Categories Of Communication Research Articles

Team communication of nuclear fire brigades during routine and non-routine task phases

The purpose of our experiment was to explore communication patterns that are characteristics of nuclear fire brigades during task phases that include unforeseen, non-routine events. We further aimed to understand how team performance was related to the frequency of intrateam communication during different task phases. Six nuclear fire brigades were video recorded during a simulated scenario and subsequent communication utterances were analysed. According to our results, on the central channel a higher frequency of “Simple answer” was negatively related, while on the lateral channel a higher frequency of “Command” and “Information without request” were positively related to team performance. Our results also indicate that while on the central channel communication frequencies were more balanced across adaptation phases, on the lateral channel there was a significant increase in intrateam communication when the teams entered non-routine phases. Furthermore, our results underline the different functions of the two communication channels: while the central channel supports maintaining contact between geographically dispersed team members with formal, standardised communication formulas, the lateral channel supports the modification of the team's strategy with a simpler, less formal communication mode. Relevance to industryThe findings can be applied in nuclear firefighters' training and thereby contribute to the operational safety in nuclear power plants. By becoming more aware of the communication categories that support teamwork during adaptation, as well as of how best to utilise different communication channels, teams’ workload may be decreased, and team resources may be spared for team adaptation.

Musical improvisation: A mixed methods study on social interactions in younger and older adults

ABSTRACT Introduction As a complex phenomenon, musical improvisation can be addressed from the perspective of different disciplines. In music therapy, improvisation is a central practice; however, as a technique, it lacks methodological guidelines and scientific evidence justifying its use. The aim of this study was to investigate the social interaction features that emerge during group musical improvisation. We conducted a mixed methods study with an exploratory sequential design comparing improvisation and imitation tasks, performed by groups of younger and older adults, separately, by generating and analyzing six categories of nonverbal communication and social interaction. Method Younger (n = 131) and older adults (n = 110) participated in one of two types of music activities: group musical improvisation or group rhythmic imitation. Eight group musical improvisation tasks – as implemented in music therapy settings – were compared with eight group rhythmic imitation tasks, according to six categories of analysis: visual contact, body movement, type of production, music interaction, vocal aspect, and leadership. Results Statistical analysis using a Chi-square test (χ2) showed greater social interaction among the participants of the improvisation groups than among those in the rhythmic imitation groups, in both age ranges. Conclusion Our results provide specific evidence for this type of music task and a complementary approach to musical improvisation analysis, contributing to the knowledge of music therapy.

The methodology and methods of sociological monitoring of communities of working youth in social networks

The article is devoted to the generalization of the experience accumulated by our research group in the research of virtual communities of the working youth (2019-2021). The purpose of the article is to construct a comprehensive methodology for the socio-logical monitoring of social networks of the working youth. The main research objectives were: to analyze modern approaches to conducting monitoring research (including on the Internet); based on the methodology of discourse analysis, to consider the use of methods of frequent and infrequent content analysis for processing the collected information in monitoring mode; to present the stages of monitoring communities of the working youth in social networks, using the example of research conducted within the framework of the project Life strategies of young people referring to the new working class in modern Russia. As a part of the empirical data analysis, the results of a study of virtual communities and social networks groups of the Russian working youth in the field of customer service in the VKontakte social network, carried out in 2021 (6 virtual communities, 133 text posts and the most popular memes) are presented in detail. The stability of thematic categories of virtual group communication in comparison with previous studies and the presence of group identity among Russian working youth referring to the custom service sphere. Conclusions are made regarding the preference of a non-automated approach to the collection and analysis of social network content; about the validity of using the methodology of discourse analysis and content analysis methods for the research of youth social networks in the mode of sociological monitoring.

Impact of pre-COVID-19 epidemic preparedness on the trajectory of the pandemic in African countries.

BackgroundThe novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) in March 2020, has taught us about the importance of epidemic preparedness.ObjectiveWe analysed the pre-COVID-19 preparedness of sub-Saharan African countries and how this may have influenced the trajectory of COVID-19 cases.MethodsThe WHO Joint External Evaluation (JEE) tool and the Global Health Security (GHS) Index were used to determine the epidemic preparedness of countries in the WHO African Region. The relationship between pre-COVID-19 preparedness and the reported number of cases per million people was evaluated over the first 120 days of the first reported case in each country, between February 2020 and September 2020.ResultsThe overall performance of the 42 countries was 40% in the 19 JEE core capacities and 32% in the six GHS Index indicators. At Day 1, the mean number of cases per million population was significantly higher among countries rated as ‘prepared’ in the JEE legislation, policy and finance (p = 0.03), ports of entry (p = 0.001), and international health regulation coordination, communication and advocacy (p = 0.03) categories. At Day 90, countries rated as ‘prepared’ in the national laboratory systems (p = 0.05) and real-time surveillance (p = 0.04) JEE categories had statistically significantly fewer cases per million population.ConclusionThis analysis highlights the importance of building capacity for pandemic preparedness in Africa. The WHO African Region was not adequately prepared for the COVID-19 pandemic as measured by the WHO JEE tool and the GHS Index.

PECULIARITIES OF MANIFESTATIONS OF COMMUNICATIVE TOLERANCE OF STUDENTS IN THE CONDITIONS OF QUARANTINE INSULATION

The article deals with the theoretical analysis and empirical research of psychological features of the phenomenon of communicative tolerance in the conditions of quarantine isolation. Different understandings of the concept of tolerance / communicative tolerance and its structure by scientists in the scientific psychological literature are considered. It was found that most scientists, analyzing the meaning of the concept of "communicative tolerance", often describe it as: personal characteristic; attitude to another person and the corresponding behavior of a person in the communication process. And in the structure of communicative tolerance they more often distinguish cognitive, affective and behavioral components, or offer a list of qualities of a tolerant personality. The understanding of communicative tolerance as a sophisticated complex holistic psychological phenomenon based on person’s communicative experience, their morality, inner culture and upbringing, as well as on the development of such personal traits as: benevolence, politeness, sociability, empathy, courtesy, moderation, on tendency to solve existing problems through cooperation, agreements and taking into account the interests of both sides of the communication – is generalized. It is stated that in the attempts of modern scientists to understand and explain the concept of tolerance in communication, we can distinguish two main approaches: linguistic and psychological, – which are partially opposed to each other. The first is by emphasizing that "communicative tolerance" is purely communicative category because it manifests itself in communication, and the second is by arguing that communicative tolerance is a complex and multifaceted mental phenomenon. It is noted that in the word combination "communicative tolerance" the concept of "communicative" – is ​​just an attribute of the main word – "tolerance", emphasizing its psychological understanding. Peculiarities of development and manifestation of communicative tolerance in first- and second-year students, future psychologists, for whom it is a professionally important quality, was studied. It was found that respondents mainly tend to show the competent position in communication and to comprehensive accept other people, but the degree of their tolerance in communication was insufficient, because they could not hide their own negative emotions and communicative experience; may show indisputability, aggression or cruelty to the interlocutor; aspire to change him by fiting to their own image; didn’t want to get closer to another person on an emotional basis for the sake of effective communication. The correlations between the indicators of the techniques of diagnostics of communicative tolerance and other methods, the existence of which confirms the sophisticated, complexity and multifaceted nature of the phenomenon of communicative tolerance; factors that discover the hidden behind the correlation of the reasons for intolerance of respondents in communication and the ineffectiveness of its results are analyzed. It is concluded that tolerant communication is based on the conscious acceptance of another person's individuality; the desire to listen, to understand her, without suppressing the freedom of her expression and without aspire to change in her own way; the wish to communicate sincerely and openly, showing kindness and respect to human dignity and restrain possible negative feelings; on the desire to cooperate in order to avoid conflicts and achieve successful, effective and efficient communication.

Social Factors and Warning Signs of Suicide in Adolescents

In focus of this paper is the analysis of political culture in Albania towards EU integration processes. To give as much of an inclusive a picture as possible, the recent views and positions of three categories of political communication have been addressed: political elites, the media and the public. Topics include issues such as the orientation and support of the country's European integration, attitudes towards the required reforms and obstacles and difficulties encountered in this process, attitudes towards EU co-operation and assistance regarding the consequences of the earthquake of 2019, the situation created by COVID 19 pandemic, etc. An in-depth analysis focused on some of the most important factors within each category, such as: opportunism, political use of this process, common features and differences in attitudes within political elites; the role and attitudes of the media; public perception, issues related to measuring public opinion, etc. This article briefly deals with the relationship and mutual influence between the aforementioned categories, especially between political actors and the media.

The Culture of Political Communication in Albania in the Process of Integration to the European Union

In focus of this paper is the analysis of political culture in Albania towards EU integration processes. To give as much of an inclusive a picture as possible, the recent views and positions of three categories of political communication have been addressed: political elites, the media and the public. Topics include issues such as the orientation and support of the country's European integration, attitudes towards the required reforms and obstacles and difficulties encountered in this process, attitudes towards EU co-operation and assistance regarding the consequences of the earthquake of 2019, the situation created by COVID 19 pandemic, etc. An in-depth analysis focused on some of the most important factors within each category, such as: opportunism, political use of this process, common features and differences in attitudes within political elites; the role and attitudes of the media; public perception, issues related to measuring public opinion, etc. This article briefly deals with the relationship and mutual influence between the aforementioned categories, especially between political actors and the media.

Intellectual and thematic structure of Communication research in Scopus (1980–2020). A comparative perspective among Spain, Europe, and Latin America

The late incorporation of Spain into the international circuit for the publication of results of scientific research in Communication has not proved to be an obstacle to reaching a level similar to international research in this discipline recently. However, this development is still subject to some obstacles. In this study, we carried out co-word and cocitation analyses of the intellectual and thematic structure of articles published by researchers affiliated with Spanish centers in journals indexed in the Communication category in Scopus and published between 1980 and 2020 (n = 7,422). This enables an analysis of the intellectual and thematic structure of Communication studies between 1980 and 2020 and its evolution. The aim is to contextualize this process, in a broad sense, thus establishing the similarities to and differences from European (n = 33,615) and Latin American (n = 5,160) Communication research during the same period. The results reveal a homogenization of the research interests between Spanish academics and their European counterparts during the last decade, with an emphasis on digital technologies and social networks. The first prominent studies in Spanish research have also appeared, albeit not yet becoming established as such on the international stage during the last decade. It is concluded that Spanish Communication research has developed around Journalism while the other classic disciplines (Audiovisual Communication, and Advertising and Public Relations) have not managed to consolidate a coherent and cohesive thematic and intellectual community to date, mainly due to their greater heterogeneity.

Research on Application of Artificial Intelligence in Communication Network

Artificial intelligence has been widely utilized in people’s lives, especially in communication. The article provides a review of the recent research status of the application of artificial intelligence in communication, the usefulness of big data, machine learning, and cloud computation in this field. Several examples of how artificial intelligence is used to communicate are illustrated to discuss better and form a framework of modern artificial intelligence applications. The aspects of concern in ethics of using artificial intelligence are also mentioned, as ethics are the principles judging whether the technologies are suitable for humans to use or not. In order to predict the future development of communication, an introduction of previous progress in the field of communication is provided and sorted into categories of wireless communication, ethical concerns, and network monitor and control. This study confirms that the future development of artificial intelligence is mainly in two aspects: SDN (Software-defined network) and NFV (Network function visualization). AI will thus be used in enhancing communication efficiency.

Категория враждебности как единство социокогнитивного и коммуникативного измерени

The article considers the category of hostility, or intolerance (the terms are used as synonyms), as a binary unity of its sociocognitive and communicative dimensions. Communicative categories are characterized in the paper as the most general concepts that organize a person’s knowledge about communication and the norms and rules of its implementation. Special attention is paid by the author to the communicative category of tolerance, which – according to its main characteristics (these include its anti-conflict and non-categorical character as well as non-impositivity) – is adjacent to the category of politeness. It is emphasized that communicative politeness and communicative tolerance are not identical in their nature. Based on the research by O. A. Mikhailova, the cognitive, ethical, and pragmatic foundations of the category of tolerance are described. It has been established that the category of hostility, or intolerance, is based on the same cognitive grounds as the category of tolerance, namely on the category of alienness and the category of identity that are represented in the speaker’s mind by friend-or-foe (we vs. they) opposition and play an important role in determining a person’s place in the world. The ethical foundations of the category of hostility are the categories of good and evil, as well as good and bad, which are not only of ethical but also of cognitive nature: the knowledge of good is used by a person to justify certain value positions. The pragmatic basis of the category of hostility is the motivation of subjects that is directly related to their psychological attitude. It is the motivation of the subject that allows us to study the sociocognitive dimension of the category of hostility and, as a consequence, its communicative aspect in more detail.

ЛИЦО ЧЕЛОВЕКА КАК СФЕРА-ИСТОЧНИК МЕТАФОР СО ЗНАЧЕНИЕМ ИНТЕНСИВНОСТИ: "ВПОЛУХА" И "ВПОЛГЛАЗА"

The subject of the analysis is the adverbs «вполуха» and «вполглаза». The purpose of the study is to analyze the metaphorical model “bodily perception – social communication” based on the material of these adverbs. The theoretical basis is the work on the metaphorical potential of somatisms, on the source sphere of the “human body” for structuring a new area. Issues under consideration: metaphorical transition of quantitative and qualitative adverbs motivated by somatism from the sphere of perception to the sphere of social communication; interaction with the intensity/gradality and the communicative category “politeness” in the lexical and semantic structure of adverbs. The morphemic component “впол- (half)” is considered as a gradator. It is assumed that there is a social stereotype of communication – (a) the zero mark “do not look, do not listen” as evidence of the lack of communication and (b) the ordinary indicator “to look, to listen” as a common communicative norm. It is demonstrated on the speech material that adverbs converge in terms of intensity, forming a graduated binomial, which leads to a violation of semantic compatibility. The speech activity of adverbs with reference to the data of the National Corpus of the Russian language is considered. The main “semantic shades” (additional meanings) are revealed. It is concluded that the word вполуха is more often updated in the context of the evaluation of the parameter “politeness”. Lexical and syntactic means that mark the pejorative semantics of adverbs in the text are revealed. It is proved that the functioning in speech of adverbs вполуха and вполглаза demonstrates the interaction of the semantics of intensity and axiology (assessment on an ethical basis with the vector of pejorativeness).

ПРИМЕНЕНИЕ КОНТЕНТ-АНАЛИЗА ДЛЯ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ ОБЩЕНИЯ КОСМОНАВТОВ СО СПЕЦИАЛИСТАМИ ЦУП ПРИ РАЗЛИЧНОМ УРОВНЕ ПОЛЕТНОЙ НАГРУЗКИ

Content-analysis was used to study communication between space crews and MCC operators on the days differing in workload and work schedule (experiment CONTENT). Workload was rated on analysis of weekly reports of the psychological support team and transcripts of daily crew parleys with ground operators. The study topic was determination of effective and ineffective communication strategies. The communication structure on problem days was distinguished by a growing number of ineffective communication styles, intrinsic tension, negative statements and intensive information interchange. The increased frequency of markers and categories of ineffective tense communication in cosmonauts' remarks were indicative of psycho-emotional stress.

Assessment of Psychiatrists and Nurses’ Attitudes toward Suicide Behaviour

Background: Psychiatrists and nurses are anticipated to prevent suicide behaviour, but their limited experience and lack of knowledge of patients with suicidal attempts have influenced their perception. A significant association between health care providers’ attitudes and the course of suicidal behaviour treatment. Purpose: current scientific paper aimed to assess Psychiatrists’ and nurses’ attitudes towards suicide and suicide attempters in Saudi Arabia. Method: Cross-sectional investigation was conducted in a Psychiatric hospital in North Saudi Arabia. A convenience sample of psychiatrists and nurses (N = 132). The response rate was 88%. The Modified Suicide Opinion Questionnaire (SOQ) was employed to evaluate psychiatrists’ and nurses’ attitudes toward suicide. Results: attitudes toward suicide behaviour among psychiatrists and nurses were positive. The findings of these studies demonstrate that psychiatrists and nurses held positive attitudes toward suicide in the categories of professional role, beliefs, communication and seeking attention. Also, the evidence revealed in the current paper demonstrates that psychiatrists expressed more positive attitudes toward suicidal behaviour than nursing staff. Moreover, psychiatrists and nurses who have a higher level of education recorded higher scores on the positive attitudes scale towards suicidal behaviour. Furthermore, a statistically significant difference between respondents’ attitudes toward suicide behaviour and their years of experience. Finally, psychiatrists and nurses who have a personal history of suicide behaviour have more positive attitudes toward suicide ideation. Conclusion/Implication for Future Practice: Psychiatrists and nurses had favourable attitudes towards suicide attempters. Health care organizations need to provide support to professionals by exposing them to suicide prevention programs and it was expected to improve and enhance the attitudes toward suicidal behaviour. In addition, psychiatrists and nurses, when they are aware of their opinions and attitudes toward suicide behaviour, can help their patients through the expression of their own thoughts and fears, which can lead to increased communication and trust.

High and Low Achievers’ Strategy Use Profile in IELTS Speaking Section: Evidence from Iran

High and low achievers’ strategy use profiles in the speaking skill appear to be rare, with the few studies examining their strategy use profiles only in skills such as reading and writing. Another gap can be observed in the scrutiny of effective and ineffective strategy use in speaking tests. The study was carried out with thirty male and female high and low achieving test takers who engaged in the speaking section of IELTS and reported their strategy use through stimulated recalls in the Iranian context. Data collection involved two key phases: The test takers first went through a familiarization phase where they learned how to carry out stimulated recalls. This phase was followed by the main phase of the study where the test takers took the IELTS speaking exam, verbalizing their strategies after each of its three speaking tasks. The researchers used Huang’s (2013) taxonomy of speaking strategies to analyze the garnered data. Results indicated high achievers’ heavier reliance on strategic behaviors compared with low achievers. The findings also revealed high achievers’ greater use of effective strategies than low achievers, and low achievers’ more frequent use of a noticeably higher number of ineffective strategies compared to high achievers. More specific outcomes revealed that the variations between the two groups were mainly in the frequency of meta-cognitive, communication, approach, and social strategy categories. The results primarily confirm high and low achievers’ varied strategic behavior profiles in test situations and the significance of effective strategy employment for higher test scores.

Systematic Literature Review: Causes of Rework in GSD

Global Software Development (GSD) involves multiple sites which comprise of different cultures and time zones apart from geographical locations. It is a common software development approach adopted to achieve competitiveness. However, due to multiple challenges it can result in misunderstandings and rework. Rework raises the chance of project failure by delaying the project and increasing the estimated budget. The aim of this study is to identify and categorize the rework causes to reduce its frequency in GSD. To identify the empirical literature related to causes of rework, we performed a Systematic Literature Review (SLR). A total of 23 studies are included as a result of final inclusion. The empirical literature from the year 2009 to 2020 is searched. The overall identified causes of rework in GSD are categorized into 6 major categories which are communication, Requirement Management (RM), roles of stakeholders, product development/integration issues, documentation issues, and differences among stakeholders. The most reported rework causes are related to the category of communication & coordination and RM. Moreover, an industrial survey is conducted to validate the identified rework causes and their mitigation practices from practitioners. This study will help practitioners and researchers in addressing the identified causes and therefore reduce the chances of rework.

Antimicrobial Effect of Polyphenols Enriched Fractions of <em>Moringa oleifera</em> Lam. Leaves at the Flowering Stage Against Microbial Strains Causing Oral and Wound Infections

Purpose: Various parts of Moringa oleifera Lam. (Moringaceae) are used in traditional systems of medicine. This study investigates the antimicrobial activity of the crude aqueous extract and polyphenol enriched fractions of M. oleifera leaves at the flowering stage against microbial strains causing oral and wound infections. Methods: Polyphenol enriched fractions (hydroalcoholic extract, methanol fresh leaves extract, methanol dry leaves extract and decoction) were prepared using four different methods and total polyphenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) of the extracts were determined. Crude aqueous extract and the fractions were tested against ATCC reference strains of Escherichia coli and Candida albicans (oral pathogens) and Streptococcus aureus and Staphylococcus pyogenes (wound pathogens) using agar well diffusion method. Gentamycin and clotrimazole were used as the positive controls for bacteria and fungi respectively and distilled water was used as the negative control. Results: Methanol dry leaves extract demonstrated highest values of TPC (11.92 ±0.39 mg GAE/g) and TFC (41.68±0.82 mg QE/g). Each polyphenol fraction demonstrated antibacterial activity against E. coli, S. aureus and S. pyogenes at concentrations of 500 - 1000 mg/ml. Hydro-alcoholic and methanol (fresh leaves) extracts demonstrated antifungal activity against C. albicans. The crude aqueous extract exhibited dose dependent antibacterial activity against S. aureus. All extracts demonstrated less antibacterial activity against S. pyogenes compared to S. aureus. Conclusion: Polyphenol rich fractions of M. oleifera leaves at the flowering stage possessed antimicrobial activity against E. coli, S. aureus, S. pyogenes and C. albicans.

Calculation Strategies of Molar Ratio Based Homeopathic Dilutions and the need for Pharmaceutical Scientists' Engagement

The Pharmaceutical Journal of Sri Lanka is the official scientific publication of the Pharmaceutical Society of Sri Lanka. Authors are invited to submit articles throughout the year, and if accepted after a blinded peer review process, will be published online in one of the two issues published each year. The journal including both issues will be printed only once a year. The Pharmaceutical Journal of Sri Lanka aims at providing an avenue for publications by pharmacy undergraduates, university academics, pharmacists and pharmaceutical scientist of Sri Lanka and the South Asian region. The journal accepts original research work either as a full research paper or as a short communication, review, brief report, special communication, commentary, case study and other categories of articles related to pharmaceutical sciences. Articles are accepted on the understanding that they have not been published elsewhere.

Unaided communication behaviours displayed by adults with severe cerebrovascular accidents and little or no functional speech: A scoping review.

Unaided communication behaviours may provide communication support for persons with severe cerebrovascular accidents (CVA), as these individuals often experience severe communication difficulties, regardless of the aetiology. Though often subtle, these behaviours are present during all stages of recovery, and therefore communication partners need to know not only which unaided strategies are used as communication attempts, but also what their function is (i.e., what the person aims to achieve with the communication). To identify the unaided communication behaviours that adults with severe CVA and little or no functional speech use to communicate, and to determine the communication functions addressed by these behaviours. The study used a scoping review methodology and included articles on communication partners of persons with CVA published between 1986 and 2020. Initially the searches yielded 732 studies from which 211 duplicates were identified. The remaining studies (n = 531) were then screened on title, abstract and full-text level resulting in a final inclusion of 18 studies. Of the 18 studies, five were qualitative and 13 consisted of quantitative methodologies. The subtle communication behaviours used by persons with CVA (and resultant severe communication difficulties) are often misinterpreted or overlooked by their partners. If partners are trained to recognise such subtle or unaided communication behaviours, they can provide adequate support to access a range of communication functions. The unaided communication behaviours, which include 13 primary behaviours ranging from non-linguistic to linguistic, were utilised to convey 31 communication functions classified into four main communication categories. Although unaided communication behaviours often appear as limiting, they can be utilised to communicate various communication functions. The findings of this review support the training of partners to identify these behaviours and improve person-partner communication. WHAT IS KNOWN?: Unaided communication has been widely researched. However, a summary is needed of the various unaided communication behaviours and of the different communication functions addressed by these behaviours. What the paper adds… This paper emphasises that unaided communication behaviours range from non-linguistic to linguistic, and they can support unintentional, pre-intentional and intentional communication functions. Clinical implications Even though aided communication is preferred, unaided communication behaviours are generally used in contexts with limited resources, as well as among culturally and linguistically diverse populations. This study advocates the identification of unaided communication behaviours by partners as well as the support and provision of access to communication strategies for persons with severe CVA. Future research should include more untrained communication partners.

STRATEGIES AND TACTICS OF MANIPULATIVE INFLUENCE IN TERMS OF POLITICAL DISCOURCE: ANALYSIS AND CLASSIFICATION

Objective. The objective of the present article is to investigate the problem of defining the «strategy» and «tactics» of manipulative influence in political discourse, to study the existing classifications of scientific communication strategies and tactics and to analyze their features. Methods. The main scientific results are obtained by applying a set of general and special research methods, namely: analysis, systematization and generalization of scientific literature, induction, deduction (to identify approaches to understanding the nature of tactics and strategies of manipulative influence and their characteristics and features). Results. Discourse is one of the most important communicative categories that reflects speech interaction. The subject of special scientific interest is political discourse. Manipulation and mechanisms for choosing appropriate tactics and language tools play a leading role in political discourse. The influence of information flow on consciousness is an obvious fact. Most often, the manipulation is carried out in such a way that it is difficult to identify what the authors of the message or what tools they use. The urgency of studying the essence of strategies and tactics of manipulative influence on public opinion is explained by a large number of studies on this issue. Manipulation is a complex phenomenon, its implementation is carried out through the use of certain strategies and tactics. Manipulation involves a special presentation of information, which is carried out in such ways as distortion of information (from open untruth to shift the concept in the semantic, semantic field), which allows you to adjust the degree of psychological influence, create your own image of reality; concealment of information; manipulation with the method of submission of material and time of submission of information; subthreshold supply of information (taking into account the peculiarities of unconscious perception of information); overloading the recipient with information selected for a certain parameter. As the main objective of political communication is to gain and retain power, the description of the manipulative process uses appropriate strategies, tactics and language tools that are aimed at convincing the recipient of the correctness of their position as opposed to the position of political opponents.

Sound in Time: An observational study to identify the sources of sound and their relative contribution to the sound environment of an intensive care unit

BackgroundThere is a growing body of research that identifies sound levels in an intensive care unit to be higher than current recommendations; although the quality and reproducibility of these studies has been questioned. Noise is generated by the multiplicity of supportive equipment necessary for patient management and by the staff who provide or enable care. Patients remember noise as a prominent and sometimes distressing feature of their intensive care admission. There is currently no study that provides a robust description of the sources of noise in an intensive care unit. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify the sources of sound and their relative contribution to the sound environment of an intensive care unit. MethodsFifty hours of observational data were collected over a month, using a datasheet designed and piloted for this purpose. Data was collected at four bed spaces, providing equal representation across each bed space, hour of the day and day of the week. A priori, five categories of sound were identified, communication, clinical tasks, housekeeping tasks, alarms and miscellaneous; 55 individual sources of sound were reported under these categories. Concurrently, continuous sound pressure levels were monitored at each bed space. Results16,784 episodes of sound were identified during the 50hrs of data collection; the greatest number of episodes were reported in the communication category n = 5699 (34%), with clinical tasks n = 3282 (20%), housekeeping tasks n = 3247 (19%), alarms n = 2939 (18%) and miscellaneous n = 1617 (10%). The highest number of episodes for an individual sound source was nurse/nurse communication n = 1595 (10%), followed by bin lids n = 1004 (6%) and oxygen/nebulisers n = 945 (6%). Of the 55 sources recorded, the top 25 accounted for 86% of the episodes. The average SPL (LAeq50hrs) across all bed-spaces during this study was 65.1 dB (SD 3.98) with little variation between day (66.3 dB; SD 3.37) and night time (62.7 dB; SD 3.81), The four bed spaces demonstrated difference in average LAeq, with the nosiest being the single room (LAeq12hrs69.1 dB, SD 1.98); and the quietest bed space 5 in an open bay (LAeq13hrs59.8 dB, SD 2.49). ConclusionConcurrent observational and quantitative data collection enabled detailed analysis of the sound environment. The results provide greater clarity than previous study, into the individual sound sources and their relative contribution to the noise environment of an intensive care unit. This information will help identify which sources of sound are most amenable to modification. There is a need for further study to understand the perception of noise in an intensive care unit, by its main users; the patients, staff and visitors. Current SPL guidance appears unachievable without a change in ambient sound levels.