Communication Gateway Research Articles

Wireless Geophone Sensing System for Real-Time Seismic Data Acquisition

Active seismic surveys, for the exploration of oil and gas reservoirs, are conducted using a huge network of geophone sensors (>10,000) covering a very large area and interconnected using seismic cables. Such cables enable reliable operation and fast data transfer, but account for a major percentage of the survey cost and limit its flexibility. In this paper, a wireless seismic data acquisition system that provides real-time data transmission for active seismic surveys is designed and implemented. A system that comprises a smart wireless sensor node and a gateway unit is demonstrated as a proof-of-concept. The smart wireless node comprises a geophone sensor, a high-resolution data acquisition system and a smart reconfigurable wireless communication module. The data acquisition system includes an electronic circuit for amplification and filtering, a single-board computer and a 24-bit analog-to-digital converter (ADC). The wireless communication module comprises a 2.4 GHz radio frequency (RF) transceiver connected to a pattern reconfigurable antenna. A microcontroller is employed to reconfigure the Yagi-Uda antenna to scan its radiation pattern in different directions and focus the radiated power in the direction of the nearest gateway. This high-gain directional antenna would allow communication between the sensor node and the gateway over a longer distance as compared with the monopole antenna conventionally employed in commercial wireless seismic systems. The proposed system, employing a reconfigurable antenna in the sensor node, has been implemented and tested and was able to successfully capture seismic data from the geophone sensor and transmit it wirelessly in real-time to the gateway unit, achieving a notable 25% enhancement in the communication range between the sensor node and the gateway. This communication range enhancement results in a significant 56% enhancement in the gateway's communication area coverage, when compared to similar systems that use conventional monopole antennas in their sensor nodes.

Symbiotic Relationship with Gut Microbiomes and Parkinson Disease

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive chronic nervous system disease resulted from a decrease in the amount of dopamine production in substantial nigral. Studies show that human beings evolved a symbiotic relationship with their gut microbiome, a complex microbial community composed of bacteria, archaea, protists, and viruses. The enteric nervous system (ENS) is a gateway for the bidirectional communication between the brain and the gut, mostly through the vague nerve (VN). Environmental exposure plays a vital role in both the composition and functionality of the gut microbiome and may contribute to susceptibility to neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's disease (PD). The neuropathological hallmark of PD is the widespread appearance of alpha-synuclein aggregates in both the central and peripheral nervous systems, including the ENS. Studies suggest that gut toxins can induce the formation of α-syn aggregates in the ENS, which may then be transmitted in a prion-like manner to the CNS through the vague nerve. PD is strongly associated with aging and its negative effects on homeostatic mechanisms protecting from inflammation, oxidative stress, and protein malfunction. In this mini-review, we attempt to concisely summarize the papers in the field of the gut-brain axis and Parkinson's disease. We focus on evidence showing gut-association and related microbial-derived components of PD. Therefore, the gut microbiome emerges as a potential target for protective measures aiming to prevent PD onset.

Coordination of centralised and distributed intelligence to reduce curtailment of flexible generators using active network management

The development of better intelligence on the network management systems combined with a new model of connections for customers allows the UK Power Networks to defer traditional reinforcement. This consequently reduces connections, maintenance and operation costs for the customers. The development of intelligence at the field devices is key to the safe operation of the network and management of customer's connections. In view of that, the UK Power Networks has designed, developed and trialled a remote terminal unit (RTU) logic with fail-to-safe that integrates with the centralised smart applications and the distributed controllable devices. Therefore, customers will not only be controlled by a centralised system but also locally by an on-site RTU, which acts as a smart communication gateway with embedded intelligence to execute failsafe actions locally. These fail-to-safes are particularly important in the absence of a central control system which can then reduce the unnecessary curtailment of generators by introducing additional time and safe operating limits for them to export the power to the grid.

User Association and Power Control for Energy Efficiency Maximization in M2M-Enabled Uplink Heterogeneous Networks with NOMA.

To support a vast number of devices with less energy consumption, we propose a new user association and power control scheme for machine to machine enabled heterogeneous networks with non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA), where a mobile user (MU) acting as a machine-type communication gateway can decode and forward both the information of machine-type communication devices and its own data to the base station (BS) directly. MU association and power control are jointly considered in the formulated as optimization problem for energy efficiency (EE) maximization under the constraints of minimum data rate requirements of MUs. A many-to-one MU association matching algorithm is firstly proposed based on the theory of matching game. By taking swap matching operations among MUs, BSs, and sub-channels, the original problem can be solved by dealing with the EE maximization for each sub-channel. Then, two power control algorithms are proposed, where the tools of sequential optimization, fractional programming, and exhaustive search have been employed. Simulation results are provided to demonstrate the optimality properties of our algorithms under different parameter settings.

Kinerja gateway berbasis XMPP untuk komunikasi perangkat IoT

This study examines the performance of a communication gateway for IoT devices by utilizing the XMPP protocol so that these devices can be connected and communicate using the Internet. The sensor nodes, which are IoT devices, were implemented using NodeMCU connected to the DHT11 sensor module and LED lights to simulate the incoming data. Sensor nodes can communicate using the XMPP protocol gateway and process the request-response data. Gateway data transmission performance with size variations from 10-100 MB gets an average delay time of 9.3 ms, an average jitter of 0.00178 ms, and an average throughput of 161.4 kbps. The CPU usage parameter has an average increase of 12%, and memory usage tends to be constant when data transmission occurs.

A multisource communication gateway and An advanced visualization interface for maritime surveillance systems based on the inter-VTS Exchange Format Service

A multisource communication gateway and An advanced visualization interface for maritime surveillance systems based on the inter-VTS Exchange Format Service

PRICHAIN: A Partially Decentralized Implementation of UbiPri Middleware Using Blockchain.

With the popularization of the Internet-of-Things, various applications have emerged to make life easier. These applications generate a large amount of user data. Analyzing the data obtained from these applications, one can infer personal information about each user. Considering this, it is clear that ensuring privacy in this type of application is essential. To guarantee privacy various solutions exist, one of them is UbiPri middleware. This paper presents a decentralized implementation of UbiPri middleware using the Ethereum blockchain. Smart contracts were used in conjunction with a communication gateway and a distributed storage service to ensure users privacy. The results obtained show that the implementation of this work ensures privacy at different levels, data storage security, and performance regarding scalability in the Internet of Things environments.

Visualization System for Water Levels and Environmental Conditions in the Flood Monitoring Information System

Flood disaster is a national disaster that takes a lot of victims and material for now. The government nationally implements short-term programs to anticipate disasters by supporting the various government and private institutions in developing disaster mitigation systems to reduce sustainable casualties. Based on this support, this research aims to develop a flood monitoring information system by implementing a real-time flood visualization system. System development is done by making two systems, namely hardware-based flood detection systems that are used as client systems and software-based flood monitoring information systems as servers. Flood detection systems are built using ultrasonic sensors, temperature sensors, rain sensors, Arduino microcontrollers, and Sim900A GSM modules. On the flood monitoring information system server using the Xampp component as a server application and Gammu as an SMS application. The communication system between the two systems uses the SMS Gateway communication system. The parameter values sent through the flood detection system will be visualized by the server in the form of animation and text. From the research, it was found that the flood detection system as a client has been able to send flood data, temperature, and rain conditions in real-time. And flood monitoring information systems have been able to capture data from client systems and store them in MySQL DBMS.

An Industrial Digitalization Platform for Condition Monitoring and Predictive Maintenance of Pumping Equipment.

This paper is concerned with the implementation and field-testing of an edge device for real-time condition monitoring and fault detection for large-scale rotating equipment in the UK water industry. The edge device implements a local digital twin, processing information from low-cost transducers mounted on the equipment in real-time. Condition monitoring is achieved with sliding-mode observers employed as soft sensors to estimate critical internal pump parameters to help detect equipment wear before damage occurs. The paper describes the implementation of the edge system on a prototype microcontroller-based embedded platform, which supports the Modbus protocol; IP/GSM communication gateways provide remote connectivity to the network core, allowing further detailed analytics for predictive maintenance to take place. The paper first describes validation testing of the edge device using Hardware-In-The-Loop techniques, followed by trials on large-scale pumping equipment in the field. The paper concludes that the proposed system potentially delivers a flexible and low-cost industrial digitalization platform for condition monitoring and predictive maintenance applications in the water industry.

SISTEM KONTROL KENDARAAN BERBASIS IOT

Vehicle tracking system based on GPS (Global Positioning System) by using SMS gateway communication is a system where the position of a vehicle can be known with certainty. This tracking system uses Arduino Nano as a microcontroller, GPS module technology to determine the position of the vehicle and the SMS gateway device to communicate via Smartphone. With the Google maps application on the Smartphone, it is easy to track the position of the vehicle. The vehicle can be controlled by turning off and turning on remotely with the SMS gateway device via text message media on the Smartphone.

The Gut and Parkinson's Disease-A Bidirectional Pathway.

Humans evolved a symbiotic relationship with their gut microbiome, a complex microbial community composed of bacteria, archaea, protists, and viruses, including bacteriophages. The enteric nervous system (ENS) is a gateway for the bidirectional communication between the brain and the gut, mostly through the vagus nerve (VN). Environmental exposure plays a pivotal role in both the composition and functionality of the gut microbiome and may contribute to susceptibility to neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's disease (PD). The neuropathological hallmark of PD is the widespread appearance of alpha-synuclein aggregates in both the central and peripheral nervous systems, including the ENS. Many studies suggest that gut toxins can induce the formation of α-syn aggregates in the ENS, which may then be transmitted in a prion-like manner to the CNS through the VN. PD is strongly associated with aging and its negative effects on homeostatic mechanisms protecting from inflammation, oxidative stress, and protein malfunction. In this mini-review, we revisit some landmark discoveries in the field of Parkinson's research and focus on the gut-brain axis. In the process, we highlight evidence showing gut-associated dysbiosis and related microbial-derived components as important players and risk factors for PD. Therefore, the gut microbiome emerges as a potential target for protective measures aiming to prevent PD onset.

Efficient Experimental Design of a Long-Range Gapped Surface Plasmon Polariton Waveguide for Plasmonic Modulation Applications

We propose straight and tapered insulator–metal–insulator-type surface plasmon polariton (SPP) waveguides with a gap (G-SPPWs). The optical characteristics of the G-SPPWs are experimentally evaluated at a wavelength of 1.55 μm due to optical communication gateway. The parameters of the 20-nm-thick G-SPPWs were chosen based on our previous simulation results. The excited input SPPs propagate, jump over the gaps with low coupling losses, and propagate again, despite a 9-μm-long gap in the G-SPPWs. The coupling losses of the gap were experimentally determined to be less than 0.7 dB with various gap lengths up to 9 μm. The insertion losses of the straight G-SPPW with 8 μ m × 2 μ m (gap length × SPPW width) and the tapered G-SPPW with 8 μ m × 2 μ m (gap length × SPPW width) and a 6 μ m × 3 μ m (taper width × taper length) were determined to be ∼1.03 and ∼0.74 dB, respectively. The tapered structure increases the tunneling efficiency in the gap of the G-SPPW by reducing the insertion loss. In the 2.5-Gbps optical signal transmission experiment, the proposed G-SPPW exhibited excellent eye opening and transferred the carrier wave as well as the data signal. This device has potential as a new plasmonic modulation element offering control of a guided SPP through interaction with an applied force in the gap.

Wearable Sleepcare Kit: Analysis and Prevention of Sleep Apnea Symptoms in Real-Time

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), although it is a common symptom for ordinary people, is a serious issue in that it can lead to chronic and degenerative brain disease. However, these sleep disorders and apnea symptoms are difficult to diagnose at home or to recognize and cope with severe apnea situations. In response to this, we developed a Sleepcare Kit, an integrated wearable device. The Sleepcare Kit is a wearable distributed system in which the PAAR band and the bio-cradle are combined in the form of a hot plug-in without pre-setting. The PAAR band serves as a gateway for wireless communication with external devices and adjusts initial setting values for various sensors of the bio-cradle. Bio-cradle continuously measures/stores multiple bio-signals (PPG/SPO2, respiration, 3axis-acc, and body temperature) and analyzes the signal data to determine sleep quality and emergency situation in real-time. Although it is a set of small wearable devices, the kit itself diagnoses sleep quality on a real-time base without any external computing assistance while he/she is asleep. Simultaneously, it analyzes the gathered hypopnea and apnea data in real time and calculates the apnea risk phase. Moreover, according to the apnea risk phase, it can inform the wearer or guardian about the danger through the smartphone or smart-speaker. In this paper, we will discuss the algorithm that is used for the detection of sleep apnea in Sleepcare Kit, as well as the software platform for continuous measurement and synchronization of various bio-signals in real time. Moreover, we evaluated the accuracy of the system by comparing the obtained results with the polysomnography equipment used in hospitals.

Energy-Efficient Resource Allocation With Hybrid TDMA–NOMA for Cellular-Enabled Machine-to-Machine Communications

Machine-to-machine (M2M) communications, which are considered as an integral part of the Internet of Things (IoT), are being more and more ubiquitous. Meanwhile, due to the advantages of cellular networks (e.g., excellent coverage and mobility/roaming support), cellular-enabled M2M communication is a promising solution for M2M-based applications. However, there are significant challenges in cellular-enabled M2M communications due to the special features of M2M-based applications [e.g., massive concurrent uplink transmissions, small bursty traffic, and the high requirements of energy efficiency (EE)]. On the other hand, non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) can simultaneously serve multiple users at the same frequency and time by splitting different users in the power domain and thus increase the number of concurrent connections. In this paper, we propose an energy-efficient resource allocation scheme with hybrid time division multiple access (TDMA)-non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) for cellular-enabled M2M networks. First, we configure the user equipments (UEs) as the machine type communication gateways (MTCGs). Then, we propose our time sharing scheme. Next, we formulate the resource allocation problems as a noncooperative game. Finally, in order to obtain the optimal EE of machine type communication devices (MTCDs) and UEs in the game to confirm the power allocation, we transform each non-convex optimization problem into the convex form by using nonlinear fractional programming and solve the transformed problem by Dinkelbach's method and Lagrangian duality theory. The simulation results show that our scheme can dramatically shorten the total transmission time at the cost of a little more total energy when compared to the existing works.

Energy-efficient power allocation for massive M2M communication over LTE-A cellular uplink

In order to enable massive machine-to-machine (M2M) communication in Long Term Evolution-Advanced (LTE-A) cellular network, a machine-type communication gateway (MTCG) is introduced to solve the issue of control signaling overheads. In this paper, a power allocation algorithm based on the method of Lagrange multipliers is proposed for massive M2M communication over LTE-A cellular uplink. The proposed algorithm can decrease the signaling overheads by enabling the machine-type communication device (MTCD) to access the base station (BS) via a MTCG that collects the data from a group of M2M devices and forward it to the BS. The core objective of the proposed algorithm is to maximize the total energy efficiency of a group of M2M devices, while satisfying the time delay of the M2M devices, by coordinating the power transmission of the MTCDs and the MTCG. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm outperforms the heuristic algorithm and has relatively close performance to the optimal design.

Design of a high speed drawing frame monitoring system based on IoT using MQTT protocol

Online monitoring for sliver quality is an important part of the drawing process. This paper presents a high-speed drawing frame monitoring system based on Internet of Things (IoT) using Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) protocol, which consists of drawing frame IoT terminal equipment, the cloud server and PC or mobile terminal equipments. Drawing frame IoT terminal equipment takes Cortex-A7 and Cortex-M4 of series of i.MX7 as its control cores. The A7 processor publishes IoT data as a communication gateway while the M4 processor collects sensor data and executes local on-line detection program. Two processors run Linux and FreeRTOS as operating system respectively, and the data exchange between them adopt rpmsg pattern. The communication gateway using MQTT publishes data of the IoT terminal to the cloud server for remoting monitoring and intelligent diagnosis, when the local on-line detection system aims at acquiring real-time status of the sliver on drawing frame. Users can check the real-time status of the drawing frame at the subscription end of IoT and on the computer or mobile phone end by subscribing message by theme. Experiments show that the system operates with reliability, and is good compatible with other devices because of the modular design. The adoption of this system can promote the digitization and the intelligentialize of the drawing frame.

WAAA! The conception and rapid development of a wearable for good technology

Worldwide, 1 million babies die on the day they are born and one-third of all births take place without the assistance of a skilled healthcare worker (UNICEF 2018). This case study describes the conception and development of a Wearable, Anytime, Anywhere, APGAR (WAAA!) designed to address neonatal mortality. WAAA! was originally conceived as a part of a 6 h academic innovation challenge. The event brought together impromptu teams with the brief to develop an innovation that would address maternal and/or infant wellbeing. The WAAA! team synthesized their disciplinary expertise in design, business, engineering, computer gaming and public health to conceive a soft patch surveillance system that specifically monitored APGAR signs. The WAAA! team became a finalist in UNICEF’s Wearables for Good challenge. A 2-week development and mentoring programme in conjunction with Philips, IDEO, ARM and Apple advanced the raw idea into a comprehensive system, service and product solution consisting of APGAR education materials, a gateway communication unit and two-part wearable.

Flying Real-Time Network to Coordinate Disaster Relief Activities in Urban Areas

While there have been important advances within wireless communication technology, the provision of communication support during disaster relief activities remains an open issue. The literature in disaster research reports several major restrictions to conducting first response activities in urban areas, given the limitations of telephone networks and radio systems to provide digital communication in the field. In search-and-rescue operations, the communication requirements are increased, since the first responders need to rely on real-time and reliable communication to perform their activities and coordinate their efforts with other teams. Therefore, these limitations open the door to improvisation during disaster relief efforts. In this paper, we argue that flying ad-hoc networks can provide the communication support needed in these scenarios, and propose a new solution towards that goal. The proposal involves the use of flying witness units, implemented using drones, that act as communication gateways between first responders working at different locations of the affected area. The proposal is named the Flying Real-Time Network, and its feasibility to provide communication in a disaster scenario is shown by presenting both a real-time schedulability analysis of message delivery, as well as simulations of the communication support in a physical scenario inspired by a real incident. The obtained results were highly positive and consistent, therefore this proposal represents a step forward towards the solution of this open issue.

A Wireless Sensor Network Framework for Real-Time Monitoring of Height and Volume Variations on Sandy Beaches and Dunes

In this paper, the authors describe the realization and testing of a Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) framework aiming at measuring, remotely and in real time, the level variations of the sand layer of sandy beaches or dunes. The proposed framework is based on an innovative low cost sensing structure, able to measure the level variations with a 5-cm degree of precision and to locally transfer the acquired data through the ZigBee protocol. The described sensor is integrated in a wider ZigBee wireless sensor network architecture composed of an array of sensors that, arranged according to a grid layout, can acquire the same data at different points, allowing the definition of a dynamic map of the area under study. The WSN is connected to a local Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) gateway that is in charge of data processing and transmission to a cloud infrastructure through a General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) connection. Data are then stored in a MySQL database and made available any time and anywhere through the Internet. The proposed architecture has been tested in a laboratory, to analyze data acquisition, processing timing and power consumption and then in situ to prove the effectiveness of the system. The described infrastructure is expected to be integrated in a wider IoT architecture including different typologies of sensors, in order to create a multi-purpose tool for the study of coastal erosive processes.

MIOT Framework, General Purpose Internet of Things Gateway using Smartphone

Internet of things (IoT) is a complex system with few best practices in building ones, especially on handling real-time communication between IoT devices to the Internet. A framework is often used to fasten building IoT system. This paper present Mobile Internet of Things (MIOT), a framework which use a smartphone as the main component to handle communication between IoT device and the internet. A smartphone is used as the communication gateway (relay) for IoT devices and not as the IoT controller as in common Smartphone-IoT approach. For evaluation purpose, two implementations of IoT prototype scenario is built, an environmental monitoring and a remote controller (RC) car. The experiment shows a quick and easy deployment of IoT system. The Environment Monitoring able to send data to the server in real-time, and control The RC Car with a reasonable response time.The experiment on 200 ms interval between each packet, shows that MIOT Framework has round-trip latency between MIOT Server and IoT hardware for ≈ 88.007 ms. The addition of smartphone as the main component in the framework (MIOT Apps) contribute to additional latency ≈ 13.145 ms. Using a Smartphone as a gateway for IoT in MIOT Framework is possible and promising. It can be used as a best practice to develop a reliable IoT system which reduces time, effort, and learning overhead on building IoT systems.