) and whether the information would be more impactful in a different format. These improvements will be made, including provision in other formats and presented back to these focus groups. All communities believed the leaflet in their own language was more useful than English and some believed that a format with more pictures and simplified text would be better. All believed that a short film on ‘cancer tests' would be useful. Groups will continue to appraise this information but could also be used to consider the views of non-English speaking populations for a range of issues in cancer care. The results will be presented graphically and more results will be available on presentation. The focus group methodology and the use of PDSA cycles is an effective way of improving information given to non-English speaking community groups and a range of additional benefits to populations and to cancer care in West Berkshire will be presented.

Language learning in transition: narrative case studies of two provincial Korean high school students

ABSTRACT What drives provincial students in Korea to choose a college in Seoul? What role does English language learning play in their choices? This study focuses on two young academic migrants to Seoul, Joon and Lynn, to explore how macrocultural phenomena shaped their psychology and contributed to their language education. Previous studies have focused on how the culture of English learning in Korea encourages study abroad. Less understood are nation-level migration trajectories and what drives this form of mobility. Participants’ narratives showed different values and opportunities assigned to different regions. ‘In-Seoul’ discourse and a sense of belonging in the imagined communities impacted their college choices and learning experiences. Both shared that their final goal of moving between regions was to expand their horizons: Joon perceived Seoul as a propitious place for his occupation, and Lynn saw it as an interim place where she could communicate freely with people from different cultural backgrounds. Joon showed voluntary alignment with the ideals sought by colleges in Seoul. Lynn negotiated her way into communities of fluent language speakers and academic pursuits within her major. This study shows how these migrants made sense of English language learning within their broader regional migration and learning experiences.

Revitalization of Indigenous Language of Boyolali By Spoken Habituation In Society Contexts

Background: Culturally, language is a one of the cultural elements of a society. Therefore, it is stated that language is a manifestation of the identity of the speaker community. By expressing or explaining something, researchers communicate using different points of view and ways. In the era of globalization, the view of life and modern human interaction has undergone rapid and dynamic changes so that local languages ​​are starting to be forgotten in their use because they are considered obsolete and tacky. The younger generation in urban and rural areas likes to use urban slang in their daily routine interactions. Purpose: This study aims to preserve the smooth Javanese language in daily life. Design and methods: Researchers used qualitative phenomenology method in this study to find social facts in the community. The data are gathered using documentary acquisition techniques by observation and in the form of a qualitative descriptive design. The researcher made a documentary film about efforts to maintain regional languages ​​in social life using shooting methods consisting of Development procedures, Pre-Production procedures, Production procedures, Post Production procedures, and Distribution procedures. Results: The results that the researchers produced Bahasaku documentary film containing efforts to maintain local languages ​​in social life and uploaded them on social media YouTube. This is because YouTube is a social media that is currently easily accessible and has many users.

Dialogical speech competence as a goal of prospective English teachers development

The article considers the essence and structure of competence in dialogical speechand the importance of its development in prospective English teachers. The research describesthe main componentsof the competence in the dialogical speech and highlights the importance of non-verbal component to the classicalstructure of competence in dialogical speech because of significant influence on the interaction. Purpose.To describe the essence and structure of dialogical speech competence. Methods. The following methods havebeen used in the research of the competence in dialogical speech as a goal of prospective English teachers’development: theoretical and empirical (critical analysis of pedagogical, psychological, linguistic, methodologicalliterature; comparative analysis of scientific, experimental research, domestic and foreign experience, whichdescribes methods the English competence in dialogical speech development in prospective teachers, the methodof pedagogical observation). Results. Teacher-student dialogue is the basis of communication and an effectivetool for teaching English, as it not only functions as a language exchange between teachers and students, butalso creates a community of speakers and listeners who purposefully use a foreign language. Competence indialogical speech is based on knowledge, skills and abilities and communicative ability, which determines thelevel of involvement of the subject in the dialogue. The research proposes the addition to the classical structureof the competence by the non-verbal component introduction. Traditionally, visual speech has been regardedas a redundant signal in verbal communication. But the article highlights that visual speech information playsa sufficient role in dialogical speech. Conclusion. To ensure a high level of English teachers training, we suggestto exploring the components of competence in English dialogical speech deeply, especially the stages of theirformation and ways of its development.

The network nature of language endangerment hotspots

Language endangerment is one of the most urgent issues of the twenty-first century. Languages are disappearing at unprecedented rates, with dire consequences that affect speaker communities, scientific community and humanity. There is impetus for understanding the nature of language endangerment, and we investigate where language endangerment occurs by performing network analysis on 3423 languages at various levels of risk. Macro-level analysis shows evidence of positive assortative mixing of endangerment statuses—critically endangered languages are surrounded by similarly endangered languages, indicating the prevalence of linguistic hotspots throughout the world. Meso-level analysis using community detection returned 13 communities experiencing different levels of threat. Micro-level analysis of closeness centrality shows that more geographically isolated languages tend to be more critically endangered. Even after accounting for the statistical contributions of linguistic diversity, the structural properties of the spatial network were still significantly associated with endangerment outcomes. Findings support that the notion of hotspots is useful when accounting for language endangerment but go beyond that to establish that quantifying spatial structure is crucial. Language preservation in these hotspots and understanding why endangered languages pattern the way they do in their environments becomes more vital than ever.

Epicentral influence via agent‐based modelling

One limitation of corpus-based research into the epicentre hypothesis is that it only provides information on structural similarity/difference of varieties but not on the role that attitudes may play in the choice of variants in a pluricentric language. In our case study on verb complementation patterns, we use simulation as a complementary methodology. We build an agent-based model for two speaker communities with English as a second language (ESL) which allows for attitudes towards American and British English to affect the choice of verb complementation. This approach enables us to gauge the likely effect that attitudes towards potential epicentres might have on the choice of variants and to predict patterns of variation we should see in language use. We provide preliminary data from the News On the Web corpus to test whether the predictions are, in fact, borne out.

Implication of Lexical Variation on Cohesion, Unity and Understanding among the Various Fulfulde Speaking Communities of Northern Nigeria

The study was concerned with Implication of lexical variation on cohesion, among the various Fulfulde speaking communities of Northern Nigeria. It was guided by one main objective; to show lexical variation in Nigeria. The study used cross-sectional research design with a sample size of 140 respondents. It also employed qualitative techniques to analyze the collected data by use of table. The researchers used questionnaires to collect data from respondents. The study found out that lexical variation of Fulfulde exists in Nigeria. However, the respondents unanimously accepted that Fulfulde to be standardize. The study concluded that there is need to harmonize lexical differences among the dialects so as to have a standardize form of Fulfulde in Nigeria. Keyword: Implication, Lexical Variation, Cohesion, Unity, Various, Communities, Northern Nigeria. DOI: 10.7176/JLLL/89-02 Publication date: June 30 th 2022

Decolonizing Spanish: Ladino and Chavacano as Sites of Global Hispanophonia

The current institutional attempts by the Cervantes Institute of Manila and the Spanish Royal Academy of Tel Aviv to revitalize Chavacano and Ladino (Judeo-Spanish), respectively, by assimilating them into Spanish pose a fundamental paradox: how can the official institutions of the Spanish language document, map, and characterize the subalternized speaking communities of the “Global Hispanophone” (Calderwood) while resisting the temptation to impose a neocolonial agenda on their cultural sovereignty?&nbsp; (DeGraff; Deumert et al.) Drawing upon an understanding of languages as cultural and political artifacts, in this essay I will first discuss the “modern” colonial invention of Spanish as a North Atlantic universal (Trouillot 2002) and the subsequent development of the pan-Hispanic and Hispanophone linguistic ideologies in postcolonial times (Del Valle). My historiographical critique of “Global Spanish” from the peripheral perspectives of Ladino and Chavacano will expose both the discursive enthronization of Castilian into “(Global) Spanish” and the century-long pejoration of Ladino and Chavacano as processes motivated by ideological factors, rather than structural (morpho-syntactic) aspects. I will conclude that a genuinely decolonizing dynamic cannot accept any form of linguistic re-Hispanicization premised on the supposed unsuitability of Ladino and Chavacano for contemporary purposes. Rather, it can only materialize through the implementation of linguistic self-determination and self-organization, both of which are predicated on the self-respect and dignity of their community of speakers.

Remote language revitalisation efforts during COVID-19

ABSTRACT As schools shift to online instruction during the COVID-19 pandemic, it is important to support disenfranchised populations and keep issues of equity at the centre of our response. In this study, the authors focus on supporting one of the few urban-based Indigenous language schools in the United States because language revitalisation is critical for Native American communities. The authors explore the extent to which video conferencing and flipped classrooms support the development of a community of speakers. The study focuses on a single classroom of 16 students in first through third grade. The authors use a digital decolonisation framework focused on empowering local communities in conjunction with design-based research methodology to explore contextualised remote instruction solutions. They report on benefits for the development of a community of speakers from remote instruction that come with costs in reduced efficacy of language learning. Finally, they distil those results into preliminary design principles.