Communication Terminals Research Articles

Binary CDMA 기반의 무선 VoIP 시스템의 구현 및 성능평가

Binary CDMA는 음성 영상 등의 멀티미디어 데이터를 초고속으로 우수한 전송품질로 통신할 수 있는 우리나라가 개발한 새로운 표준 무선통신 기술이다. 본 논문에서는 전화선의 설치나 매설 작업 없이 원하는 장소에 자유롭게 설치할 수 있는 Binary CDMA 기반의 무선 VoIP 시스템 개발을 위한 개발방법 및 구현에 관해 연구하였다. Binary-CDMA VoIP 시스템의 구조를 설계하고, 호제어를 위한 메세지와 자료구조의 정의한 후, 사용자간 통화를 위한 착발신 단말 간의 호제어 메세지 흐름을 설계하고 구현하였다. Binary CDMA is a new standard technology for wireless communication developed by our country that makes high speed communications and good quality of services. In this paper we researched the development methods and implementation of a wireless VoIP System based on the Binary-CDMA technology that makes it freely installed in any place without phone cables and laying works. We designed the structure of the Binary-CDMA Wireless VoIP System and defined messages and data structures for call control. And then we designed and implemented call control message flow between VoIP terminals for user's communication.

Rate Control for Network-Coded Multipath Relaying with Time-Varying Connectivity

This paper presents techniques for achieving high throughput in delay-constrained, multihop wireless communication networks with time-varying link connectivity. We develop a rate-controlled, multipath strategy using network coding, and compare its performance with that of multipath flooding and with the performance of traditional single-path strategies. These performance comparisons include both theoretical benchmarks and simulation results from cooperative relay scenarios, which incorporate different sets of link connectivity statistics that are drawn from field tests of mobile satellite communication terminals. The results indicate that with appropriate rate-control, network coding can provide throughput performance comparable to multipath flooding of the network while utilizing bandwidth nearly as efficiently as single-path routing.

Novel circularly-polarized ceramic dielectric resonator antenna excited by a corner-cut square patch

A ceramic dielectric resonator antenna excited by a corner-cut square patch for the circularly-polarized operation is introduced. The effect of patch size and cut size is investigated, showing that the resonant frequency of the antenna can be changed by simply changing the patch size. The reflection, axial ratio, and radiation characteristics of the antenna are found. Measurements were carried out to verify the design. The antenna is compact in structure, which is attractive in the application as the satellite communication terminals.

이동통신 단말기에서 데이터 보호 및 백업을 위한 원격 제어 시스템 설계

최근 이동통신 단말기들의 분실 또는 도난을 통해 개인 정보의 유출로 타인의 도용에 우려가 되는 바, 본 논문에서는 이동통신 단말기의 분실 시에 잠금 기능 설정을 설정하지 않은 경우에도 단말기 안의 정보를 원격으로 제어 할 수 있는 방법을 구현하고자 한다. 제안하는 시스템의 주요 가능은 크게 4가지 부분으로 구성되는 데 사용자가 단말기를 원격 제어할 수 있도록 인터페이스 역할을 하는 웹사이트 제공부, 사용자가 본인임을 확인하며 가입된 이동통신사 시스템으로부터 가입자확인 정보를 수행하는 사용자 확인부, 단말기의 실 소유자임이 확인되면 원격제어 프로그램을 가동시키기 위한 접속코드를 단말기로 전송하여 접속을 설정하는 접속 관리부, 단말기를 원격 제어하기 위한 원격 제어 서비스 코드 및 환경 설정 값을 단말기로 전송하고 단말기로부터 서비스 완료 코드를 수신하는 서비스 실행부를 포함한다. The change in performance of the mobile communication field took place due to jumping development of technology, so high performance terminals that anyone can directly search and amend desired information anywhere and anytime, namely, the mobile communication terminals called Smartphone were released to the market. The terminal can store informations that an individual stored, for example, call log, where to make contact and address of acquaintances, transmit/receive message and mail, photographs and videos, etc., but there are worries on surreptitious use of other people due to leaking of personal information through loss or theft of these terminals because of several reasons, so the present thesis aims to realize a method that remotely control information inside a terminal in case of loss of a mobile communication terminal.

Achieving Optimal Diversity-Multiplexing Tradeoff for Full-Duplex MIMO Multihop Relay Networks

In this paper, we investigate the diversity-multiplexing tradeoff (DMT) of a multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) full-duplex single-user multihop relay channel, where a pair of source and destination communicates via multiple layers of relays. All communication terminals could be equipped with multiple antennas. The relays operate in a full-duplex mode. By incorporating time-domain linear transformation into amplify-and-forward (AF) based relaying, we propose an AF-based space-time relay scheme and show that the DMT upper bound of the channel can be achieved by properly designing space-time (ST) codes at the source.

Distributed Multihoming Routing Method by Crossing Control MIPv6 with SCTP

There are various wireless communication technologies, such as 3G, WiFi, used widely in the world. Recently, not only the laptop but also the smart phones can be equipped with multiple wireless devices. The communication terminals which are implemented with multiple interfaces are usually called multi-homed nodes. Meanwhile, a multi-homed node with multiple interfaces can also be regarded as multiple single-homed nodes. For example, when a person who is using smart phone and laptop to connect to the Internet concurrently, we may regard the person as a multi-homed node in the Internet. This paper proposes a new routing method, Multi-homed Mobile Cross-layer Control to handle multi-homed mobile nodes. Our suggestion can provide a distributed end-to-end routing method for handling the communications among multi-homed nodes at the fundamental network layer.

Very Low Power Viterbi Decoder Employing Minimum Transition and Exchangeless Algorithms for Multimedia Mobile Communication

A very low power consumption viterbi decoder has been developed by low supply voltage and 0.15 µm CMOS process technology. Significant power reduction can be achieved by modifying the design and implementation of viterbi decoder using conventional techniques traceback and Register Exchange to Hybrid Register Exchange Method (HREM), Minimum Transition Register Exchange Method (MTREM), Minimum Transition Hybrid Register Exchange Method (MTHREM), Register exchangeless Method and Hybrid Register exchangeless Method. By employing the above said schemes such as, HREM, MTREM, MTHREM, Register exchangeless Method and Hybrid Register exchangeless Method; the viterbi decoder achieves a drastic reduction in power consumption below 100 µW at a supply voltage of 1.62 V when the data rate of 5 Mb/s and the bit error rate is less than 10-3. This excellent performance has been paved the way to employing the strong forward error correction and low power consumption portable terminals for personnel communication, mobile multimedia communication and digital audio broadcasting. Implementation insight and general conclusions can particularly benefit from this approach are given.

Variations in SAR of Wireless Communication Devices Caused by Host Devices

The specific absorption rate (SAR) measurement procedure for wireless communication devices used in close proximity to the human body other than the ear was standardized by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). This procedure is applicable to SAR measurement of data communication terminals that are used with host devices. Laptop PCs are assumed as host devices in this study. First, numerical modeling of laptop PCs and the validity of computations are verified with corresponding measurements. Next, mass averaged SARs are calculated dependent on the dimensions of the laptop PCs and the position of the terminals. The results show that the ratio of the maximum to minimum SARs is at most 2.0 for USB dongle and card-type terminals at 1950MHz and 835MHz.

Reliable Multipath Transfer Scheduling Algorithm Research and Prototype Implementation

End-to-end data transfer has long been a fundamental service of Internet. With the trend of multi-interface communication terminals and redundant paths between them both in cellular networks and in the Internet, efficient protocols of multipath transfer are needed to gain the benefits of multi-interfaces. In this paper, we propose SAR-RMTP, a Self-adapted Rescheduling Reliable Multipath Transfer Protocol for end-to-end file transfer, which can adaptively reschedule data to different paths according to the current average bandwidth to achieve nearly the same transferring finish time between different paths, and thus results in effective use of overall bandwidth. We implement the prototype of SAR-RMTP in Linux and compare its performance with existing scheduling algorithms in experimental environment. The results show that SARRMTP can notably decrease the difference of transfer finish time of different paths and thus shorten the overall file transfer time and increase the overall bandwidth. The results also show that compared with other scheduling algorithms SAR-RMTP can achieve much better performance when bandwidth changes more dramatically.

Communication architecture of an early warning system

Abstract. This article discusses aspects of communication architecture for early warning systems (EWS) in general and gives details of the specific communication architecture of an early warning system against tsunamis. While its sensors are the "eyes and ears" of a warning system and enable the system to sense physical effects, its communication links and terminals are its "nerves and mouth" which transport measurements and estimates within the system and eventually warnings towards the affected population. Designing the communication architecture of an EWS against tsunamis is particularly challenging. Its sensors are typically very heterogeneous and spread several thousand kilometers apart. They are often located in remote areas and belong to different organizations. Similarly, the geographic spread of the potentially affected population is wide. Moreover, a failure to deliver a warning has fatal consequences. Yet, the communication infrastructure is likely to be affected by the disaster itself. Based on an analysis of the criticality, vulnerability and availability of communication means, we describe the design and implementation of a communication system that employs both terrestrial and satellite communication links. We believe that many of the issues we encountered during our work in the GITEWS project (German Indonesian Tsunami Early Warning System, Rudloff et al., 2009) on the design and implementation communication architecture are also relevant for other types of warning systems. With this article, we intend to share our insights and lessons learned.

Pointing error due to temperature distribution of SiC reflectors in intersatellite laser communications

Wave-front aberrations due to thermal deformation of elliptical reflectors in periscopic laser communication terminals are studied, and are fitted by Zernike elliptical polynomials. The relationship between pointing error and temperature distribution of elliptical reflectors in intersatellite laser communication systems is researched. The back-fixing method is introduced for fixing the elliptical reflectors, and is proven to reduce pointing error compared to the traditional around-fixing method using a press board. It is shown that the difference between uniform temperature and reference temperature has a much stronger influence than the temperature gradient. For the back-fixing method, the pointing error changes periodically as the uniform temperature changes with a period value of 1.6 degrees C, and the maximum pointing error value is 16.7murad. The result also tells us that, if the difference between uniform temperature and reference temperature is within 1.0 degrees C, there is no pointing error caused by back-fixed reflectors. We hope this work can contribute to the thermal control of elliptical reflectors in intersatellite laser communication terminals.

Adaptive Sampling Rate Correction for Acoustic Echo Control in Voice-Over-IP

Hands-free terminals for speech communication employ adaptive filters to reduce echoes resulting from the acoustic coupling between loudspeaker and microphone. When using a personal computer with commercial audio hardware for teleconferencing, a sampling frequency offset between the loudspeaker output D/A converter and the microphone input A/D converter often occurs. In this case, state-of-the-art echo cancellation algorithms fail to track the correct room impulse response. In this paper, we present a novel least mean square (LMS-type) adaptive algorithm to estimate the frequency offset and resynchronize the signals using arbitrary sampling rate conversion. In conjunction with a normalized LMS-type adaptive filter for room impulse response tracking, the proposed system widely removes the deteriorating effects of a frequency offset up to several Hz and restores the functionality of echo cancellation.

温度对潜望式激光通信终端SiC反射镜性能影响

温度对潜望式激光通信终端SiC反射镜性能影响

Bulk acoustic wave filters synthesis and optimization for multi-standard communication terminals

This article presents a design methodology for bulk acoustic wave (BAW) filters. First, an overview of BAW physical principles, BAW filter synthesis, and the modified Butterworth-van Dyke model are addressed. Next, design and optimization methodology is presented and applied to a mixed ladder-lattice BAW bandpass filter for the Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) TX-band at 1.95 GHz and to ladder and lattice BAW bandpass filters for the DCS1800 TX-band at 1.75 GHz. In each case, BAW filters are based on AlN resonators. UMTS filter is designed with conventional molybdenum electrodes whereas DCS filters electrodes are made with innovative iridium.

Personal multimedia services over a common home and access networking environment

This article presents a new end-to-end architecture model that will enable the deployment of a plethora of different multimedia services from diverse suppliers competitively coexisting over a common access and home networking environment. The model is focused on personal multimedia communication services and terminals. The proposed model is a segmentation of the end-to-end multimedia chain into several business segments. The interfaces among segments and functional entities inside each segment are identified and defined in the work. In order to study the impact level of the results achieved, a comparison with the approximation to NGN provided by current standardization bodies in the field (3GPP and TISPAN) is also included in the article. This comparison highlights the advantages of using this model as a solution to offer PMC services.

An All-Digital RF Signal Generator Using High-Speed $\Delta\Sigma$ Modulators

An all-digital RF signal generator using DeltaSigma modulation and targeted at transmitters for mobile communication terminals has been implemented in 90 nm CMOS. Techniques such as redundant logic and non-exact quantization allow operation at up to 4 GHz sample rate, providing a 50 MHz bandwidth at a 1 GHz center frequency. The peak output power into a 100 Omega diff. load is 3.1 dBm with 53.6 dB SNDR. By adjusting the sample rate, carriers from 50 MHz to 1 GHz can be synthesized. RF signals up to 3 GHz can be synthesized when using the first image band. As an example, UMTS standard can be addressed by using a 2.6 GHz clock frequency. The measured ACPR is then 44 dB for a 5 MHz WCDMA channel at 1.95 GHz with output power of -16 dBm and 3.4% EVM. At 4 GHz clock frequency the total power consumption is 120 mW (49 mW for DeltaSigma modulator core) on a 1 V supply voltage, total die area is 3.2 mm2 (0.15 mm2 for the active area).

Compact PIFA for Mobile Terminals Supporting Multiple Cellular and Non-Cellular Standards

A novel multiband planar inverted-F antenna (PIFA) covering ten frequency bands has been proposed for personal wireless communications terminals. The design is based on the combination of various techniques that are used for designing multiband/broadband antennas. We used a shorted parasitic patch efficiently coupled to the driven patch, a quarter-wave resonator connected to the feed strip in parallel with the main patch, and four slits in the main radiator to excite various current modes in the antenna structure. The antenna is designed within a volume of 4.0 times 2.0 times 0.8 cm3 and it can be used to serve the following wireless communication systems: Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM-900), Digital Communications System (DCS), Personal Communication Service (PCS), Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS), WiBro at 2.35 GHz, Bluetooth, Satellite-Digital Multimedia Broadcasting (SDM-B) at 2.65 GHz, WiMAX at 3.5 GHz, and the two bands (5.15-5.35 GHz and 5.725-5.875 GHz) for the wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) standards. A prototype antenna was fabricated and tested for input reflection coefficient and radiation performances. The measured and simulated results have been presented and discussed. Important geometrical parameters determining the multiband performances of the antenna have been explained in the paper.

Large-aperture double-focus laser collimator for PAT performance testing of inter-satellite laser communication terminal

A laser collimator is necessary for testing and verification of the pointing, acquisition and tracking (PAT) performance of inter-satellite laser communication terminals on the ground. The laser collimator must have a large clear aperture to fit the PAT performance testing system. The PAT subsystem has a large field of view for the acquisition and a high angular accuracy for the fine tracking. To resolve the conflict between large field of view and fine angular resolution, a large-aperture double-focus laser collimator is proposed and its optical design and mechanical structure are described. The collimator mainly consists of a primary lens, a reflector, a beam-splitting plate, a secondary lens, two compensating lenses, two imaging sensors and a laser. The primary lens directly forms the long focal length arm of the collimator. The combination of the primary lens and the secondary lens form the short focal length arm of the collimator. The collimator has an angular resolution <0.75 μrad and a 10 mrad field of view. For the collimator, the incident beam is focused on the two imaging sensors by its two arms, and the beam emitted from the laser is collimated and transmitted. The collimator is combined with an optical scanner and a fine beam deflector to test and verify the PAT performance of the inter-satellite laser communication terminal in a full physical manner.

The transmission link of CAPS navigation and communication system

The Chinese Area Positioning System (CAPS) is based on communication satellites with integrated capability, which is different from the Global Positioning System (GPS), the International Maritime Satellite Organization (Inmarsat) and so on. CAPS works at C-band, and its navigation information is not directly generated from the satellite, but from the master control station on the ground and transmitted to users via the satellite. The slightly inclined geostationary-satellite orbit (SIGSO) satellites are adopted in CAPS. All of these increase the difficulty in the design of the system and terminals. In this paper, the authors study the CAPS configuration parameters of the navigation master control station, information transmission capability, and the selection of the antenna aperture of the communication center station, as well as the impact of satellite parameters on the whole communication system from the perspective of the transmission link budget. The conclusion of availability of the CAPS navigation system is achieved. The results show that the CAPS inbound communication system forms a new low-data-rate satellite communication system, which can accommodate mass communication terminals with the transmission rate of no more than 1 kbps for every terminal. The communication center station should be configured with a large-aperture antenna (about 10–15 m); spread spectrum communication technology should be used with the spreading gain as high as about 40 dB; reduction of the satellite transponder gain attenuation is beneficial to improving the signal-to-noise ratio of the system, with the attenuation value of 0 or 2 dB as the best choice. The fact that the CAPS navigation system has been checked and accepted by the experts and the operation is stable till now clarifies the rationality of the analysis results. The fact that a variety of experiments and applications of the satellite communication system designed according to the findings in this paper have been successfully carried out confirms the correctness of the study results.

Quad-Band MIMO Antenna Array for Portable Wireless Communications Terminals

<para xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> A low-profile quad-band antenna array for multiple-inputmultiple-output (MIMO)-enabled wireless communication terminals has been presented in this letter. The proposed dual-element antenna array operates at the following frequency bands: 2.42.5 GHz, 3.43.6 GHz, 5.155.35 GHz, and 5.755.875 GHz. A combination of a C-shaped slot and a T-shaped slit is used to excite three current modes in a conventional single-band planar inverted-F antenna (PIFA). A $ \lambda / 4 $ resonator is integrated into the triband antenna structure in order to get an additional resonance for quad-band operation. The proposed array has been designed over a small ground plane measuring 50$\,\times\,$ 100 mm$^{2}$ , whereas each element in the array occupies a volume of 0.63 cm$^{3}$. Mean effective gain (MEG) and envelop correlation analysis have been used for the array analysis in addition to the capacity and diversity gain measurements in a reverberation chamber. The prototype array exhibits quite low mutual coupling with good input return losses at the desired four frequency bands. </para>