Sensor Node Communication Research Articles

Fast Encryption f or Multi Hop Wireless Sensor Networks u sing Gaussian Transposition Cipher

Wireless sensor network research enriched with diverse applications from industry to daily life. Widespread of sensor-based applications mandated for user authentication and secure communication. However, sensor nodes are limited energy and resources and hence secure communication for sensor nodes became a challenging task. This paper presents a fast encryption scheme for secure communication in wireless sensor networks. The proposed scheme consists of three phases namely registration, network deployment, and data transmission. In this work, a Gaussian transposition cipher for the generation of strong key. This cipher uses Gaussian noise, modified rail fence cipher and transposition. Fast encryption has achieved using XOR-based encryption and hence the proposed scheme incurs low computational cost. The proposed scheme resistant to various security attacks.

Incorporating security in opportunistic routing and traffic management in opportunistic sensor network

Nowadays, wireless sensors or opportunistic sensor networks (OSN) and its technologies are mainly used for bridging the spaces between the physical world and the virtual electronics. Due to several potentials like limited storage, unreliable communication, higher latency in communication and unattended operations of networks and sensor node powers, OSN faces many problems on routing and traffic management. Security on OSN involves routing and data aggregation deployed in OSN involves collaborations among nodes on the network due to ad-hoc nature. To solve these problems, our proposed method involves the novel traffic management scheme and opportunistic secure routing on sensor networks. This method involves mainly three algorithms such as range-based clustering (RBC) for clustering the sensor nodes, minimum waiting time routing (MWTR) algorithm for routing the data packets and in order to provide secure communication while coalition attack and replica attacks present on the network, we propose light weight key generation mechanism (LWKG). Thus, our proposed system provides less computational complexity on the networks and we provide effective results on experimental evaluation based on average packet reception ratio, detection ratio of replicas, connectivity and coalition attack resistance.

A Stochastic Game Approach for Collaborative Beamforming in SDN-Based Energy Harvesting Wireless Sensor Networks

Collaborative beamforming (CB) has recently emerged as a promising technique for transmission range extension and energy consumption reduction in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). However, due to the constrained energy and limited data processing capabilities of sensor nodes, the performance optimization of CB mainlobe and sidelobe control (SC) encounters challenges in the practical deployment. To address these challenges, we present an architecture of software-defined energy harvesting WSN (SD-EHWSN) for CB communications. Specifically, we first design the mechanism of CB communications based on the software-defined network (SDN) architecture to reduce the communication and computational overhead of sensor nodes. Then, we consider solar energy-harvesting system to achieve long-term operation of WSN and utilize a stationary Markov (SM) chain to model the arrival process of solar energy. Based on the stochastic nature of solar energy, a stochastic game model is developed to formulate the problem of CB optimization in SD-EHWSN, and the existence proof of Nash equilibria is provided. Based on the analytical results, we propose a reinforcement learning algorithm to maximize the long-term signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) performance with SC and prove the convergence of the algorithm. Simulation results are presented to validate the efficiency of the proposed scheme for CB communications in SD-EHWSN.

Energy-Efficient Technique for Monitoring of Agricultural Areas with Terrestrial Wireless Sensor Networks

In this paper, a monitoring technique based on the wireless sensor network is investigated. The sensor nodes used for monitoring are developed in a simulation environment. Accordingly, the structure and workflow of wireless sensor network nodes are designed. Time-division multiple access (TDMA) protocol has been chosen as the medium access technique to ensure that the designed technique operates in an energy-efficient manner and packet collisions are not experienced. Fading channels, i.e., no interference, Ricean and Rayleigh, are taken into consideration. Energy consumption is decreased with the help of ad-hoc communication of sensor nodes. Throughput performance for different wireless fading channels and energy consumption are evaluated. The simulation results show that the sensor network can quickly collect medium information and transmit data to the processing center in real time. Besides, the proposed technique suggests the usefulness of wireless sensor networks in the terrestrial areas.

A Trust Aware Based Predictive Model using Hybrid Convolutional Neural Network for Mobile AD HOC Network in Internet of Things

Mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs) are inescapable independent Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) that will assume a fundamental job in upcoming trends of Internet-of-Things (IoT) communication, somewhere sharp-witted gadgets will a tendency to associated in a totally scattered manner. The IoT is a type of wireless heterogeneous network of different types such as WSNs, MANETs, Zig-Bee, WI-FI, and RFID. So a trust based routing in MANET based IoT network is a difficult task for better Device to Device (D-2-D) communication. Be that as it may, because of the absence of framework and the nonappearance of concentrated administration in MANETs, networks are covered with different security threats. Some inward mobile sensor nodes in these positive feature based obliged wireless networks may bargain the routing mechanism in order to attacks to do unmistakable sorts of the data packet sending mischievous activities. Methods: In order to address this type of IoT communication issue, in our previous research paper, we devised a routing protocol in IoT based on the secure and energy efficient trust aware approach using the Particle swarm based (PSO) Optimized Artificial Neural Network (ANN), it is used to classify the packet dropping adversaries before the transmission by supervising the intermediates communicating sensor nodes nature to discover route and their maintenance period. But the achieved result should be better by using the concept of Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) with PSO instead of ANN. In this paper, we perform sensitivity analysis of IoT communication using Secure and Energy Efficient Trust Aware (SEETA) routing mechanism with PSO based optimized CNN and it is used to identify the unlike parameters variation in distinctive scenarios in the existence of data packet dropping attacks or malicious nodes. Also the proposed work recapitulates the trusted route discovery mechanism with their maintenance process where routing is based on our existing SEETA protocol with the purpose of countering the certain attack or malicious patterns along with optimized CNN. Results: Simulation is conducted with MATLAB based network simulator which indicates the correct choices of parameter values for proposed IoT network scenarios. When the QoS constraints of IoT network is calculated and compared with various existing approaches, the proposed PSO based CNN with SEETA routing mechanism achieves the better performance of 99.31% in terms of data delivery rate with reduction of 16.76% in energy consumption rate as compare to exiting works. Conclusion: During simulation of proposed IoT network based on different network conditions, we observed that the achieved performance is best in terms of Energy Consumption with Throughput and Loss Rate. After that we also obtained the achieved transmission delay is less and Alive Nodes Count is more with maximum Detection Rate.

Secure and Energy Efficient Trust Aware Routing Protocol in IoT using the Optimized Artificial Neural Network: SEETA-IoT

Nowadays, Internet of Things (IoT) has been widely used in many areas such as surveillance of battlefield, controlling of industry, pipeline monitoring, ecological monitoring, healthcare and medical science, defense and military affairs, etc. To make better IoT based applications, secure routing plays an imperative responsibility for Device-to-Device (D2D) data packet transmission. The most essential inventiveness behind this research is to design a Secure and Energy Efficient Trust Aware (SEETA) routing protocol in terms of detecting the fail/malicious nodes by utilizing the Artificial Neural Network (ANN) using Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) Algorithm. To discover a secure and energy-efficient route, the trust-based approach is integrated with GOA and ANN. Therefore, this research focuses on the security enhancement of the IoT network using the concept of trust-based route maintenance mechanism. In IoT networks, communicating sensor nodes have limited energy resources and a rapid energy reduction of communicating nodes leads to the creation of energy holes in the network. To overcome this problem, an energy-efficient mechanism of trust aware approach is also one of the essential objectives of IoT routing protocols. To avoid unnecessary network failure and extra energy consumption rate, we had designed a model using the concept of PSO based ANN with a novel fitness function and for involvement in the routing process, sensor nodes should fulfill the fitness criteria; otherwise, the system considers as affected communicating nodes. From the experiments conducted, it is proved that the proposed SEETA routing protocol using the PSO and ANN, achieves significant performance improvement over the existing schemes in terms of security, energy efficiency and packet transmission rate. Besides, SEETA routing protocol also reduces the number of intermediates nodes in D2D route discovery mechanism for IoT networks which helps to decrease the energy consumption rate and also offers a proficient approach to discover secure routing support with maximum routing capacity and end to end data transmission rate. The QoS performance parameter of our routing protocol is analyzed with standard and existing work with several routing protocols and the experimental results validating the concept of optimized ANN. The experimental results indicate that the introduced SEETA routing protocol provides 8.74% less energy consumption rate and high data delivery rate and data delivery rate is improved by 92% as compare to exiting works.

Influence of Received Signal Strength on Prediction of Cluster Head and Number of Rounds

Research studies reveal the fact that clustering improves energy efficiency and network lifetime in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). In clustering, cluster head (CH) selection and rotation are the key techniques that have been adopted over a decade. CH selection based on the residual energy of the node, the distance of the node from the base station (BS), the degree of neighboring nodes (DNNs), the rate of recurrent communication of sensor nodes (RCSNs), etc., has been dealt in many articles. However, the impact of an obstacle on CH selection and number of rounds prediction is not addressed. Furthermore, the influence of an obstacle can be realized through the received signal strength indicator (RSSI). Hence, this proposal incorporates the RSSI as one of the parameters in CH selection. Fuzzy logic is employed to predict the CH. Then, based on the energy consumption of the CH, the number of rounds for the node to continue as the CH is predicted using a threshold. The proposal is simulated in MATLAB and implemented in hardware using Zigbee and Atmega controller. The results confirm the impact of received signal strength on CH selection and the number of rounds prediction. Furthermore, to overcome the shortfall of the existing first-order radio model, a linear regression-based energy prediction model is proposed. The proposed energy prediction model exhibits closeness with actual energy consumption which demonstrates its efficacy.

Energy Aware Cluster Based Multi-hop Energy Efficient Routing Protocol using Multiple Mobile Nodes (MEACBM) in Wireless Sensor Networks

Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) is the most significant and the challenging issue for the researchers in terms of enhancing its performance in terms of network lifetime, energy efficiency, scalability, connectivity, throughput, etc. They have the incredible capability to interact and gather data from any physical environment with help of routing protocols. Many routing protocols based solutions have been proposed in the recent years for accomplishing the preferred level of performance in WSNs for these issues. The hierarchical heterogeneous cluster based energy efficient routing protocols are more efficient as compared to flat and location based routing protocols due to the presence of nodes heterogeneity in terms of energy level of sensor nodes which enhances the lifetime of the network. The most recent trend that extensively enhances the functionality and the performance of WSNs is the use of mobile sensor nodes. In this paper, the authors proposed a novel concept regarding mobile sensor nodes is proposed called Mobile Energy Aware Cluster Based Multi-hop (MEACBM) routing protocol for hierarchical heterogeneous WSNs which selects CHs on the basis of newly proposed probability equation which selects only that sensor node as Cluster Head (CH) which has the highest energy among other sensor nodes by introducing a new term S(i).E in the equation. It considers hierarchical heterogeneous clustering considering three levels of sensor nodes; multi-hoping for inter-cluster communication and connectivity of sensor nodes within the whole network area. In MEACBM, after the deployment of sensor nodes and formation of clusters, the whole network area is divided into sectors and inside each sector a mobile sensor node is placed which act as Mobile Data Collector (MDC) for collecting data from CHs. This technique helps in significantly reducing the energy consumption of sensor nodes for transferring information to the Base Station (BS). Simulation performance based results indicates the effectiveness of MEACBM routing protocols by comparing it with other contemporary cluster based routing protocols in terms of network lifetime, stability, throughput, number of CHs and number of dead nodes.

Hybrid and Multi-Hop Advanced Zonal-Stable Election Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless sensor network comprises of thousands of sensor nodes that are deployed in an area to monitor the physical environment. These sensor nodes have limited energy as they are battery powered. To reduce this problem, several routing protocols are designed in order to minimize energy consumption and increase the lifetime of the sensor network. In this paper, we introduced a new heterogeneous routing protocol known as advanced zonal stable election protocol (AZ-SEP) in which communication of sensor nodes with the base station is hybrid, i.e., some nodes communicate directly, while others use clustering mechanism to transmit data to base station. The dimensions of the field are unknown and are divided into three zones on the basis of nodes energy. We examined Z-SEP protocol regarding cluster head selection and communication of cluster head with the base station and introduced a new mechanism of cluster head selection on the basis of residual energy and distance from the base station. The communication between nodes with the base station occurs in a multi-hop fashion. Furthermore, the AZ-SEP is evaluated by taking different evaluation scenarios such as the changing position of the base station, skewed nodes, and variable node energy to compare it with the parent protocol. We implemented the AZ-SEP and compare it with the traditional routing protocol like Z-SEP and SEP protocol. The proposed protocol and its parent protocol are compared through simulation using simulator MATLAB 2014a. The simulation results show that our proposed protocol increases the stability period by increasing the number of alive nodes, packet delivery ratio, and optimizes average energy consumption as related to the existing protocols.

EBVBF: Energy Balanced Vector Based Forwarding Protocol

Nowadays, one of the biggest problems of underwater networks is the energy consumption in the communication of sensor nodes. Moreover, sensor nodes rescue operations because of the battery starvation is a high-cost activity. With this in mind, this paper proposes a routing protocol called energy balanced vector-based forwarding (EBVBF), whose main objective is to increase the lifetime of an underwater network and to balance the energy consumption of the sensor nodes, avoiding the creation of void zones that can lead to complete interruption of communication between certain nodes and sink nodes, therefore reducing the number of rescue operations and maintenance in an underwater environment, an element very important in the places of difficult access. A simulated performance analysis is carried out by using the proposed protocol in an environment with nodes in movement showing the gain in energy saving in a balanced way and the increase of network lifetime.

Energy efficient service differentiated QoS aware routing in cluster-based wireless sensor network

In today's technological era, WSNs has gained attention worldwide with its miniature size and low cost. Data transmission demands both energy and quality of service (QoS) to ensure efficient use of the sensors and adequate access to collecting information. Lot of research work in literature has been focused on QoS provisioning by differentiated service technique that differentiates and priorities different traffic classes to meet the user requirements. Our work toward scheduling based on packet type providing high priority to emergency data to facilitate reliable transmission of emergency data in critical situations. We proposed an approach for effective sensing by use of stochastic scheduling to increase the energy efficiency of sensor nodes for intracluster communication. The proposed technique in this work outperforms when compared with the existing protocol in the literature in terms of minimised energy consumption, delay and high throughput by offloading of the energy-intensive tasks.

WETRP: Weight Based Energy & Temperature Aware Routing Protocol for Wireless Body Sensor Networks

The technological advancements in wireless communication and miniaturization of sensor nodes have resulted in the development of Wireless Medical Sensor Networks (WMSNs) which can be effectively used for remote patient monitoring. Remote patient monitoring is one such application of wireless sensor networks which is becoming increasingly prevalent in healthcare. The healthcare applications of the WMSNs are delay-sensitive and require timely delivery of patient-critical data. However, the frequent exchange of critical data packets results in higher delays, collisions, packet drop, and re-transmissions. Consequently, it brings a detrimental impact on the performance of the WMSNs. In addition, the implanted biomedical sensor nodes produce electromagnetic radiations, pose a serious threat of damaging sensitive tissues in the human body. Protecting tissue damage requires thermal-aware routing protocols. However, most of the thermal-aware routing protocols developed for the WBSNs primarily focused on minimizing temperature, while overlooking the energy conservation goal and optimization of route selection. In this paper, we propose a weighted, QoS-based, energy and temperature-aware routing protocol, referred to as (WETRP), for the WMSNs that utilizes a composite routing metric by keeping in view temperature, remaining node energy, and link-delay estimation during route selection decisions. The simulation results presented in the paper demonstrates the efficacy of the proposed scheme in terms of preventing temperature rise, dealing with hotspot nodes, and maximizing network's lifetime.

On the Effects of Communication Range Shrinkage of Sensor Nodes in Mobile Wireless Sensor Networks Due to Adverse Environmental Conditions

A wireless sensor network (WSN) is a collection of spatially distributed sensor nodes working collaboratively to monitor a physical environment. A mobile wireless sensor network (MWSN) is a specific type of WSN, in which the sensor nodes move within a designated area. In this paper, we consider the effects of adverse environmental conditions on MWSN. Conditions such as high temperature, rainfall, and fog cause attenuation and fading effects on the communication of sensor nodes. Consequently, the communication ranges of such nodes shrink, and the sensor nodes cannot communicate with any of their peers. The shrinkage in communication range creates impairment in the normal communication ability of sensor nodes, which results in link disruption, packet loss, performance degradation, and reduced lifetime of the network. As the adverse environmental conditions are temporal in nature, the sensor nodes function normally with the resumption of favorable environmental conditions. The existing literature did not consider this type of temporary problem on MWSNs. In this paper, we evaluated the performance of MWSN due to the presence of adverse environmental conditions. Simulation results confirm the hypotheses that the performance of MWSN degrades in the presence of adverse environmental conditions. From the results it can be inferred that throughput and delivery ratio nearly decreases by 66% and 42%, respectively, whereas delay increases by 75% due to the shrinkage in communication range.

Signal Strength based Self Reconfiguration to Ensure Reliability in Wireless Sensor Networks

<span lang="EN-US">Providing reliability in Wireless sensor networks is considered to be a challenging task, due to the limited capabilities in terms of energy, power and memory. The applications of these systems run in sensors with low level programming abstractions, limited capabilities and routing protocols. In this paper, we propose a strategy to adjust radios in the sensor network depending on the signal strength of the neighboring nodes to ensure reliability using self reconfiguration (S2R2). Redundancy-based reliability is achieved by performing encoding/decoding either at the source and the destination node or each pair of communicating sensor nodes from the source to the destination. Along with the reliability, the link and the stability of the link are checked. The stability of the route makes the route a valid one to send data. Simulation analysis shows that the proposed mechanism performs better in terms of stability and reliability compared to the existing mechanism</span>

A Dynamic Channel Model for Indoor Wireless Signals: Working Around Interference Caused by Moving Human Bodies

The use of indoor wireless devices has substantially increased in recent years. This escalation is due to the expansion of traditional communication devices, such as mobile phones and laptop computers, to less traditional ones, such as wirelessly communicating sensor nodes present in smart homes, office buildings, and industrial environments. The placement of these nodes varies considerably from one application to the next, but, when the nodes are placed indoors and within the vicinity of human height, a body's movement can cause significant time-varying channel conditions. The movement is even more compelling in such networks because of the power constraints involved [1]. Thus, an accurate study on the impact of a moving body and the characteristics of indoor propagation channels is important.

A practical approach to Energy Consumption in Wireless Sensor Networks

A wireless sensor network (WSN) is formed by large number of spatially distributed, wirelessly communicating sensor nodes deployed to perform various sensing operations in an environment where human intervention is not possible. Such WSNs consume energy from limited power source installed in sensor nodes. Due to inaccessibility, power sources are non-replaceable, therefore energy consumption of sensor nodes plays significant role in determining the life of a WSN. Various studies have been undertaken using available simulation environments to improve network lifetime. In our previous studies it has been observed that controlled software environment is created with the help of various modelling tools and simulators. Though simulation and modelling in software environment is convenient in terms of scalability and studying different scenarios but lacks exposure to real-time issues. This paper is written based on our experience of creating physical WSN test-bed designed for understanding practical aspects of energy consumption in WSNs.

I-DWRL: Improved Dual Wireless Radio Localization Using Magnetometer.

In the dual wireless radio localization (DWRL) technique each sensor node is equipped with two ultra-wide band (UWB) radios; the distance between the two radios is a few tens of centimeters. For localization, the DWRL technique must use at least two pre-localized nodes to fully localize an unlocalized node. Moreover, in the DWRL technique it is also not possible for two sensor nodes to properly communicate location information unless each of the four UWB radios of two communicating sensor nodes cannot approach the remaining three radios. In this paper, we propose an improved DWRL (I-DWRL) algorithm along with mounting a magnetometer sensor on one of the UWB radios of all sensor nodes. This addition of a magnetometer helps to improve DWRL algorithm such that only one localized sensor node is required for the localization of an unlocalized sensor node, and localization can also be achieved even when some of the four radios of two nodes are unable to communicate with the remaining three radios. The results show that with the use of a magnetometer a greater number of nodes can be localized with a smaller transmission range, less energy and a shorter period of time. In comparison with the conventional DWRL algorithm, our I-DWRL not only maintains the localization error but also requires around half of semi-localizations, 60% of the time, 70% of the energy and a shorter communication range to fully localize an entire network. Moreover, I-DWRL can even localize more nodes while transmission range is not sufficient for DWRL algorithm.

Trust analysis of WSN nodes based on fuzzy theory

ABSTRACTReliable data transmission based on dual mode of communication (RTMDC) of wireless sensor network is put forward targeting the influence of electromagnetic radiation on sensor node communication ability. In RTDMC algorithm, dual-communication mode is adopted for the sensor node. Intermediate failure node is checked in real time with D-S evidence theory DST and hypothesis testing. In case of intermediate failure node, acoustic communication mode is adopted to resist the influence of electromagnetic radiation. Otherwise, radio frequency communication mode is adopted and normal communication is executed. Dual-communication mode enhances the data transmission efficiency, shortens the transmission time delay, and reduces the energy consumption. Simulation data suggests that compared with single-communication mode, dual-communication mode is able to effectively improve the data transmission efficiency and energy utilization.

The computation and analysis of energy‐efficient multirelay and multihop communication scheme in wireless sensor networks

SummaryWireless sensor network (WSN) has been one of the most important network technologies nowadays. However, the communication of wireless sensor nodes is often constrained by computation capability and energy efficiency, and direct transmission is hard to adapt to all communication environments. Cooperative transmission can achieve the low energy consumption requirements effectively. But most researches considered multirelay and singular‐hop scheme, and their energy efficiencies were not satisfactory in a longer transmission distance. To address this problem, we investigate the effect of the relay links and the relay node hops on the energy consumption in this paper. By deriving the outage probability of the multirelay and multihop transmission scheme, the minimum transmitting power of the source node is obtained. Then the existence of the minimum energy consumption is proved with respect to the number of relay links. Simultaneously, to reduce the computational complexity to ensure the effective implementation of the communication, the optimal number of relay links is calculated based on the minimum energy consumption. The simulation results show that the proposed multirelay and multihop transmission scheme has better transmission efficiency and can achieve satisfactory performance of communication and computation cooperation.

A Novel Research on the Influence of Enterprise Culture on Internal Control in big Data and Internet of Things

The effective management of enterprise resources in internet of things is a growing research trend in modern era. The big data concept influences more opportunities to the researchers to exhibit their innovations in various application oriented fields. The academic and organizational researches suggested that big data provides more benefits on sustained basis for the committed resource management environment. The study shows positive and active enterprise culture is positively correlated to effective internal control. In the enhancement of these resource management initiatives, the dynamic capability of the data and its assumptions are considered. In the case of enterprise culture the implication of practical and business limitations and advantages are discussed in this article. The intellectual contributions and the poles of excellence on the field of big data is a common platform upon which several communication components in practice on every day use which are interfaced and interconnected. In general IoT reduces the distance between the real world and internet by incorporating and integrating different perspectives of technology such as pervasive computing, data communication, networking, sensor node communication etc.,