With the rapid development of urbanization, land cover and land use patterns have changed, which damages the landscape structure, affects the transfer of material and energy, and reduces the value of ecosystem services. The construction of landscape ecological security patterns is an important challenge that could promote species exchange between biological groups and material and energy exchange between landscape elements and ensure regional ecological security. Few studies have focused attention on the randomness of species to path selection, thus failing to objectively reflect the process of species migration and diffusion. In this paper, according to the circuit principle, the current value between nodes was used to extract strategic points, and the ecological corridor was screened by the cost weighted distance, which is more in line with the analysis framework of species’ random selection of a migration path. As an important place for human activities, river basins are important areas connecting surface water with groundwater, land cover and ecosystems. Based on the circuit principle, the landscape ecological security pattern of the river basin was constructed in this paper, which provided some new ideas for protection and management. Taking the Yellow River Delta in the lower reaches of the Yellow River in China as an example, the main conclusions were as follows: (1) The ecological sources of the Yellow River Delta were 34, with forest land and lakes as the main sources, and they were crucial to the stability of the regional ecological security pattern. A total of 49 ecological corridors were identified, among which 32 were key corridors and the rest were potential corridors. The key corridors throughout the whole region need priority protection and can be used as a core area for the observation and monitoring of natural resources. (2) Based on the circuit principle, 14 pinch points and 19 barrier points were identified, indicating that regional habitat connectivity must be further improved. Based on the concept of natural resources life community of mountains, rivers, forests, farmland, lakes and grass, the resource optimization strategy is proposed for the ecological security pattern, which is of great practical significance to maintaining the integrity of the river basin ecosystem.