Communication In Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks Research Articles

A Systematic Review of Swarm Intelligence Algorithms to Perform Routing for VANETs Communication

The performance of Vehicular Adhoc Networks (VANETs), the underlying technology for intelligent vehicles, has shown improvement with the application of swarm-based algorithms for routing. Swarm Intelligence is a self-intelligence group of similar agents functioning on distribution, flexibility, and communication among the agents. The multiple problems occurring in the modern communication systems, including VANETs, have been tried to be resolved by the application of swarm intelligence algorithms viz, Genetic Algorithms (GA), Differential Evolution (DE), Ant Colony Optimization (ACO), Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), Artificial Bee Colony (ABC), Cuck-oo Search Algorithm (CSA), Glowworm Swarm Optimization (GSO), etc., have been proposed in the literature. This paper provides a comparative analysis of operations of swarm-based algorithms. Points like their operations, basic entities, advantages, disadvantages, and applications are discussed.

Secure and Efficient Communication in VANETs Using Level-Based Access Control

In recent years, the development of vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs) has received much attention in intelligent transportation systems (ITS). Unlike traditional ad-hoc networks, VANETs are emerging with unique characteristics that share similar technology with autonomous vehicles (AVs) and automated driving systems (ASDs). Communication between vehicles and the surrounding infrastructure unit, such as a roadside unit (RSU), must be secured, concise, and authentic. Hence, an access control system for the ad-hoc environment is required. We introduced a level-based controlled signcryption (LBS) scheme, which can be easily constructed and implemented into an access control system for VANETs environment. Our encrypted message has a short and constant size, which is better when compared with other attribute-based signcryption or encryption. Confidentiality, privacy, and authenticity are also provided in our scheme to ensure secure and authentic communication. Therefore, our scheme has addressed communication cost, scalability, security, and privacy issues in VANETs. This primitive can be applied to simplify attribute-based access control, as the only attribute required is an integer representing the security level. Our objective is to improve the quality and security of VANET communication. Moreover, an optional privacy mechanism in our scheme provides flexibility in controlling node privacy in VANETs.

A biometric secured anonymous communication protocol for Vehicular Ad hoc Network

Communication security in Vehicular Ad hoc NETwork (VANET) is a significant concern. Existing schemes for secure communication in VANET suffer from high computation, communication complexities, and exploitable vulnerabilities. This paper proposes a multi-level biometric-based scheme for authentication and anonymous communication in VANET. The use of fingerprint hashing and modified Blom’s scheme provides a high level of security to our scheme. Furthermore, the proposed scheme achieves lower computational and communication costs than the existing schemes due to lightweight operations and minimal message exchange required to complete the authentication process. The security of the proposed scheme is verified using the Real or Random (RoR) model, ProVerif tool, and informal security analysis. The results of the ns-2 simulation show the practical applicability and network performance of our scheme compared to existing schemes.

ECCHSC: Computationally and Bandwidth Efficient ECC-Based Hybrid Signcryption Protocol for Secure Heterogeneous Vehicle-to-Infrastructure Communications

Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs), an application of the Internet of Things (IoT) providing a better intelligent transportation system (ITS), has received substantial attention from both industry and academia. Heterogeneous vehicular communications in VANETs occur when both vehicles and the infrastructure use different cryptographic technologies to exchange safety messages. However, the safety messages between vehicles and the infrastructure are communicated wirelessly; therefore, security issues are a serious concern in this domain. The existing schemes secure the transmission of safety messages with respect to confidentiality, authentication, and nonrepudiation. However, they are inappropriate with respect to efficiency. They cause computational overhead on the receiver and bandwidth overhead in the communications. To cope with this, we propose an elliptic curve cryptosystem-based hybrid signcryption (ECCHSC) protocol that satisfies the security requirements (i.e., message confidentiality, message’s source authentication, message integrity, nonrepudiation, and identity–anonymity) for heterogeneous vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communications in a single logical step. This protocol allows secure transmission of a safety message from a vehicle using identity-based cryptography (IDC) to a roadside unit (RSU) using public-key infrastructure (PKI). In addition, the ECCHSC protocol enables the RSU to receive multiple ciphertexts, aggregate them, and de-signcrypt them simultaneously through the batch de-signcryption method, which further improves the performance. The ECCHSC protocol has indistinguishability against adaptive chosen ciphertext attacks (IND-CCA2) and existential unforgeability against adaptive chosen message attacks (EUF-CMAs) in the random oracle model (ROM). The performance analysis of our protocol demonstrates a significant reduction in computational overhead and in communication/storage overhead as compared to the state-of-the-art schemes.

Broadcast Encryption Scheme for V2I Communication in VANETs

Information dissemination in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) is inseparable from the interaction between vehicles and infrastructure. The trust authority (TA) often plays a pivotal role in VANETs and requires interaction with multiple vehicles. However, when the TA sends the same message to multiple vehicles, there are many redundancies, as it needs to negotiate with each vehicle and send them different ciphertexts. This greatly reduces the work efficiency of the TA. To the best of our knowledge, there is no research on the problem of redundancy that occurs when the same message is sent to multiple vehicles in VANETs. The proposed scheme adopts identity-based broadcast encryption (IBBE) technology, which is a secure data-sharing scheme suitable for the vehicle-to-infrastructure communication mode, in VANETs for the first time. Thus, with only one encryption, the TA can generate a fixed-length ciphertext for a group of vehicles. When there are new vehicles that subsequently request a service, the TA can assign encryption tasks to the proxy server. In terms of security, our scheme meets the particular requirements of VANETs. The encryption overhead of the sender and the length of the ciphertext were comparatively analyzed. The results demonstrated that the performance of the scheme improved significantly. Thus, our scheme can prevent redundancies and effectively improve the work efficiency of TA.

BAIV: An Efficient Blockchain-Based Anonymous Authentication and Integrity Preservation Scheme for Secure Communication in VANETs

Recent development in intelligent transport systems (ITS) has led to the improvement of driving experience in vehicular ad-hoc network (VANET) systems. Providing a low computational cost with high serving capability, however, is a critical phenomenon in the current VANET system. In the existing scenario, when the authenticated vehicle user moves from one roadside unit (RSU) to another RSU region, re-authentication of the vehicle user is required by the current RSU, which increases the computational complexity. To overcome the above-mentioned challenge, a blockchain-based authentication protocol is developed in this work. In this suggested process, blockchain is integrated with VANET, which enables the authentication of the vehicle user without the involvement of a trusted authority. Moreover, the integrity of the message and privacy of vehicle users are preserved in the blockchain network. Even though many blockchain-based schemes have been proposed recently, the existing schemes were not focused on conditional anonymity. However, in our proposed scheme, conditional privacy is introduced to revoke the malicious vehicles in the case of disputes and to avoid further damage to the VANET system. As a result, the proposed scheme provides an efficient mechanism for anonymous authentication, privacy, and integrity preservation with conditional tracking. Finally, the defense against different security threats is explained in the security analysis section, and the performance investigation section shows the competence and efficacy of our method with similar related methods.

ID-CEPPA: Identity-based Computationally Efficient Privacy-Preserving Authentication scheme for vehicle-to-vehicle communications

Traffic management is very important in both public and private transportation. Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks (VANETs) works wirelessly to exchange the traffic status messages to increase the traffic safety and efficiency. During the broadcasting of messages, security and privacy are major concerns. In order to achieve these security and privacy requirements, many authentication schemes have been proposed. However, the performance of these schemes in terms of computational and communication/storage cost is not satisfactory. To address this, we propose an Identity-based Computationally Efficient Privacy-Preserving Authentication (ID-CEPPA) scheme using Identity-based Cryptography (IDC) and Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) for vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communications in VANETs. The scheme ensures message’s source authentication, message integrity, non-repudiation, and anonymity of the vehicle’s identity efficiently in V2V communications. In addition, our scheme supports batch-signatures verification method due to which multiple messages are authenticated simultaneously. The security of the ID-CEPPA scheme is proved under Elliptic Curve Discrete Logarithm problem in the random oracle model. The performance evaluation indicates that ID-CEPPA scheme has less computational and communication/storage cost as compared to the relevant IDC-based signature schemes.

QoS Aware and Fault Tolerance Based Software-Defined Vehicular Networks Using Cloud-Fog Computing.

Software-defined network (SDN) and vehicular ad-hoc network (VANET) combined provided a software-defined vehicular network (SDVN). To increase the quality of service (QoS) of vehicle communication and to make the overall process efficient, researchers are working on VANET communication systems. Current research work has made many strides, but due to the following limitations, it needs further investigation and research: Cloud computing is used for messages/tasks execution instead of fog computing, which increases response time. Furthermore, a fault tolerance mechanism is used to reduce the tasks/messages failure ratio. We proposed QoS aware and fault tolerance-based software-defined V vehicular networks using Cloud-fog computing (QAFT-SDVN) to address the above issues. We provided heuristic algorithms to solve the above limitations. The proposed model gets vehicle messages through SDN nodes which are placed on fog nodes. SDN controllers receive messages from nearby SDN units and prioritize the messages in two different ways. One is the message nature way, while the other one is deadline and size way of messages prioritization. SDN controller categorized in safety and non-safety messages and forward to the destination. After sending messages to their destination, we check their acknowledgment; if the destination receives the messages, then no action is taken; otherwise, we use a fault tolerance mechanism. We send the messages again. The proposed model is implemented in CloudSIm and iFogSim, and compared with the latest models. The results show that our proposed model decreased response time by 50% of the safety and non-safety messages by using fog nodes for the SDN controller. Furthermore, we reduced the execution time of the safety and non-safety messages by up to 4%. Similarly, compared with the latest model, we reduced the task failure ratio by 20%, 15%, 23.3%, and 22.5%.

An optimal lightweight cryptography with metaheuristic algorithm for privacy preserving data transmission mechanism and mechanical design in vehicular ad hoc network

Recently, vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) plays a vital part in intelligent transportation system (ITS) that intends to accomplish seamless Internet connectivity amongst the vehicles on the roadway. The VANET can be widely employed to enhance driving safety. But the wireless nature of the network results in challenging issues of security as well as privacy. In this aspect, this study designs an optimal Lightweight Cryptography with Dragonfly Firefly (LWC-DFFF) optimization algorithm to achieve privacy preserving communication in VANET. In addition, the proposed model involves the design of DFFF algorithm to determine the reliable nodes in the network for secured data transmission. Moreover, the LWC technique gets executed to securely transmit the data from source to destination via reliable nodes. The design of reliable node detection using DFFF algorithm helps to considerably improve the privacy preserving communication in VANET. A series of simulation analyses were carried out and the results are inspected interms of different measures. The experimental results highlighted the better performance of the LWC-DFFF algorithm over the recent approaches interms of different dimensions.

Fuzzy-Based Secure Clustering with Routing Technique for VANETs

Due to the advanced developments in communication technologies, Internet of vehicles and vehicular adhoc networks (VANET) offers numerous opportunities for effectively managing transportation problems. On the other, the cloud environment needs to disseminate the emergency message to the vehicles which are consistently distributed on the roadway so that every vehicle gets the messages from closer vehicles in a straightforward way. To resolve this issue, clustering and routing techniques can be designed using computational intelligence approaches. With this motivation, this paper presents a new type-2 fuzzy sets based clustering with metaheuristic optimization based routing (T2FSC-MOR) technique for secure communication in VANET. The T2FSC-MOR technique aims to elect CHs and optimal routes for secure intercluster data transmission in VANET. The proposed model involves T2FSC technique for the selection of CHs and construction of clusters. The T2FSC technique uses different parameters namely traveling speed (TS), link quality (LQ), trust factor (TF), inter-vehicle distance (IVD), and neighboring node count (NCC). The inclusion of trust factor helps to select the proper cluster heads (CHs) for secure data dissemination process. Moreover, trust aware seagull optimization based routing (TASGOR) approach was derived for the optimal selection of routes in VANET. In order to validate the enhanced performance of proposed technique, the set of simulations take place and the outcomes are examined interms of different measures. The experimental outcomes highlighted the improved performance of the proposed model over the other state of art techniques with a higher throughput of 98%.

Retracted: An Enhanced Hybrid Glowworm Swarm Optimization Algorithm for Traffic-Aware Vehicular Networks

A subclass of a Mobile Adhoc Network (MANET) is a Vehicular Adhoc Network (VANET). It consists of self-configuring moving vehicles which are called nodes. It is an inevitable ingredient of intelligent transportation systems. The vehicular network has some permanent devices called roadside units and moving devices called On Board Units (OBU). Every vehicle traveling on the network must possess the OBU. Safety and non-safety tidings are broadcasted in vehicular networks. Even vehicular network is derived from MANET and its characters are discriminated against the MANET. The various unique characteristics of VANETs are high mobility, changes in network topology, size of the network, long distance between the vehicles, frequently changing vehicle density, and limited time. Because of these special features, the traditional security and routing mechanisms are not suitable for VANETs. Also, the safety messages are modified or discarded by the attacker or any other node and it may lead to the loss of privacy, integrity, confidentiality, and authentication of the data. So to enhance the security of VANETs, it is very much essential to invent a secure communication protocol, to protect the infrastructure of the network and the confidentiality of the data. The simulation results reveal that the secure communication using certificate revocation approach, energy-efficient enhanced secure routing protocol, traffic-aware secure routing for VANETs using Hybrid Enhanced Glowworm Swarm Optimization (HEGSO), and trust model for secure communication in VANETs is ensuring the security in VANETs. When compared to peer existing routing protocols, the proposed scheme significantly reduces the packet failure ratio, response time, and throughput. When compared to ARIOR and I-AREOR, the proposed HEGSO technique diminished delays by 20% and 34%, respectively.

A Cloud-Based Secure Emergency Message Dissemination Scheme in Vehicular Adhoc Networks

The Internet of vehicles and vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANET) offers numerous opportunities for managing the transportation problems effectively. The high mobility and wireless communication in VANET lead to adequate network topology modifications, resulting in network instability and insecure data communication. With an unsteady flow of traffic, vehicles are unevenly distributed in the geographical areas in practice. A new type 2 fuzzy logic-based secure clustering (T2FLSC) with cloud-based data dissemination scheme called the T2FLSC-CDD model for the VANET has been introduced for resolving this issue. The vehicles are dynamically clustered by the use of the T2FLSC technique, which elects the CHs (Cluster Head) by the use of different parameters, namely, travelling speed (TS), link quality (LQ), trust factor (TF), inter-vehicle distance (IVD) and neighboring node count (NCC). The inclusion of the trust factor helps to select the proper CHs for the secure data dissemination process. Once the CHs are selected, a cloud connection can broadcast the Emergency messages to every vehicle. To save the location details of the vehicles in the cloud securely, the Blowfish technique has also been implemented in this work. For validating the effectiveness of the T2FLSC-CDD model, an extensive results analysis has been performed with respect to various measures. The attained simulation outcomes have pointed out that the proposed model has achieved maximum packet delivery ratio (PDR) and throughput with minimum key computation time (KCT), routing control overhead (RCO), time delay (TD), and key recovery time (KRT).

Hybrid Genetic Firefly Algorithm-Based Routing Protocol for VANETs

Vehicular Adhoc Networks (VANETs) are used for efficient communication among the vehicles to vehicle (V2V) infrastructure. Currently, VANETs are facing node management, security, and routing problems in V2V communication. Intelligent transportation systems have raised the research opportunity in routing, security, and mobility management in VANETs. One of the major challenges in VANETs is the optimization of routing for desired traffic scenarios. Traditional protocols such as Adhoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV), Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR), and Destination Sequence Distance Vector (DSDV) are perfect for generic mobile nodes but do not fit for VANET due to the high and dynamic nature of vehicle movement. Similarly, swarm intelligence routing algorithms such as Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) routing techniques are partially successful for addressing optimized routing for sparse, dense, and realistic traffic network scenarios in VANET. Also, the majority of metaheuristics techniques suffer from premature convergence, being stuck in local optima, and poor convergence speed problems. Therefore, a Hybrid Genetic Firefly Algorithm-based Routing Protocol (HGFA) is proposed for faster communication in VANET. Features of the Genetic Algorithm (GA) are integrated with the Firefly algorithm and applied in VANET routing for both sparse and dense network scenarios. Extensive comparative analysis reveals that the proposed HGFA algorithm outperforms Firefly and PSO techniques with 0.77% and 0.55% of significance in dense network scenarios and 0.74% and 0.42% in sparse network scenarios, respectively.

Machine Learning Based Misbehaviour Detection in VANET Using Consecutive BSM Approach

Vehicular ad-hoc network (VANET) is an emerging technology for vehicle-to-vehicle communication vital for reducing road accidents and traffic congestion in an Intelligent Transportation System (ITS). VANET communication is vulnerable to various attacks and cryptographic techniques are commonly used for message integrity and authentication of vehicles. However, cryptograhpic techniques alone may not be sufficient to protect against insider attacks. Many VANET safety applications rely on periodic broadcast of basic safety messages (BSMs) from surrounding vehicles that contain important status information about a vehicle such as its position, speed, and heading. If an attacker (misbehaving vehicle) injects false position information in a BSM, it can lead to serious consequences including traffic congestion or even accidents. Therefore, it is imperative to accurately detect and identify such attackers to ensure safety in the network. This paper presents a novel data-centric approach to detect <i>position falsification</i> attacks, using machine learning (ML) algorithms. Unlike existing techniques, the proposed approach combines information from 2 consecutive BSMs for training and testing. Simulations using the Vehicular Reference Misbehavior (VeReMi) dataset demonstrate that the proposed model clearly outperforms existing approaches for identifying a range of different attack types.

A Review on VANET Research: Perspective of Recent Emerging Technologies

Recent technology has modeled VANET (vehicular adhoc network) communication well in terms of privileges to derive vehicular communication technologically to save time, energy, and money. Due to the increase in powerful technology in modern times, VANETs play a vital role in uplifting daily concerns across vehicles and vehicular identities. Hence, to tune VANETs to become compatible with traditional technologies and increase demand, VANETs require upgrading. The severity and frequency of unwanted occurrences have become a considerable concern for our day-to-day lives relating to vehicular position. Thus, verily updated methodologies or working procedures are needed for the future VANET interplay to eradicate such problems occurring through vehicular identities. This article outlines in technology related to VANETS, future developments, and coping issues by deriving comprehensive frameworks, workflow patterns, upgrading procedures including big data, fog computing, SDN (software defined networking), and SIoT (social Internet of Things). This review article previews an in-depth VANET upgrade possibility to address future problem managements under a range of acceptable scientific themes, indicators, and combinations.

Cauchy Density-Based Algorithm for VANETs Clustering in 3D Road Environments

Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) are emerging to serve various types of applications for serving smart cities and intelligent transportation systems. There are several challenging factors for ensuring reliable and stable VANETs communications. VANETs clustering is essential functionality to serve routing protocols and in enable reliable VANETs. Clustering algorithms for VANETs operate in decentralized mode, which requires incorporating additional stages before deciding the clustering decisions and might create suboptimality due to the local nature of the decentralized approach. In addition, the challenging architecture of the road environment can cause confusing clustering decisions. This problem becomes more challenging due to the evolving nature of clusters in VANETs in general and in 3D VANETs in particular. This paper tackles the problem of 3D VANETs using a centralized clustering model based on the developed Cauchy density model. The development has included a traffic generation model, mobility model for generating driving behavior, and an algorithm for enabling modeling of road curvature based on an adjacency list that defines the road&#x2019;s points that define a straight-line segment. In addition, a clustering algorithm that defines mobility vector and uses Cauchy-based density for enabling adding vehicles to their respective clusters. For evaluation, conducted scenarios in three locations with 3D architecture are considered, and a comparison with benchmarks shows the superiority of our developed over the benchmarks with an improvement percentage of 1%, 10%, and 3% for average cluster head duration, average cluster member duration, and clustering efficiency respectively.

A Low-Latency and Energy-Efficient Multimetric Routing Protocol Based on Network Connectivity in VANET Communication

Intelligent transportation systems (ITSs) are important applications of 5G mobile communication technology. Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) are key part of intelligent transportation systems. Although 5G technology and infrastructure can significantly promote the development of VANETs, in some scenarios, for example, if 5G service is not available or the vehicle speed is too fast, device to device (D2D) will be an important means of communication. Therefore, combining 5G and D2D VANET communication is crucial to provide better connectivity. However, due to high-speed mobility, uneven distribution, and unpredictable vehicle behavior, the VANET network topology changes rapidly, and network connectivity is unstable. This phenomenon represent a considerable challenge to the routing protocol; at the same time, the continuous establishment of new routes needs to send a large number of routing requests (RREQ) and routing reply (RREP) packets, and it therefore consumes considerable energy. How to choose a more stable route is the key to implementing the routing protocol. In this paper, we take the most representative features of vehicles and roadways into consideration and based on the hypothesis of uneven vehicle distribution, we use a nonhomogeneous Poisson process to analyze the network connectivity and take the network connectivity as one of the routing decision metrics. Therefore, using fuzzy logic to make routing decisions under multiple selection criteria, we developed a new routing protocol named LENC (low-latency and energy-efficient routing based on network connectivity). Simulations have been performed comparing classical AODV and LENC. The results indicate that LENC represents a great improvement in routing stability and is superior to AODV in several aspects.

Comparison of Different Clustering Algorithms to Secured VANETs Communication

ITS (Intelligent Transportation Systems) are growing increasingly popular because of the necessity for superior cyber-physical systems and comfort applications and services required for usage in autonomous vehicles. There are two types of Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks (VANETs) that are vital to ITS: V2I (Vehicle-to-Infrastructure) and V2V (Vehicle-to-Vehicle). VANETs are a new technology with several potential uses in the ITS. It comprises smart vehicles and roadside equipment that connect over open-access wireless networks. An attacker may disrupt vehicular communication which can lead to potentially life-threatening scenarios because of the significant expansion in the number of vehicles in use today. VANETs must use robust security and authentication procedures to provide safe vehicular communication. This paper provides a comprehensive analysis ofthe VANET system including its characteristics and challenges. There is a concept of data dissemination that has been provided in brief. Clustering is the most important topic in VANET that is used to cluster the vehicles to secure and safely message transmission over the network. There is a taxonomy of clustering techniques has provided in a detailed manner. Besides, it has also shown the comparison of different clustering parameters-based mechanisms and MAC protocols in VANET.

Joint Optimization of Multi-Hop Broadcast Protocol and MAC Protocol in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks.

Beacon messages and emergency messages in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) require a lower delay and higher reliability. The optimal MAC protocol can effectively reduce data collision in VANETs communication, thus minimizing delay and improving reliability. In this paper, we propose a Q-learning MAC protocol based on detecting the number of two-hop neighbors. The number of two-hop neighbors in highway scenarios is calculated with very little overhead using the beacon messages and neighbor locations to reduce the impact of hidden nodes. Vehicle nodes are regarded as agents, using Q-learning and beacon messages to train the near-optimal contention window value of the MAC layer under different vehicle densities to reduce the collision probability of beacon messages. Furthermore, based on the contention window value after training, a multi-hop broadcast protocol combined with contention window adjustment for emergency messages in highway scenarios is proposed to reduce forwarding delay and improve forwarding reliability. We use the trained contention window value and the state information of neighboring vehicles to assign an appropriate forwarding waiting time to the forwarding node. Simulation experiments are conducted to evaluate the proposed MAC protocol and multi-hop broadcast protocol and compare them with other related protocols. The results show that our proposed protocols outperform the other related protocols on several different evaluation metrics.

Non-Delay Tolerant Non-Overlay Routing Protocols Performance Evaluation for VANET

A Vehicular Ad hoc Network (VANET) is a distinctive situation of wireless ad hoc networks. The designing of the routing protocol considers a critical role in communication in VANET. VANET has specific features compared to other types of wireless ad hoc networks that impose special characteristics for designing of efficient routing protocols.The challenging factor in designing efficient routing protocols for VANET is the high movement of vehicles that incurs a rapid change in the network topology that causes frequent link breakage. This paper presents and evaluates different position-based routing protocols associated with VANETs. The evaluation aiming to determine appropriate specifications for optimal routing protocols&amp;rsquo; features achieving best performance within different environmental conditions. The performance comparison is carried out in terms of Packet Delivery Rate (PDR), Void Problem Occurrence Rate (VPOR), and Average Hops Count (AHC).