Conflict Communication Research Articles

Symbolic Meaning of Conflict Communication in Presean Cultural Traditions

Conflict is a form of interaction involving two or more people. Conflicts often occur in life that cannot be avoided, but can be minimized. In essence, almost all individuals can be involved in a conflict based on many causal factors. Even the current phenomenon, incidents of mass violence in NTB, especially the city of Mataram. It is often triggered by issues related to ethnic, racial or religious sentiments and often arises from personal problems, resulting in fatalities and injuries. It is feared that violent spectacles and behavior that occur continuously will have a direct or indirect impact on the behavior of the younger generation by imitating culture/violence collectively and massively. This can be seen very easily and brawls between students are rampant. So, it is really necessary to instill understanding in the younger generation regarding culture that can minimize conflict. Culture as a guide to action has traditions that can be used as examples for handling conflict. One cultural tradition that can be used as a reference is the "presean" cultural tradition. In this tradition, it is clearly shown that the fighters (pepadu) carry out scenes of repelling and defeating each other using jalin (rattan) punches. But interestingly, the fighters who were injured did not feel anxious or hold grudges. This research was carried out using descriptive methods and analyzed qualitatively so that the results obtained include, Conflict communication that occurs in presean activities is studied in the form of a communication onion diagram, in the diagram depicted it is explained that communication in presean activities begins with the behavior of each player who involved in presean. This behavior takes various forms based on the motives of each individual. Furthermore, behavior will shape the player's thoughts, and thoughts will give rise to feelings. Generally, according to presean players, thoughts that are always good towards other people will produce good feelings too, so that conflict in the game can be avoided. The factors driving conflict include different characters who want freedom, miscommunication when playing, and different points of view. Meanwhile, the inhibiting factor is cultural customs.

Efektivitas Penyampaian Informasi Petugas Avsec Mengatasi Konflik Komunikasi dengan Penumpang Mengenai Kapasitas Powerbank Bandar Udara Adi Soemarmo

The delivery of information carried out by aviation security officers to passengers in conveying information in the form of provisions in carrying electronic devices in the form of power banks is a communication that must be carried out firmly but still in a sympathetic manner. In a domestic flight, the carrying of power bank electronic devices is very strictly regulated in a regulation in the form of Circular Letter Number 15 of 2018 concerning the provisions of carrying portable battery chargers (power banks) and spare lithium batteries on aircraft. The purpose of this study is to determine and explain the effectiveness of information delivery by aviation security officers in overcoming communication conflicts with passengers regarding power bank capacity at Adi Soemarmo Boyolali International Airport. This research is a quantitative study using data collection methods using questionnaires with the population being passengers who carry power banks with capacities exceeding the applicable regulations. The results of this study are with the value of tcount (10,657) ˃ ttable (1,1991) then there is an influence on how to deliver information carried out by aviation security officers in overcoming communication conflicts with passenge rs, besides the influence of the delivery of information carried out by aviation security officers in overcoming communication conflicts with passengers is 59.3%, the remaining 40.7% is influenced by other factors outside this study.

COMPARATIVE STUDY OF COMMUNICATION DYNAMICS ACROSS DIFFERENT AGE GROUPS: INSIGHTS FROM IN-DEPTH INTERVIEWS AT TWO LEADING COMPANIES

This study focuses on the communication dynamics happening in the two institutions chosen by the researchers. The study aims to identify if the age differences of the workers of the respective institutions have an impact on how the employees and employers communicate with each other. The researchers selected two participants using a convenience sampling technique, one participant per institution. The use of semi-structured interviews as an instrument enabled to gathering of data and information needed for this research as a basis for assessing the research topic. The gathered data was then interpreted using thematic analysis. This approach ensured the credibility and relevance of the participants’ claims and enabled the researchers to explain further the results of the study. The study found out that the Baby Boomers working in Company 1, and the Millennials working in Company 2, have their own way of communicating inside the workplace. The study revealed that the two generations have their own communication preferences, communication processes and how they consider other elements in communicating, and conflicts in communication and its solutions. In line with this, the study suggests improvement and insights on how the institutions, and other organizations as well, to improve and maintain the communication dynamics between the workers inside their company. This study recommends further exploring the diversity of the different generations to better understand each and every one. Harmony of the people leads to the success of a company or organization.

Political Communication and Violence in the Israel-Palestine Conflict: A Comparative Study

Political Communication and Violence in the Israel-Palestine Conflict: A Comparative Study

Коммуникативные тактики и стратегии в бракоразводных процессах: юрислингвистический аспект

The article investigates the relationship between communicative motives and the process of divorce from a jurislinguistic perspective. The article examines how communicative factors influence the decision to dissolve a marriage. 
 The aim of the article is to identify the primary communicative motives that lead to the dissolution of marriage and to understand their interaction with the legal aspects of the divorce process. Exploring these interactions can help improve communication in such situations, as well as increase the effectiveness of legal interventions related to marital dissolution.
 Methodology, methods and techniques. The article applies discursive, lexico-semantic, contextual method of analyzing communicative tactics and strategies. The legal-linguistic analysis of divorce discourse implies the use of argumentation methodology, methodology of cognitive interpretation of legal text and discourse, methodology of analyzing the formal and semantic structure of linguistic elements and text-forming categories.
 Results. In the process of jurislinguistic analysis we have identified the primary and auxiliary strategies and tactics in divorce proceedings. The primary strategy of judicial communication is persuasion as the most significant strategy in terms of motives and goals, since it is the court that decides the outcome of the dispute in divorce proceedings. Auxiliary strategies are: deconstruction strategy, strategy of interpreting reality, emotionally attuning strategy, rhetorical strategy, dialog strategy and others. 
 Communicative-psychological motives for the dissolution of marriage can be the loss of interest of spouses (communicative conflicts, misunderstanding, indifference, aggression), infidelity, beatings, lack of care for joint children and many others. We consider it necessary to develop a special jurislinguistic methodology, using the communicative-discursive potential, which would declare a strict mechanism for taking into account the motives of action of all parties and would implement an algorithm of correlating communicative tactics and strategies in order to successfully reconcile the parties.
 The scientific novelty of the study consists in addressing the jurislinguistic discourse of divorce proceedings in order to identify communicative tactics and strategies as a basis for the development of jurislinguistic methodology that uses the communicative and discursive potential.
 The practical significance of the study lies in the use of the primary findings to create a communicative toolkit that improves the results of the judicial process.

Эксплицитные и имплицитные маркеры конфликтного речевого поведения в интернет-опосредованной коммуникации периода пандемии COVID-19

Introduction. The Internet leaves a significant imprint on the features of the construction and means of implementing conflict communication. The calculation of these tools allows us to differentiate communicative conflicts on the Internet with a sufficient degree of clarity and suppress them.
 Aim. Identification and comprehensive study of the conflict speech behavior in the process of exchanging comments on posts in the LiveJournal for the period from January 2020 to December 2022.
 Methodology and research methods. A continuous sampling method is used to select study material, a method of complex communicative-pragmatic analysis provides the assessment of comments as conflicting, linguostylistic analysis and contextual analysis contribute to detect the explicit and implicit markers of conflict interaction.
 Results. Detected explicit markers: profanity, zoometaphores, negative facial nomination from the point of view of origin, mental development, health status, level of education, from the point of view of the interests of society, occasionalism of the pandemic period, naming of the interlocutor as representatives of hostile ideology, emotive verbs with negative meaning, neutral device nominations when referring to the interlocutor, lexical means with threat, isolation, vaccinating semantics. Detected implicit markers: means that contribute to the construction of a dichotomy "own - alien", phraseologisms with negative connotations, an abundance of punctuation marks, Internet memes for the transmission of emotions, typeface, parcellated constructions, English-language interspersions, erratives, multiple questions, incomplete sentences, parallel constructions, repetitions, imperatives, subjunctive mood in an incentive meaning, modal words with the semantics of dignity. Means-enhancers of conflict interaction: adversative conjunctions, hyperbolization, phonetic pun, indefinite pronouns, double negation, adverbs-intensifiers, amplifying-excretory particles.
 Scientific novelty. A wide range of verbal and non-verbal means that show conflict explicitly and implicitly has been identified.
 Practical significance. We believe that the achieved results will ensure the regulation of the increase in conflict situations on the Internet.

Challenges of the Implementation of a Delirium Rate Scale in a Pediatric Intensive Care Unit: A Qualitative Approach.

Delirium in the pediatric population admitted to intensive care is a worrying reality due to its potential complications and the increase in associated costs. This study aims to explore the experiences of nursing staff of a Pediatric Intensive Care Unit after 15 months of starting a program to fight against childhood delirium in their unit. A qualitative study was conducted through semi-structured interviews with Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) Key Informants. The Standards for Reporting Qualitative Research (SRQR) and the consolidated criteria for Reporting Qualitative Research (COREQ) were followed as quality measures for the study. Seven nurses (33% of the eligible population) from the PICU of a referral hospital were interviewed. Text transcripts were analyzed using the Interpretative Description and Qualitative Content Analysis method. The interviewees indicated not identifying delirium as an important reality; with great deficiencies observed in what is related to the identification of delirium; identifying CAPD as an unreliable tool in their unit; and not sharing therapeutic objectives in this respect with the medical staff. The nursing staff presented a series of negative attitudes towards the phenomena of delirium in their unit, with gaps in training and in clinical management, and the diagnostic tool used, and did not see it as a priority objective of the unit, partly due to a resistance to change and a latent interprofessional communication conflict. A change at the formative, attitudinal, and relational levels is urgently needed for the success of the program and the well-being of the children in the unit.

LINGUISTIC ASPECT OF INTERCULTURAL CONFLICT COMMUNICATION

The article reveals the linguistic aspect of intercultural conflict communication with the help of a specially prepared linguistic experiment on “Interlingual homonyms” (conducted with English- and Ukrainian-speaking students of Vasyl’ Stus Donetsk National University), as well as through scientific observation (interesting conflict-generating communication situations during the educational process, the subject of which was the contradictory use of certain morphological forms and phraseological units, were identified). Intercultural communication is positioned as a process of verbal and non-verbal communication between people belonging to different national and cultural communities. Conflict in intercultural communication (i.e., intercultural conflict communication) is presented as a cultural phenomenon, the content of which is determined by cultural factors, and the process of emergence and development of conflicts is regulated by cultural norms, which under certain circumstances lead to the emergence of special cultural rituals that affect the process of conflict interaction between participants. The analysis of the linguistic aspect of intercultural conflict communication is to identify verbal and non-verbal markers of cultural information in order to achieve communicative interaction between representatives of different cultures and prevent the emergence of communicative conflicts. Specific examples demonstrate that intercultural conflict communication can be realized at several linguistic levels: lexical, phraseological, morphological, and syntactic. It is proved that the most effective way to regulate intercultural conflict communication is to develop intercultural communication competence in its real and potential participants as the ability to adequately use culturally significant language tools, concepts and behavioral stereotypes.

SOCIAL INTELLIGENCE TRAINING AND CUSTODIAL GRANDFAMILIES: A QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF RELATIONSHIPS

Abstract Custodial grandfamilies often experience relational challenges related to parenting and the grandparent-grandchild relationship that would benefit from intervention. Social intelligence training (SIT), which focuses on improving socio-emotional skills via online, self-guided modules, holds promise for helping grandfamilies address their relational challenges. The purpose of this qualitative study was to examine SIT skills that custodial grandmothers and grandchildren utilize in their interactions and the impact of SIT on their relationship. The sample consisted of 27 dyads of custodial grandmothers and adolescent (ages 11 to 18) grandchildren enrolled in an RCT examining the effectiveness of SIT. Dyads who completed the SIT were randomly selected and completed individual, open-ended interviews over the telephone, after post-test but prior to the 3-month follow-up. Results of a thematic analysis revealed several themes related to the SIT skills grandmothers and grandchildren were utilizing including taking and understanding the other’s perspective, attending to the nonverbal communication, engaging in active listening, reflecting on their treatment of each other, and slowing down communication to think before speaking. Analyses further revealed that grandmothers and grandchildren noted SIT-related improvements in their relationship, with themes reflecting improvements in the quality of communication, the frequency and intensity of conflict, understanding of each other, and sense of emotional connectedness. Those dyads that did not report relational improvements had a strong relationship prior to completing the SIT or the grandchild did not fully engage in the SIT. Directions for research and family-based interventions with grandfamilies will be discussed. [Funded by the National Institute on Aging (R01AG054571)]

Метаантропологічна узгодженість «трансцедентального обміну» у правовій комунікації

Abstract. The problems of meta-anthropological consistency of "transcendental exchange" in legal communication are considered. Emphasis is placed on the results of activities, their driving force, which can be an equally powerful means of both constructive and correlative action. A summary of the meta-anthropological approach to methods of overcoming aggression, impatience, conflict expression is highlighted. Transcendental exchange is based on showing sincere interest in the fate of a person, restraining emotions in conflict communication. It was established that the goal of the anthropological model of communicative interaction is equally extended to various spheres of activity: politics, economics, morality and law, etc. Its main functional role was noted: to ensure the effective interaction of legal subjects, their effective efforts to establish effective contacts that do not violate human rights and basic freedoms. The meta-anthropological interpretation of the exchange of opinions in legal communication is based on a complex socio-psycho-linguistic process. What actualizes the universalism of various models of social practices in communication. The concept of law as communication at the level of the sectoral legal goal of discourse is confirmed.

Evaluation of Culturally Informed and Flexible Family-Based Treatment for Adolescents (CIFFTA) implemented in community-based settings.

Effective family-based interventions are needed for youth who are experiencing emotional and behavioral difficulties and who are impacted by powerful environmental stressors. Culturally Informed and Flexible Family-Based Treatment for Adolescents (CIFFTA) is a manualized and evidence-based, multicomponent family-based treatment that has been shown to be efficacious in research settings. The purpose of this paper is to report on the effectiveness of implementing CIFFTA for the treatment of Latino and Black youth and families in community settings. Utilization of services offered and changes in youth presenting problems and family functioning were used to evaluate the program. Two hundred thirty-two youth (11-18 years of age) and their caregivers were recruited over 2 years and CIFFTA was delivered by experienced masters-level family therapists over a 12-16-week period. Seventy-six percent met the 8-session criteria for retention in treatment and 71% completed treatment. Results showed significant improvements in youth behavioral and emotional presenting problems, reduction in family conflict and improvement in family cohesion and communication. Caregiver well-being such as reductions in parental stress, relational frustration, and improvement in parental confidence also showed significant improvement. Analyses of reliable change indices showed a substantial improvement in youth who entered the program in the clinical range of presenting problems. The findings point to CIFFTA's ability to retain youth and families who tend to underutilize needed services, to significant reductions in presenting problems, and to improvements in family functioning when implemented in a community setting.

Hong Kong–Taiwan Relations from the Handover to the Anti-extradition Law Movement—How Sub-state Diplomacy Has Failed

After Hong Kong’s handover in 1997, the development of its relations with Taiwan has been full of twists and turns. Formal and bureaucratic interactions have stifled the strategic ambiguity needed to utilise Hong Kong as a buffer for cross-strait tensions. The subtle interaction between Hong Kong and Taiwan, being leveraged to reduce tension and facilitate communication in the cross-strait conflict, has been weakened since the mid-2010s even though institutionalisation was enhanced. Thus, the future development of Hong Kong–Taiwan relations may seem even more pessimistic than cross-strait relations.

Prevalence of Workplace Conflicts and the Used Coping Strategies Among Nurses in Teaching Hospitals in Qom City, Iran: A Cross-sectional Study

Introduction: Conflicts arise when a person or group perceives that another person or group opposes their interests, beliefs, and values. Although conflict usually carries a negative sense, it may be productive for nurses, their colleagues, or patients in clinical settings. Objective: This study aims to determine the prevalence of workplace conflict and the coping strategies used by nurses working in teaching hospitals in Qom City, Iran. Materials and Methods: This is a descriptive-analytical study with a cross-sectional design. Study participants comprised 373 nurses in teaching hospitals affiliated with Qom University of Medical Sciences. They were selected using simple random sampling. Data collection tools were a demographic form, DuBrin workplace conflict questionnaire, and Putnam and Wilson’s organizational communication conflict instrument (OCCI). The obtained data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, the chi-square test, Fisher’s exact test, and a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and multivariate linear regression model. Results: Most participants were female (63.8%) with a bachelor’s degree (88.3%). Their mean age was 34.78±5.96 years. The mean score of workplace conflicts was 10.04±3.93 and the mean score of the control strategy was significantly higher in nurses with a high level of workplace conflict (24.90±3.75). The multivariate regression results revealed that age, sex, marital status, educational level, type of employment, department of service, work experience, and three conflict resolution strategies could predict 32% of workplace conflict (adjusted R2=0.32, P=0.001). Conclusion: Workplace conflict among nurses of hospitals in Qom is high. They mostly use the solution-orientated strategy followed by non-confrontation and control strategies.

No response? Chronemic expectancy violation and relational turbulence in technologically-mediated romantic relational conflict

An extensive body of literature shows how people deal with conflicts, verbally and nonverbally, in interpersonal interactions. However, the role of technologically-mediated communication (TMC) in romantic relational conflict has received less attention. Through the lenses of Relational Turbulence and Expectancy Violations Theories, this study explored how a chronemic expectancy violation from a romantic partner impacts emotional well-being in a TMC-involved conflict discussion. Two online questionnaires were distributed. First, a pilot study was conducted to understand the basic online communication dynamics between emerging adult romantic partners (e.g., usual response latency) and possible emotions when they experience a chronemic expectancy violation from their partner on TMC. Results show that people are likely to experience negative affect and other specific emotions (e.g., disillusion, loneliness, frustration, hurt, anger) if their partner takes longer than expected to respond. The main study then further explored how individuals’ expectations differ in a hypothetical TMC-involved conflict scenario where they use text-based TMC to discuss a recent romantic conflict with their partners. Participants were instructed to imagine a chronemic expectancy violation whereby their partner does not respond within their expected time period (i.e., conflict expected latency) and report their feelings about it. Results show that people expect their partners to respond more rapidly in the conflict scenario than usual and report negative feelings after the expectancy violations. Conflict-specific (e.g., seriousness), personal (e.g., attachment anxiety and avoidance), and relational (e.g., commitment) variables also influence the intensity of their emotional experiences. This research enhances comprehension of nonverbal cues in text-based TMC and potential emotional repercussions in romantic conflict management.

Lexico-stylistic features of the expression of indignation in a fiction and its film version: comparative analysis

The subject of the study is the lexical means of expressing indignation. The object of the study is statements with the intention of indignation. The theoretical basis of the study is the idea of perturbation as an integral part of conflict communication. The study reveals the most general patterns of changes in statements with the intention of indignation during the screening of fiction. The analysis is carried out in the comparative aspect of the statements of the characters of the literary work with the statements of the characters of the film adaptation of the literary work. The author examines in detail such aspects of the topic as lexical changes in the text of a work of fiction during its film adaptation. Special attention is paid to the reasons for changing the literary text in its screen version. The novelty of the research lies in the fact that for the first time a comparative analysis of statements with the intention of indignation is carried out, the analysis is carried out in comparison of the text of fiction with its film adaptation. The following transformations were identified: verbatim preservation of lexical composition, omission of lexical units, addition of lexical units and their replacement. The main conclusions of the study are the reasons for the identified transformations, which are due to the desire of the creators of the film adaptation to have a greater emotional impact on the audience - for this reason, the characters of the film adaptation are more emotional in expressing their feelings and experiences, their statements are more categorical, and there is more speech aggression in the film adaptation. Transformations occur due to changes in the details of the content of situations. Finally, the film adaptation has more features peculiar to oral colloquial speech: there is more colloquial vocabulary in the film adaptation, and the characters speak more briefly, since this is due to the general tendency of oral colloquial speech to save speech resources.

Development and psychometric properties of the Couple Interaction Pattern Scale.

This study developed the Couple Interaction Pattern Scale (CIPS) based on the interpersonal theory, comprising five subscales: friendly complementary (FC), hostile complementary (HC), mutual hostile-dominant (MHD), friendly-dominant eliciting hostile-submissive (FDHS), and hostile-dominant eliciting friendly-submissive (HDFS). The psychometric properties of the CIPS were examined through three independent studies. Study one conducted item reduction and preliminary analysis using a sample of 662 married individuals, with an additional 80 married individuals for test-retest reliability assessment. Study two validated the scale through 1207 married individuals. In study three, the effect of couple interaction pattern(CIP) on marital quality was analyzed among 310 newlywed couples using the actor-partner interdependence model (APIM). Results supported the construct validity, acceptable internal consistency, and test-retest reliability of the CIPS. Besides, concurrent validity was also proved by associations with conflictual communication patterns, marital quality, stability, emotional connection, and perceived partner support. APIM analysis also supported the association between CIP and marital quality.

Raising Students’ Self-Awareness of Their Conflict Communication Styles: Insights from an Intercultural Telecollaboration Project

Intercultural communication is often affected by conflicts, which are not easy to resolve, mainly due to the clash of conflict communication styles. Direct/indirect ways to approach conflicts, emotional display/control, the ability to empathize and consider perspectives of others, cultural conventions, previous experiences with conflict, cooperativeness, and many other factors determine our conflict communication styles. It is important to acknowledge, though, that these styles are learned and are not rigid. They can differ depending on the context and situation. This article reports the results of an intercultural telecollaboration project, drawing on four sources of quantitative and qualitative data, i.e., the results of assessments conducted with the Interpersonal Reactivity Index, the Toronto Empathy Questionnaire, and a Conflict Styles Assessment based on the Thomas–Kilmann Conflict Mode Instrument, as well as students’ critical self-reflective feedback. The data were collected at a Mid-Atlantic minority-serving university from undergraduate students, who were invited to explore their conflict communication styles through a series of activities and then reflect on their experiences and the insights gained during this intercultural telecollaboration experience. As a result of this pedagogical intervention, most of the participants not only became aware of their conflict communication styles but also developed their empathy and ability to intervene to defend others who are discriminated against or attacked verbally.

The Spillover of Parenting Stress Onto Marital Qualities and Communication During Parenting Disagreements: A Relational Turbulence Theory Perspective

ABSTRACT This study engages relational turbulence theory to examine relationship functioning and communication among parents of teenagers. The hypotheses assessed associations between relational uncertainty and disrupted interdependence, and communication during conflict episodes related to childrearing, and considered parenting stress and coparenting alliance as antecedents of relationship parameters. Married, parents of teen children (n = 349) reported their relationship experiences, parenting stress, and coparenting alliance. Then, parents recalled a recent disagreement with their spouse related to their teen and reported their communication tactics during the conversation. The results suggested that parenting stress was positively associated with relational uncertainty and interference from a partner, which in turn, predicted more negative conflict communication. Coparenting alliance was negatively associated with relational uncertainty and partner interference, and positively associated with facilitation from a partner. Parenting stress attenuated the relationship between coparenting alliance and relationship parameters. Implications for relational turbulence theory, family scholars, and parents of teens are discussed.

Network text and problems of its linguo-expert research (results of the round table "Linguistic expert research on conflict in Internet communication")

This material provides an overview of the reports and speeches made at the round table meeting organized on June 29, 2023 as part of the VII International Scientific Conference "Language in the coordinates of the mass media" (St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg). Meetings of expert linguists, included in the program of the annual international conference, have been held since 2015 and involve not only philologists-linguists, but also practitioners interested in the problems of safe use of language in various situations of verbal communication to discuss topical issues of modern linguo-expert Russian practice. This year, the subject of discussion of the round table participants was speech conflicts in different genres of Internet communication and the problems of their study in modern linguoexpert practice. During the discussion, in the reports and speeches of the participants, possible methods and techniques for studying new conflict Internet texts of various genres were discussed in line with the linguistic pragmatic, stylistics, media communicative, linguo-expert and legal aspects.

Lexico-stylistic features of the expression of reproach in a literary work and its film adaptation: comparative analysis

The subject of the study is the lexical means of expressing reproach. The object of the study is expressions with the intention of reproach. The theoretical basis of the research is the idea of reproach as a component of conflict communication. The study reveals the most general patterns of changing expressions with the intention of reproach in the screening of fiction. The analysis is carried out by comparing the expressions of the characters of the literary work with the expressions of the characters of the film adaptation. The author examines in detail such aspects of the topic as lexical changes in the text of a work of fiction during its film adaptation. Special attention is paid to the reasons for changing the text of a work of fiction during its film adaptation. The novelty of the research lies in the fact that for the first time a comparative analysis of expressions with the intention of reproach is carried out, the analysis is carried out in comparison of the text of fiction with its film adaptation. The following transformations were identified: the preservation of lexical composition, the omission of lexical units, the addition of lexical units and the replacement of lexical units. The main conclusions of the study are the reasons for the identified transformations, which are caused, firstly, by the change in the elements of the content of situations according to the director's plan. Secondly, transformations occur due to the cinema's greater ability to visually represent the objects of a work of art: the viewer sees what the reader can only read.