Communal Waste Research Articles

Influence of Folding Wastes on Natural Environment in Miedzyzdroje

Waste is inseparable element of human activity. In Poland, the system of it’s management is typically extensive because waste is almost entirely deposited in landfills. Landfilling is the oldest method of waste management, but it is also the least desirable method of its neutralization. During the operation of communal waste landfilling, the waste affects particular elements of environment such as air, soil, water, plants and animals. The aim of conducted researches was to assess the waste disposal sites, which were differentiated by the composition of deposited wastes, on the environment of ground waters and soils properties. They covered the measurements of pH, electrolytic conductivity, total organic carbon (TOC), cyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (CAH) as well as the determination of heavy metals (Hg).

Influence of Waste Disposal Sites on the Environment in Miedzyzdoje of 2005 - 2007

Waste is inseparable element of human activity. In Poland, the system of it’s management is typically extensive because waste is almost entirely deposited in landfills. Landfilling is the oldest method of waste management, but it is also the least desirable method of its neutralization. During the operation of communal waste landfill, waste effects on such environmental elements as air, soil, water, plants and animals. A number of requirements for the location of the facility, its construction, use and handling after operation is supposed to prevent environmental pollution and provide safety for people.The modern waste disposal sites having cleavage in the form of geomembrane, effectively limit the outflow of wastes to the ground waters and neighbouring soils. Further actions which are taken in order to segregate wastes, can eliminate negative effect of waste disposal sites on the environment.

Crafting a strategy for improved communal waste management in mafikeng

The study investigated and evaluated the alternative methods for implementing proposed changes at communal waste collection points in Mafi keng (Mahikeng) city. In doing so, the study was cognisant of the constitutional requirement for municipalities to ensure the well-being of the citizenry by protecting the environment and was also cognisant of the fact that municipalities had to operate within the ambit of the law. It was established that the provisions in the Municipal Finance Management Act (Republic of South Africa) empowered and provided guidelines for the Mafi keng Local Municipality to implement the proposed changes. An analysis of the variables in the waste management system revealed that the best way forward was for the Mafi keng Local Municipality to implement the proposed changes is through a public‐private partnership with a reputable organisation from the formal private sector. Several recommendations, including the involvement of the public in the change process, were made for the success of the partnership.

Possibilities of utilization of co-products from corn grain ethanol and starch production

In recent decades, the expansion of alternative fuels production from crops traditionally used for food and animal feed has led to significant changes in the field of energy production, agriculture and food industry. Starch and sugar feedstocks for ethanol production (corn, wheat, sugar beet, sugar cane, etc.) require increasing arable land to meet market demands for the biofuel production. Although intensive studies are being carried out in order to identify improved and more cost-effective methods for the utilization of lignocellulosic and communal waste in the production of alcohol fuel, the possibility of using dry distillers? grains with solubles (DDGS), by-product of bioethanol production from corn and wheat as well as alcoholic beverages industry, is now in focus. Application of DDGS in livestock and poultry diets in concentrations greater than traditional could positively affect the economic viability of this biofuel production, but also stabilize the current imbalance in the food and animal feed market. However, DDGS feedstuff should not be treated as a perfect substitute for corn because the complexity of ration formulation determined at the farm or feedlot level is driven by energy and protein and other nutrient requirements, as well as their relative costs in the ration. Nevertheless, processing of corn by wet milling provides a multitude of co-products suitable for feedstuffs, food industry, pharmaceuticals, chemistry etc. Some of the most important wet milling co-products that have their use in feedstuffs are corn gluten feed and corn gluten meal. The use of DDGS as a substitute for traditional feed could prevent indirect land-use changes associated with biofuel production, and therefore preserve the environmental destruction by saving the forests and permanent pastures. The use of distiller?s grains can be beneficial to biofuel growth as this is an additional, the second largest, source of income accounting of 10-20% total income. In this paper, the possibilities of by-products from corn grain bioethanol and alcoholic beverages production are represented. Emphasis is placed on the dry distillers' grains with solubles, which is the most abundant and for researchers currently the most attractive co-product of bioethanol industry. Co-products from wet milling starch and ethanol production have not yet been thoroughly investigated and therefore represent an interesting subject for further research.

Changes in the chemical composition of groundwater in Quaternary aquifer in Old Krakow, Poland (years 2002-2012)

The chemical composition of the Quaternary aquifer in Old Krakow was studied. Thirty water samples were collected from wells in the years 2002, 2009 and 2012. The water chemistry of groundwater in Old Krakow is associated mainly with anthropogenic impact. The water samples represent manly five-ion type: Ca-Na-Cl-HCO 3 -SO 4, Ca-Na-Cl-SO 4 -HCO 3 and Ca-Na-HCO 3 -SO 4 -Cl, the multi-ion water type is typical for polluted water. The results of groundwater studies in Krakow between 2002-2012 showed that the chemical composition of water is being constantly affected by ancient human activities. The predominance of chloride and nitrate ions can be connected with a large number of the contamination sources. The main sources of contamination are accumulations of the anthropogenic soils and the cultural deposits containing organic, communal waste and sewage which are gathered in the oldest parts of Krakow.

Properties of Spent Active Coke Particles Analysed via Comminution in Spouted Bed

Samples of active coke, fresh and spent after cleaning flue gases from communal waste incinerators, were investigated. The outer layers of both coke particles were separately removed by comminution in a spouted bed. The samples of both active cokes were analysed by means of densities, mercury porosimetry, and adsorption technique. Remaining cores were examined to determine the degree of consumption of coke by the sorption of hazardous emissions (SO2, HCl, and heavy metals) through its bed. Differences in contamination levels within the porous structure of the particles were estimated. The study demonstrated the effectiveness of commercial active coke in the cleaning of flue gases.

Allium Chromosome Aberration Test for Evaluation Effect of Cleaning Municipal Water with Constructed Wetland (CW) in Sveti Tomaž, Slovenia

® ; Allium metaphase test; Chromosome damage Abstract We show the effectiveness of the communal waste water cleaning plant of the type LIMNOWET ® Constructed Wetlands (CW). The tests were done with the Allium metaphase test and show the degree of genotoxicity, by observing the aberrations of the metaphasic chromosomes of the plant Allium cepa L. that are evoked by genotoxic substances in the polluted water. The CW plant reduced the degree of genotoxicity 29.0% to 3.5% (the Fisher's Exact test: p=9.2e-13<0,00001). Therefore CW is a very effective ecoremediation technique, since it removes up to 96% of waste.

NEW TRENDS IN COMMUNAL WASTE MANAGEMENT AT THE REGIONAL LEVEL: WASTE TREATMENT PLANTS IN HUNGARY AND PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

The waste management is increasingly important from the point of view of our future and to keep our environment safe for the future generations to come. The European Union sets up strategic objectives and goals on priorities and actions in the field of waste management. The Waste Framework Directive 2008/98/EC stipulates and sets forth the goals and actions for the next decades. The paper deals with the European strategy and the Hungarian practices with special focus on the North-Balaton communal waste disposal facility.

INVESTIGATION TO CHECK THE FEASIBILITY OF COMPOSTING FOR SMALL CITIES IN DEVELOPING WORLD: A CASE STUDY OF TAXILA CITY

The case study presented herein investigates the composition of solid communal waste from a small city in a developing world and investigates the feasibility of using composting waste treatment. Taxila, a small city in Rawalpindi District, is selected as a focal area for this study and to start with the prevalent major environmental problems resulting from poor solid waste management were investigated. In the next stage of investigation, focal area was further subdivided into three neighbourhoods while considering the population and living standards of dwellers, with these zones named as poor, average, and rich. A total of fifty, thirty and fifteen sampling sites are selected from each of these zones respectively. Solid waste samples are collected from the selected sites for a week on daily basis, which are then analyzed to find their composition and are recorded accordingly for each zone. The analyses of collected samples indicated that almost 60-70% of generated communal waste from all three zones is organic in nature and that the composting option for such communal waste could be a more sustainable and economical solution when compared to sanitary land filling. The research findings indicated that biodegradable communal solid waste composition in small cities of developing world is suitable for composting that could help to minimize the harmful environmental impacts on life from open dumping and sanitary land filling of municipal wastes.

Utilization of waste with biofuel and fertilizers obtaining

Scientific developments have taken place and there has been offered a new approach to utilization of sediment from municipal sewage for receiving biogas and fertilizers. That will allow for implementation of the zero-emission biotechnologies of receiving biogas and organic- mineral fertilizers from harmful communal wastes. Biogas generating systems of VP - 1 type have been developed and tested in experimental conditions. These systems are able to eliminate harmful waste, receive a complex organic-mineral fertilizer from this waste, increase a few times the exit of gas fuel from the waste as compared to existing fermenters (bioreactors), provide the protection of the environment from organic waste contamination, extend the possibilities of using small bioenergy systems in country cottage yards and farm estates, and increase the efficiency of the energy systems that have to transform waste into fuel.

TESTING THE TOUGHNESS OF POLYPROPYLENE FILLED WITH GLASS POWDER

The purpose of this paper is to show polymer waste as a raw material or otherwise usable material derived from a partial separation of communal waste. This paper describes the possibilities of polypropylene re-use through recycling with addition of glass powder, from the point of view of toughness caused by impact load. Standard test specimens, made of basic material – polypropylene, with addition of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25% and 30% of glass powder with granulation less than 0,5 mm, have been tested through six processing cycles. The measured values gave a possibility of forming patterns for changes of the observed material with different content of additives, through processing cycles, which can be helpful in further research and analysis.

Influence of Waste Disposal Sites on the Environment in Miedzyzdoje of 2005 - 2007

Waste is inseparable element of human activity. In Poland, the system of it’s management is typically extensive because waste is almost entirely deposited in landfills. Landfilling is the oldest method of waste management, but it is also the least desirable method of its neutralization. During the operation of communal waste landfill, waste effects on such environmental elements as air, soil, water, plants and animals. A number of requirements for the location of the facility, its construction, use and handling after operation is supposed to prevent environmental pollution and provide safety for people.The modern waste disposal sites having cleavage in the form of geomembrane, effectively limit the outflow of wastes to the ground waters and neighbouring soils. Further actions which are taken in order to segregate wastes, can eliminate negative effect of waste disposal sites on the environment.

Influence of Folding Wastes on Natural Environment in Miedzyzdroje

Waste is inseparable element of human activity. In Poland, the system of it’s management is typically extensive because waste is almost entirely deposited in landfills. Landfilling is the oldest method of waste management, but it is also the least desirable method of its neutralization. During the operation of communal waste landfilling, the waste affects particular elements of environment such as air, soil, water, plants and animals. The aim of conducted researches was to assess the waste disposal sites, which were differentiated by the composition of deposited wastes, on the environment of ground waters and soils properties. They covered the measurements of pH, electrolytic conductivity, total organic carbon (TOC), cyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (CAH) as well as the determination of heavy metals (Hg).

TESTING THE TOUGHNESS OF POLYPROPYLENE FILLED WITH GLASS POWDER

The purpose of this paper is to show polymer waste as a raw material or otherwise usable material derived from a partial separation of communal waste. This paper describes the possibilities of polypropylene re-use through recycling with addition of glass powder, from the point of view of toughness caused by impact load. Standard test specimens, made of basic material – polypropylene, with addition of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25% and 30% of glass powder with granulation less than 0,5 mm, have been tested through six processing cycles. The measured values gave a possibility of forming patterns for changes of the observed material with different content of additives, through processing cycles, which can be helpful in further research and analysis.

Removal of Microconstituents by Adsorption focusing on the Separation of Powdered Activated Carbon

Removal of Microconstituents by Adsorption focusing on the Separation of Powdered Activated CarbonDue to improved measurement methods microconstituents can be detected in the range of nanograms nowadays. These substances can be found ubiquitously in the aquatic environment. Source of these contaminants are industrial and communal waste water treatment plants (WWTP) and the agricultural sector. By adding 10-20 mg/l of powdered activated carbon (PAC) to the WWTP effluents microconstituents can...Author(s)Sebastian PlatzUwe MenzelMartin WettSourceProceedings of the Water Environment FederationDocument typeConference PaperPublisherWater Environment FederationPrint publication date Sep, 2012ISSN1938-6478DOI10.2175/193864712811708239Volume / Issue2012 / 12Content sourceWEFTECCopyright2012Word count192

Environmental Problems of the Western Balkan Region and the Regional Aspects of Transboundary Risks

Environment in the Western Balkan Region is determined by the stage of development, economic structure, burdens of war destruction, stage in approaching and joining the EU and the limits of support. Industrial emissions, mining activities, and the communal waste burdening are key issues among environmental damages in the region which has very dangerous transboundary impact as well. Bilateral intergovernmental cooperation in the field of environmental policy has not been fully exploited among the region states. Cross border and international environmental cooperation and its support (EU IPA Program) have been created to manage water and environmental problems related to divided waters, border rivers and lakes. There is similar cooperation in the coordinated management of cross border protected areas (national parks).

Municipal waste collection in Ponte de Lima, Portugal – A vehicle routing application

Between 40 and 60 per cent of a community's waste management system costs are due to the collection of waste from containers to disposal facilities. In Ponte de Lima, a municipality in the north of Portugal, collection plans are still made by hand. This article describes the work done to apply optimization methods to obtain efficient plans with reduced collection costs, highly dependent on the distance travelled by collecting vehicles. It focuses on all the steps needed to solve the problem, that is analysis of the problem, gathering of the data requirements and handling of the available data to deal with problems such as lack of information, problem complexity and the need of not disrupting current practices. A visiting calendar for each container and a 1-week plan of daily routes for the vehicles were delivered to the municipality. With these plans, we estimate reductions of 26 per cent in the total distance travelled by the vehicles.

Ionic liquids for extraction of metals and metal containing compounds from communal and industrial waste water

In a fundamental study the potential of ionic liquids based on quaternary ammonium- and phosphonium cations and thiol-, thioether-, hydroxyl-, carboxylate- and thiocyanate-functionalized anions has been assessed for future application in advanced sewage treatment. The elimination of the metal(oid)s Ag, As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Pt, Sn, Zn and the cancerostatic platinum compounds cisplatin and carboplatin was screened using a liquid phase micro-extraction set-up. The analytical tool-set consisted of ICP-SFMS and LC-ICP-MS for quantification of metal(oid)s and cancerostatic platinum compounds, respectively. The purity of the ILs was assessed for the investigated metal(oid)s on the base of present EU environmental quality standards and was found to be sufficient for the intended use. In model solutions at environmental relevant concentrations extraction efficiencies ≥95% could be obtained for Ag, Cu, Hg and Pt with both phosphonium- and ammonium-based ILs bearing sulphur functionality in the form of thiosalicylate and 2-(methylthiobenzoate) anions, as well as with tricaprylmethylammonium thiocyanate within an extraction time of 120 min. All other metals were extracted to a lower extent (7–79%). In the case of cancerostatic platinum compounds a phosphonium-based IL bearing thiosalicylate functionality showed high extraction efficiency for monoaquacisplatin.For the first time, liquid phase micro extraction with ionic liquids was applied to industrial and communal waste water samples. The concentration of all investigated metal(oid)s could be significantly reduced. The degree of elimination varied with the initial concentration of metals, pH and the amount of suspended particulate matter.

The Tragedy of the Margins: Land Rights and Marginal Lands in Vietnam (c. 1800-1945)

Abstract This article deals with aspects of official land registers in pre-colonial and colonial Vietnam and their relationship with marginal lands since the eleventh century and especially since the beginning of the nineteenth century. The changing pattern of land ownership and control is studied in detail in one specific village in the Red River Delta of northern Vietnam. Several practices of land use and land distribution are discussed, as are various efforts in parts of Vietnam to expand agricultural land, in particular near rivers and coasts, especially as a result of land reclamation. The study of marginal lands is focused on alluvial lands, which were seen originally as empty or waste lands but gradually developed into safety nets for the poor. The traditional social function of these communal waste lands, managed by village elites, was eroded and became a tool for manipulation in the hands of state and village authorities.

Energy Efficiency, Environmental Protection and Sustainable Development in Kragujevac (Serbia)

This paper presents a methodology development and the results achieved in the process of establishing energy management system in the City of Kragujevac (Serbia) and in its public services. The paper is an overview of influential factors in the field of energy management, analyzing their impact on raising the energy efficiency of individual utility service and the city of Kragujevac, as a whole. The paper also presents the most interesting scientific and research projects realized in the cooperation of several actors which were coordinated by Regional Euro Energy Efficiency Center Kragujevac. The municipal companies together with the city administration are the direct beneficiaries of the results realized in the following areas: ‐ Development of energy management in municipalities and the establishment of energy planning at the local level; ‐ Improvement of municipal services by applying energy efficiency measures in public enterprises: ‐ “Energetika” (heating), ‐ “Cistoca” (communal waste management), ‐ “Vodovod i kanalizacija” (water and waste water management); Promotion of ideas and projects realized in the field of energy management, environmental protection and sustainable development at the Festival of energy efficiency (starting from this year) held during the April.