Communities In Coastal Areas Research Articles

Application of Savonius Type Turbine Technology for The Conversion of Low Speed Wind into Electrical Energy at Wong Polo Beach Kota Pari Village Indonesia

Utilization of the potential that exists in tourist attractions aims to increase the savings in expenses that must be borne by the community to manage tourism. The beach is a place that is rich and abundant in wind potential that can be used to drive wind turbines. To take advantage of the existing wind potential, of course, we must know how the wind potential is in the form of wind speed and locations that have wind speed potential and how to use it as energy to drive wind turbines. To obtain the potential of wind energy and utilize it, wind speed measurements are carried out using a digital anemometer and recorded for some time. The position of the measuring instrument installed must be protected from wind obstacles so that it is installed as high as 20 meters above the ground in an open position against the direction of the incoming wind. From the measurement results over a period of one day, the wind speed varies and changes at any time and the maximum value is 6 m/s during the day starting at 10:00 to 04:00. The wind speed profile obtained is analyzed and the type of turbine is determined according to the low wind speed below 10 m/s. From the analysis results, the appropriate turbine is the Savonius VAWT type and can produce electrical energy of approximately 2.43 Watts with a diameter of 0.11 m. The use of turbines for wind at low speeds will still have the potential to generate small-scale electrical energy for communities in coastal areas

Vegetation diversity, structure and composition of three forest ecosystems in Angsana coastal area, South Kalimantan, Indonesia

Abstract. Nugroho Y, Suyanto, Makinudin D, Aditia S, Yulimasita DD, Afandi AY, Harahap MM, Matatula J, Wirabuana PYAP. 2022. Vegetation diversity, structure and composition of three forest ecosystems in Angsana coastal area, South Kalimantan, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 23: 2640-2647. Vegetation communities around coastal ecosystems play important roles in mitigating natural disaster and climate change. However, available information about vegetation communities in coastal areas is still limited despite being a requirement in developing strategies for environmental preservation. Angsana coastal area in South Kalimantan, Indonesia has unique characteristics in which it has three different forest ecosystems, namely heath forest (HF), beach forest (BF), and mangrove forest (MF). This study aimed to identify the vegetation diversity, structure and composition of the three forest ecosystems in Angsana coastal area. A field survey was conducted using transect line methods with a sampling plot size of 10 × 10 m and an interval of 20 m. Vegetation communities were assessed using species abundance, plant diversity, importance value index (IVI), and similarity level. Results showed that 37 species from 25 families were recorded at the study site. The highest species abundance was observed in HF (22 species), followed by BF (18 species) and MF (7 species). The same trend was found for vegetation diversity, in which HF had the highest richness (Dmg = 4.52), heterogeneity (H' = 2.86), and evenness (J' = 0.94). Hibiscus tiliaceus L. had the highest IVI in BF in all vegetation stages, and Rhizophora mucronata Lam. consistently had the greatest IVI in MF in all stages. Species thet exhibited the highest IVI in HF were Adina minutiflora Valeton (seedlings), Rhodedomia tomentosa and Premna serratifolia L. (saplings), Tristania maingayi Duthie (poles), and Vitex ovata Thunb. (trees). Our study also observed that species abundance in forest ecosystems gradually declined from seedlings to trees, except in MF. Among the three forest types, vegetation composition was highly similar between MF and BF, with a similarity level of 47.1%. Based on these results, this study concluded that the three forest ecosystems in Angsana coastal area exhibit a highly diverse vegetation structure, and each type of forest has specific characteristics as its entity.

Analysis of the Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Trade and Economy of the Coastal Communities of Kenjeran Village, Surabaya Using the Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) Method

The coastal area as a densely populated area with high socioeconomic activity is currently experiencing impacts in various sectors due to the COVID-19 virus outbreak. However, the efforts to minimize the impact of the pandemic are still general and have not taken consider the conditions of communities in coastal areas. This analysis aims to determine the factors that cause the coastal community of Kenjeran to experience a decline and a decrease in trade and economic activity and identify the probability during the COVID-19 pandemic. The method used in this analysis is Fault Tree Analysis (FTA). The result shows that the main factors causing the decline are decreased fish sales, decreased community income, decreased activity at sea, and decreased activity of traders in the market with the probability factor of 0.2494 or 24%. Mitigation recommendations for the coastal community of Kenjeran Beach are a collaboration between the fishers and the policy of cooperation between the trade office and the marine service to conduct clustering for fishers so that they can supply scarcity of marine fish and limited marine product, also monitoring the health protocols with the swab and rapid tests for traders by permanent health service

Adaption strategy of fisherman to climate change: A case study from Limau Sub-District, Tanggamus Regency

Climate change is a natural phenomenon that occurs all over the world and has a negative impact on many sectors, one of which is the fishery sector. One of the communities that are most vulnerable to the impact of climate change is the fishing community in coastal areas. Fishermen depend on the availability of fish in the sea, as well as the weather and other aspects related to climate and nature. This study aims to identify the fishermen's efforts and adaptation strategies towards climate change. Data collection was carried out from July to August 2020 in Limau Sub-District, Tanggamus Regency with a total respondent number of 80 fishermen households. Respondents were determined through the approach of simple random sampling. The data collected consisted of both qualitative and quantitative data. Data collection was performed through the method of survey, Focus Group Discussion (FGD), and interviews with key informants. Data collected was analyzed using the Qualitative Descriptive approach. The results of the study show that fishermen in Limau Sub-district have made some adaptations to climate change in coastal areas through income diversification, diversification of fishing gear, migration, and social network development among fishermen

Behavior and Participation of Marginal Communities in the Implementation of Health Protocols in Facing the Covid-19 Pandemic (Cases in Coastal Areas and Small Islands, West Lombok Regency)

The context of this research emphasizes the issue of implementing the Covid-19 health protocol associated with the behaviour and participation of marginalized communities in coastal areas and small islands. This study aims to determine the behaviour (knowledge, attitudes/beliefs, compliance with actions) and the level of participation of marginalized communities in the implementation of the Covid-19 health protocol. This research was conducted using a survey technique carried out in the coastal area and small islands of West Lombok Regency. Data was collected by means of interviews, in-depth interviews and non-participatory observations. The descriptive analysis for behavioral variables includes 3 (three) indicators, namely: knowledge, attitudes and beliefs, and compliance with the Covid-19 health protocol. For the level of participation, descriptive analysis was carried out in 4 (four) stages, namely: planning, implementation, evaluation, and maintenance / development stages. The results of the study show: (1) the behavior of marginalized communities is in the low category (not good). The knowledge of marginalized communities regarding the Covid-19 Health protocol is high (good), but the attitude/belief and appropriateness of action towards the implementation of the Covid-19 Health Protocol is in the low category. (2) The participation of marginalized communities as a whole is in the low category. The lowest level of participation was at the program evaluation stage, followed later by participation at the planning, implementation and maintenance/development stages of the Covid-19 health protocol.

Bird Communities in Coastal Areas. Effects of Anthropogenic Influences and Distance From the Coast

Urbanization effects have been studied all over the world, documenting impact in species richness, abundances and changes in species communities. Birds have been broadly used as study models. In general, urbanization affects birds, reducing species richness, especially in the urban core, and increasing species richness in areas with intermediate levels of disturbance, such as suburbs. Urbanization also changes species assemblages depending on urban characteristics and resources available, creating habitats for different species. Even when more than half of the cities in the world are on the coast, the effects of urbanization on habitat use of terrestrial and marine birds in coastal urban environments has received little attention. We hypothesized that coastal cities would present different bird diversity in modified marine areas and modified inland areas as terrestrial and marine ecosystems coexist. We predict that modified marine areas will have higher species richness than modified inland areas and natural marine areas. For bird assemblages, we expect to find similar species compositions between sites with similar habitat characteristics more than closeness. We compare habitat use of marine and terrestrial avifauna in the human-modified coastal city of Valparaiso, Chile, characterized by a range of urban developments within city boundaries. We specifically compare corrected bird abundance in six different possible habitats for birds, according to distance to the coast, and human influence. Bird counts (50 m fixed radius) were conducted in winter and spring of 2019. Bird species richness and abundances, corrected by the probability of detection, were estimated. Additionally, species composition and occupancy of bird species in those habitats were calculated. Results show that coastal urban cities can provide different habitats for bird species. Modified inland habitats differ from semi-natural inland habitats and from the modified beaches in species richness and species composition. Environmental heterogeneity in coastal cities seems to allow the coexistence of marine and terrestrial bird species, showing differences in species richness and bird assemblages for marine-inland environments and natural- modified habitats. Results highlight the need to consider these factors for urban planning in order to conserve bird diversity in coastal urban areas.

Using an inverted funnel analogy to develop a theory of change supporting resilient ecosystem-based adaptation in the Great Lakes Basin: a case study of Lincoln, Ontario, Canada

Communities in coastal areas of Canada, including the Great Lakes, face a number of challenges, including increased water level variability and extreme weather events, causing flooding and localized erosion. To effectively respond to these coastal risks requires structured, deliberative approaches with the aim of fostering resilience and contributing to sustainability. A collaborative engagement process was used to explore community challenges. This included a project launch, key informant interviews, meetings, focus groups (agriculture, tourism, youth), and on-line methods (shoreline residents). Participatory social network analysis and theory of change were used for overall sense-making. As a result, community members identified six impact pathways moving forward with climate action: partnerships and collaboration; strategic engagement; water and watersheds; ecosystem-based adaptation; shoreline protection; and education. These themes are consistent with current theory on sustainability and theory of change development.

Disaster mitigation efforts based on community in coastal area of desa Berdaya Mirring

Indonesia is one of the countries that is categorized as a disaster-prone country. BNPB noted an increase in the number of disasters in Indonesia in the last 10 years, including earthquakes, volcanic eruptions to tidal waves and abrasion. West Sulawesi is one of the provinces prone to disasters, one of which is in Mirring Village, Polewali Mandar. Mirring Village is a coastal area that is prone to coastal abrasion and tidal waves, therefore the area is planted with mangroves to withstand tidal waves from the sea. Unfortunately, the people of Mirring village did not understand the function of the mangrove until finally Rumah Zakat through Relawan Inspirasi came to provide education regarding the use of mangroves, disaster mitigation to become a disaster-resilient family and an economically resilient family. This research is a descriptive study using a qualitative approach. The data collected with interview with 17 respondents. The results show that the community welcomes the community empowerment program towards a disaster-resilient village by Rumah Zakat. The community has understood the function of mangroves and participated in disaster training to become disaster-resilient families. The community also initiated the existence of crab ponds and mangrove cultivation which later could become their source of income and form an economically resilient family.

Stepped Solar Stills’ Development and Improvement for Seawater Desalination

Nowadays freshwater needs were covered by fossil fuel-based desalination systems in many areas over the world. However, fossil fuels’ excessive burning results in rapid depletion and pollution of the local environment as well as threat to life sustainability. Therefore, through the last few decades the scientific community focused on the systems relying on solar energy in seawater desalination as a clean alternative. Stepped solar stills, which convert solar energy to the required heat for producing freshwater in seawater desalination, are paid much attention. This article provides a comprehensive analysis of stepped solar stills’ development. Performance enhancement techniques, desalinated water production, efficiency and maximum theatrical production are discussed. This work aims to keep researchers and concerned scientific community abreast of stepped solar stills’ improvements. Such stills of low construction and running costs can meet the freshwater daily needs for small communities in coastal areas, islands and rural areas especially in Mideast. In conclusion, this review clarified that the stepped type solar stills still need multiple improvements to enhance their production efficiency and freshwater quantity. Further attention should be paid to the design of modified stills to attain better and efficient solar heat absorption as well as evaporation of seawater.

PROCESSED PRODUCT DIVERSIVATION BASED COTTLE FISH FOR COASTAL FISHING COMMUNITIES

The highest production (catching) of tuna reached 32.22% per year but the selling price of fish was very low, while the fish processing business was only in the form of wooden fish (keumamah) and smoking due to low mastery of technology and absorption of innovation. The business of processing tuna into shredded fish and fish crackers has never been carried out by the coastal fishing communities of Aceh, even though this business has the potential to be developed on a household scale. The service activity aims to provide training on processing tuna into shredded fish and fish crackers for fishing communities in coastal areas in the category of poor families. The method used is the survey method and Focus Group Discussion (FGD). Demonstrations of processing tuna into shredded fish and fish crackers can open up insights and business opportunities for housewives and young fishermen in creating added value and profit for traditional fishing households as well as improving production management and marketing of competitively processed fish. This activity can foster an entrepreneurial spirit among coastal fishing communities to increase fishermen's household income.

PERLINDUNGAN MASYARAKAT HUKUM ADAT DI WILAYAH PESISIR PASCA BERLAKUNYA UU NOMOR 11 TAHUN 2020 TENTANG CIPTA KERJA

Indonesia as an archipelagic country consisting of large and small islands separated by the ocean with geographical conditions has a total area of ​​7,827,087 Km2 and is located in Equatorial emeralds have a wealth of abundant natural resources, especially in the sea ​​and coastal areas which cover of the territory of Indonesia (5.8 million Km2). Article 18 B paragraph (2) and Article 28 I paragraph (3) of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia as the constitutional basis for recognition and protection the rights of indigenous peoples in coastal areas and small islands. Resource wealth nature in the form of coastal areas and small islands controlled and managed by the state tothe greatest prosperity of the people. State recognition of the existence of the legal community customs related to natural resources are inconsistent. The formulation of the problem from this research is (1) The legal construction of the Job Creation Law on the protection of customary law communities in the territory coast. (2) Implications of the Job Creation Law on the protection of customary law communities in the region coast. The research method in this writing is normative juridical. In summary, the result of In this research, the desired law is a law that provides protection against community members including customary law communities in coastal areas and islands small island, then an impartial legal instrument in the recognition of existence Indigenous Law Communities, for example in the Job Creation Law, which has not been in favor of Protection of Indigenous Peoples in Coastal Areas and Small Islands.

Experiential Intensity of Exploring Place Abandoned

There is a growing global shift towards urbanization resulting in diminishing connections with the traditional rural placescape. Newfoundland and Labrador (NL) has a long history of out-migration and internal migration between communities in coastal areas within the province. Resettlement programs initiated by the NL government between 1954 and 1975 accounted for the internal migration of approximately 30,000 people from 300 communities. Modern-day encounters with these abandoned communities are relevant to understanding the loss of place and home, as significant numbers of students in NL today are affected by migration. This paper is a phenomenological study of the experiences of educators as they explored the remnants of an abandoned community. The participants of the study were six experienced public school educators with teaching experience at the primary, elementary, intermediate, and secondary levels. The study took place in eight abandoned communities located on the western shore of Placentia Bay, where mainly the remnants of Isle Valen, St. Leonard’s, St. Kyran’s, and Great Paradise were explored. Data collection consisted of two personal interviews and one group hermeneutic circle, with the aim to answer one fundamental question: What is the experience of educators exploring the remnants of an abandoned community? Data in this study are represented by lived experience descriptions, which were interpreted hermeneutically and guided by four phenomenological existentials: temporality, corporeality, spatiality, and relationality. The results of this study not only provide deeper insight into intense experiences in communities abandoned through resettlement; they also reveal the significance of place in our lives, place as heuristic teacher, the pedagogical power of place, the need for local, meaningful place-based experiences in a curriculum as lived, and their potential for furthering personal and educational insight no matter where in this world we live or dwell.

Pembinaan Keterampilan Produktif Sebagai Upaya Pemberdayaan Masyarakat Desa Membangun

The development village paradigm allows villagers to determine their own development priorities and visions because the decisions are made in village deliberations. Another advantage of the village development movement is that rural communities are encouraged to be independent in formulating their steps to build village welfare. Residents also become much more enthusiastic about carrying out the development of their village because they have the right and authority to determine what their village needs. The Thematic Community Service Program by LPPM UNG in 2021 is oriented to improve the quality of the number of UNG lecturers who have been implemented and are able to be efficient for the community according to the mission of the Ministry of Villages PDTT (1) Accelerating sustainable rural and rural development; (2) Develop the economy and investment in Villages and Rural Areas, Disadvantaged Regions, and Transmigration areas. The development of productive skills for rural communities in coastal areas is one of the strategic programs to support the implementation of Thematic Community Service Program. This is important because the coastal area is a priority program for universities to intervene both in terms of educational policies and efforts to accelerate economic resilience which has an impact on increasing income and welfare of the community. The target of developing productive skills for coastal communities through the Thematic Community Service Program is to participate with village communities to provide support for productive skills, especially for people in need as an educational effort on the one hand, and as an alternative solution to developing skills that have economic value to meet the needs of increasing income. and the quality of life of rural communities on the other hand. The achievements of this activity are the implementation of the development of productive skills of the target community, among others, (1) Development and training of tourism awareness groups, (2) BUMDES management, (3) the use of organic waste, (4) training on processed fish products of Sunglir (sulo-sulo), ( 5) katinting machine maintenance skills, and (6) IT public relations training for youth organizations. The level of community participation in this activity is relatively good, it is recommended that such a program be continued as an effort to empower the community to be able to manage their potential independently which in turn can create high efficiency for village development.

Coastal Community Perspective, Waste Density, and Spatial Area toward Sustainable Waste Management (Case Study: Ambon Bay, Indonesia)

The coastal area has experienced significant changes of waste problems over the past few years. To resolve the waste problems in coastal areas, an understanding of community perception is needed to support government efforts. Therefore, this study aims to review people’s perspectives on the dynamics of waste in the coastal areas. Community perception data were compiled through semi-structured interviews with the surrounding communities in coastal areas. ArcGIS and load count analysis were used to analyze the waste density. Waste was collected from the coastal area in Ambon Bay and analyzed using waste density calculation and spatial analysis. The results show that the total waste density obtained at the coastal area of Ambon Bay is 0.249 kg/m2, of which 0.078 kg/m2 is the density of plastic waste, and 0.171 kg/m2 is the density of non-plastic waste. Communities in coastal areas have made efforts to deal with waste problems, but the efforts made are still ineffective in overcoming these problems. That problem happens because there is a lack of knowledge of the community and lack of infrastructure in coastal areas. The research results have the potential for replication in other coastal areas and are used as the basis of decision making for waste management improvement.

Spatial assessment of flow and benefit of tropical cyclone hazard mitigation service

Ecosystems are employed to effectively protect people and communities in coastal areas from tropical cyclone (TC) hazards. Although a spatially explicit TC hazard mitigation service (TCHMS) is essential for devising adaptation strategy and resilience policy, the process and delivery of this program are unclear. We improved a capacity–exposure–demand conceptual framework using Guangdong Province, China, as a case study area, and spatial analysis was employed to assess the ecosystem service. Under this framework, we assessed “capacity” as the natural potential protection against TC hazards, “exposure” as the need for services, and “demand” as the estimated necessity of protecting coastal populations and economic interests. The analysis results were then used to map the TCHMS flow and benefit gap. The results showed that 21.6% of the whole province had low capacity, 25.3% had high exposure, and 19.3% had high demand. A significantly negative correlation was present between the TCHMS capacity and exposure, and a positive correlation was shown between the exposure and demand. In particular, the TCHMS flow and benefit were sufficient in inland areas but were severely deficient in coastal megacities. In Guangdong Province, the Pearl River Delta, and Chaoshan (CS), 3.3%, 4.0%, and 15.3% of the areas showed high demand–low capacity–high exposure patterns, respectively. Our findings will deepen the scientific understanding of the degree of protection a given ecosystem will provide to communities and infrastructures exposed to TC hazards and will thus provide scientific support for coastal ecosystem planning and management.

Paleoseismic Evidence of anMw7 Pre‐Hispanic Earthquake in the Peruvian Forearc

AbstractWe present the results of a paleoseismic survey of the Incapuquio Fault System, a prominent transpressional fault system cutting the forearc of South Perú. High‐resolution Digital Elevation Models, optical satellite imagery, radiocarbon dating, and paleoseismic trenching indicate that at least 2–3 m of net slip occurred on the Incapuquio Fault generating a complex, ∼100‐km long set of segmented fault scarps in the early 15th century (∼1400–1440 CE). We interpret the consistent along‐strike pattern of fault scarp heights, geometries and kinematics to reflect a surface rupture generated by a singleMw7.4–7.7 earthquake, suggesting that brittle failure of the forearc poses a significant, yet mostly overlooked, seismic hazard to the communities in coastal areas of Perú. The timing of this earthquake coincides with the collapse of the Chiribaya civilization in ∼1360–1400 CE, and we present evidence of damaged buildings along the fault trace that may be of Chiribayas age. Our surface faulting observations, when combined with observations of deformation in the forearc from geodesy and seismology, also demonstrate that the forearc in South Perú experiences a complex, time‐varying pattern of permanent strain, with evidence for trench‐parallel shortening, trench‐parallel extension, and trench‐perpendicular shortening all in close proximity but in different periods of the megathrust earthquake cycle. The kinematics of recent slip on the Incapuquio Fault are consistent with the sense of interseismic strain within the forearc measured by GPS, suggesting the fault is loaded toward failure between megathrust earthquakes.

Increasing Inundation Frequencies Enhance the Stochastic Process and Network Complexity of the Soil Archaeal Community in Coastal Wetlands.

Coastal wetlands are experiencing frequent flooding because of global climate changes, such as the rising sea level. Despite the key role of archaea in soil biogeochemical cycles, the assembly processes and co-occurrence patterns of archaeal communities in coastal wetlands in response to increasing inundation frequencies remain elusive. In this study, we established an in situ mesocosm with an inundation frequency gradient to investigate the response of soil archaeal community toward increasing inundation frequencies in monocultures of Spartina alterniflora and a mangrove species, Kandelia obovata Both neutral community model and null model analyses suggested that stochastic processes are dominant in governing the archaeal community assembly and that the stochastic processes are enhanced with increasing inundation frequencies. Increasing inundation frequencies significantly increased the community niche width. Moreover, archaeal community in S. alterniflora soil displayed lower niche overlap and higher stochasticity than in K. obovata soil. Co-occurrence network analysis revealed that the network complexity increases with increase in the inundation frequencies. Soil water content is the most decisive factor influencing the archaeal communities. Overall, we found that increasing inundation frequencies enhance the stochastic processes and network complexity of the soil archaeal community in coastal wetlands. This study could enhance our understanding on the response of soil archaeal communities in coastal wetlands toward global change.IMPORTANCE Coastal wetlands, subjected to regular disturbances by periodic tides, are highly productive and important in the regulation of climate change. However, the assembly mechanisms and co-occurrence patterns of soil archaeal communities in coastal areas remain poorly known, especially for their responses to increasing inundation frequencies. In this study, we aimed at unraveling these uncertainties by studying typical estuarine ecosystems in southern China. We show that increasing inundation frequencies enhance the stochastic processes and network complexity of the soil archaeal community. This study offers a new path for an improved understanding of archaeal community assembly and species coexistence in coastal environments, with a special focus on the role of inundation frequency.

Impacts of the Wetland Environment on Demographic Development During the Neolithic in the Lower Yangtze Region—Based on Peat and Archaeological Dates

Wetlands were important resources for the hunting–gathering and early farming communities in coastal areas in the Neolithic. However, the relationship between the development of the wetland environment and the human population remains unclear due to the lack of successive wetland environmental changes throughout the Holocene in coastal areas. Here, the summed probability distributions (SPD) of radiocarbon dates of peat were used as an indicator and combined with archaeological radiocarbon dates to reconstruct the wetland environmental and demographic changes during the Neolithic in the lower Yangtze region. The results showed that the shifts in demographic centers and population development were related to wetland environment with peat formation. The first shift of the demographic center was from the hilly regions to the coastal plain and occurred during ca. 8,300–8,000 cal yr BP, which might be caused by the attractiveness of survival resources offered by the coastal wetland environment and the 8.2 ka event. The second shift occurred from the Ningshao Plain to the Taihu region and might be attributed to the widespread waterlogged environment in the Ningshao Plain. The peak of demographic development coincided with the peak of peat formation during the middle Holocene in the lower Yangtze region, indicating that the wetland environment facilitated changes in human societies. The formation of peat might be related to the sea-level and El Niño-Southern Oscillation events; however, further studies are required for deep comprehension. The present study is an attempt at identifying the past impacts of the wetland environment on demographic development and can form the basis for a more comprehensive understanding of the interactions between the humans and their living environment.

Adequately reflecting the severity of tropical cyclones using the new Tropical Cyclone Severity Scale

For decades, meteorologists and governments have been warning communities in coastal areas for an imminent tropical cyclone (TC) using the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale (SSHWS). The SSHWS categorizes a TC based on its maximum wind speed, and is used in defining evacuation strategies and humanitarian response. However, the SSHWS considers only the wind hazard of a TC, whereas a TC can also cause severe conditions through its high storm surges and extreme rainfall, triggering coastal and inland flooding. Consequently, the SSHWS fails to mirror the TC’s total severity. This becomes evident when looking at past events such as Hurricane Harvey (2017), which was classified as a Tropical Storm while it caused widespread flooding in the Houston (TX) area, with precipitation totals exceeding 1.5 m. Without including storm surge and rainfall information, adequate risk communication with the SSHWS can be challenging, as the public can (mistakenly) perceive a low-category TC as a low-risk TC. To overcome this, we propose the new Tropical Cyclone Severity Scale (TCSS) that includes all three major TC hazards in its classification. The new scale preserves the categorization as used in the SSHWS, to maintain familiarity amongst the general public. In addition, we extend the scale with a Category 6, to support communication about the most extreme TCs with multiple hazards. The TCSS is designed to be applied on a local-scale, hereby supporting local-scale risk communication efforts and evacuation strategies prior to a TC landfall. The scale can be used for risk communication on both the total TC risk and on the categories of the separate hazards, which can be valuable especially in cases when one hazard is the predominant risk factor, such as excess rainfall triggering flooding.

The empowered village community development model South Konawe Regency coastal region (study of the underdeveloped village of the coastal region of South Konawe Regency)

Communities who lack the power and ability to manage existing resources are very vulnerable to poverty and find it challenging to achieve a better quality of life. The purpose of this study was to formulate a model of community empowerment in underdeveloped villages in the coastal area of ​​South Konawe Regency. The empowerment model of rural communities in coastal regions is designed by strengthening through the institutional system that must be played by the economic institutions in the village. The town is empowered to have alternative expertise so that financial resources are not focused on just one activity. The important thing that needs to be done is that empowerment activities for disadvantaged rural communities in coastal areas require collective action based on participatory, self-supporting, partnership, and sustainability approaches. The following needs to be supported by policies on the construction of rural environmental facilities and infrastructure, provision and strengthening of social and economic institutions in the village, improvement of human resource competencies, namely technical and managerial skills.