Community System Research Articles

Elderly in the Perspective of Minangkabau Nagari Aie Dingin of Solok Regency of West Sumatera Province

Minangkabau people are very well known for their customs which are interesting to know and study. The existence of the Nagari government illustrates how a customary-based governance system governs the Minangkabau community's life. The role of ulayat land explains assets or properties and their benefits for clan members' security. Women's existence and function explain the degree of their role in family and community life. The function and existence of sponsorship for the elderly explains the model and form of sponsorship for the elderly. The purpose of this research is to know the life of the elderly if in the study of Minangkabau Culture in Nagari Aie Dingin of Solok Regency of West Sumatra Province. This study used qualitative methods and descriptive types, data collection was carried out using observation methods, interviews using interview guides and documentation. Data analysis in this study uses the Miles and Huberman model: data reduction, data presentation, conclusion and verification. The findings in this study indicate that with the high level of population aged 60 years and over, many elderly people are still actively working and the communal system is less active. Older women are prioritized over older men in Minangkabau.

Formation of the ecological infrastructure of the Lviv city

A modern city is a complex, dynamically changing natural and anthropogenic system that must provide its residents with a comfortable and safe living environment. Along with the traditional elements of the city's infrastructure: the transport system, sewerage, water supply, heat and electricity supply, and elements of the social infrastructure (schools, hospitals, etc.), the role of the city's ecological infrastructure is growing. The latter includes both artificial and natural objects that provide environmental services and reduce the negative anthropogenic impact of the urban environment on nature and living organisms. Such components are the city's green space and communal systems that neutralize the most pronounced manifestations of anthropogenic influence, such as ensuring waste disposal. The state of the urban ecosystem depends on a complex combination of structure, activity, risks, and intentions of its inhabitants, the state of the economic and financial and economic system, the stability of the natural base expressed in the landscape, and the city's visibility, the intensity of industrial activity and the level of environmental education. The prerequisite for developing the city as a dynamic system is ensuring its sustainability. According to the modern vision, a sustainable city is based on three pillars: economic, ecological, and social, which must develop harmoniously. Therefore, the ecological infrastructure of the city should be based on the appropriate level of technology and economic development. Lviv is a large city in Ukraine and the largest city in the territory of the western regions, a logistical and cultural center. At the same time, the ecological infrastructure of the city is mainly at the formation stage. A meaningful sign of its puberty is the lack of an effective waste management system and an imperfect air quality monitoring system. Municipal sewage treatment facilities and the city's transport system need improvement. The city's green infrastructure as a subsystem of the ecological infrastructure causes relatively few comments. However, it should be noted that its main structure has been updated for decades, and new microdistricts with active construction may need more green space. In order to improve the environment of Lviv, it is necessary to improve the elements of its ecological infrastructure with the involvement of best practices of well-known cities of the world.

Thirty Years of Agrarian Change at an Upper Elevation Village in Western Nepal.

In 2016, I returned to Chimkhola, a village whose farming system I had studied in detail in the mid-1980s. Living conditions, child mortality, education levels had all improved greatly. Remissions from family members working overseas were supplanting subsistence farming. Community resources include agricultural fields and forests from 1600 to 4000 m on the southeast flank of Dhaulagiri Himal. I seek to preserve an account of the complex farming system the community used in 1986, describe how it appears to be dissolving, and speculate on the future. Unlike many parts of Nepal, in 2016 the people of Chimkhola farmed without industrial inputs, as they did in 1986. However, they reduced the area they were farming. It seems likely that, if recent trends continue, the communal system will collapse.

Allegorical Language in the Holy Quran A Semiotic Interpretation of Surat Al-Hujurat

Scholars, including both Muslim and non-Muslim philologists and anthropologists, tend to agree that the Muslim holy book, Al- Quran[1], is not an easy text to read, understand and interpret, much more so than any other holy text available, say The Torah or The Gospel. However, for an open-minded scholar, to interpret Al-Quran is to experience an either pleasant or unpleasant encounter with all that it holds. Hence the variety of textual analysis relative to the various levels of understanding of the original message embedded in the allegorical language shaping it. In this context, reading Al- Quran can be viewed as an exercise in semiotics. This paper presents a panoramic view of this holy Book, but it dwells, more particularly, on exploring the taxonomy of interpretation of the probable messages underlying chapter XLIX, Surat[2] “Al-Hujurat”[3]. Using a semiotic stance to touch upon some issues ingrained in the sign language of this specific text, this paper uncovers the composite fabric of the Muslim communal system which also sounds universal in application when it comes to the shaping of healthy communities as regards the issues of divinity, righteousness, faith, ethics, humanism, justice, and accountability.

Local wisdom of dayak ethnic groups in central kalimantan, Indonesia

The Dayak ethnicity is the largest community in the Central Kalimantan region, but this ethnic identity is slowly disappearing along with the development of modernization among the younger generation. This study aims mapped sub-ethnic and ethnic groups (sedatuk) and identify the local wisdom of the Dayak ethnic groups that still survive in Central Kalimantan. This study uses a library research approach. The research collects data by reviewing and exploring journals, books, and documents (both printed and electronic) and other relevant data sources. The results show that the Dayak ethnicity in Central Kalimantan is divided into several sub-ethnics, where each sub-ethnic is further divided into kinship clans (sedatuk). Local wisdom that Dayak Ethnic still maintains which are religious and kinship system. Also, value systems are appreciation of nature, communal system, ancestors’ veneration, marriage system, traditional building, art (traditional music, dance, song, weaving art, sculpting, painting, and tattoo), traditional weapon, farming, and agriculture. Local governments can collaborate with private and public institutions to preserve local Dayak ethnic wisdom, especially in the younger generation.

Effects of local intelligent energy systems integration

The energy sector of Russia is transforming, followed by total electrification and gasification, which has radically changed the fuel landscape and allowed enterprises in various sectors of the economy to create their energy sources based on gas turbine and gas piston cogeneration plants. There are more and more balanced local intelligent energy systems for various purposes, more often operating autonomously, since the process of their integration with the unified energy system of Russia is impossible without power and energy output, which is contrary to the interests of generating companies, territorial grid organizations and the system operator. Overcoming the administrative and technological barriers and obstacles created by significant players in the electric power industry reduces the technical and economic efficiency of local intelligent energy systems that can bring considerable beneficial systemic effects.THE PURPOSE Substantiation of the obtained system effects from integrating local intelligent energy systems.METHODS. A systematic approach to identify the effects of the integration of local intelligent energy systems with the unified energy system of Russia.RESULTS. Local intelligent energy systems are considered objects of distributed electric power industry that perform certain system functions, which is accompanied by a change in the properties of reliability, efficiency and environmental friendliness of the production and transmission of heat and electricity, which leads to various effects. The presence and size of the effects are determined by the type and type of the local intelligent energy system. It is shown that the integration of communal local intelligent energy systems, created for the energy supply of the population and equivalent consumers, has a certain advantage.CONCLUSION. The integration of communal local intelligent energy systems makes it possible to increase the availability and uninterrupted power supply, reduce the negative impact of off-market surcharges and cross-subsidization, improve the uniformity of load schedules for generating and grid equipment, which increases the efficiency of the unified energy system of Russia.

MANAGEMENT PROCESS OF THE COMMUNAL POLICE OF THE CITY OF ZAJECAR

Communal systems, as organizational units within local self-governments, are important factors in the organizational and executive structure of modern administration. Management has an important role with its supporting structures (finance and human resources) in every economy and business of the organization. Managing communal police is a difficult and demanding job, which requires a lot of knowledge, skills, understanding and experience in working with people. In practice as well as scientific research on work, it has been shown that joint work is always more efficient and effective than individual work. Numerous management theories have contributed, each in its own way, to improving the understanding of the factors that affect the efficiency of the organization as well as the motivation and satisfaction of employees on whom business efficiency directly depends. Since the work of communal police officers is work in pairs or in groups, the important role of the manager is to organize communal police officers and focus on solving the set tasks. As far as the authors know, there is no research regarding management process of the communal police in Serbia, therefore, the main goal of the paper is to present the management process of the communal police of the City of Zaječar.

ANALISIS PERMUKIMAN NELAYAN YANG KUMUH DI KELURAHAN BULOA KECAMATAN TALLO KOTA MAKASSAR

This research is a survey research, which aims to analyze the slums of fishermen's settlements in Buloa Village. The research variables are: Road network, solid waste, and environmental sanitation. Data collection is done by observation and documentation. Data analysis techniques with qualitative analysis, discussion / efforts to overcome, and draw conclusions. The results showed that the quality of the environmental road network, solid waste, and environmental sanitation in the fishing settlements of RT 008 RW 002, Buloa Village, was very poor and included in the heavy slum category. The efforts to improve the quality of the residential environment are: 1) improving and managing the coast, improving roads according to feasibility standards, 2) managing waste and increasing public knowledge with the 3R method ((Reduce, Recycle, Reuse), and 3) conducting construction and maintenance of drainage networks, with a closed system, and construction of toilet facilities (MCK) connected to a septic tank with a communal system.

LANGUAGE FORMS INDICATING THE DANI CULTURE AS DESCRIBED IN THE NOVEL SALI, KISAH SEORANG WANITA SUKU DANI

There have been several studies discussing the novel Sali: The Story of a Dani Woman. These studies generally use sociological literature, feminist literary criticism, and gender perspectives. This paper comes with a different perspective, namely the ethnolinguistic approach. This paper describes the linguistic forms in the novel that represent the Dani culture and reveals the cultural meaning of the linguistic forms in the novel. The linguistic data is taken entirely from the novel and the meanings obtain apart from the novel are also from other sources as listed in the references. The results of data analysis show that linguistic forms indicating the Dani culture include the level of words, phrases, clauses, or sentences. Furthermore, the cultural meaning of language forms in terms of words indicating Dani culture, namely: (1) Abambuk which means tribal chief, Dani tribal leader. (2) Pig which means a dowry given to a girl or a widow to marry. (3) Hunting which means the dominant male activity to show his self-esteem. (4) Ebeai which means a house that a wife/woman, children and husband/men may enter to gather. (5) Fugima which means a place to end life/everything for a woman/wife who has given up on her fate. 6) Honai which means a traditional house located in silimo. (7) Koteka which means penis genital cover has many meanings. The variation indicates that the more varied the koteka, the higher the class of men who wear it. (8) Noken which means a replacement for the ballot box which means a form of appreciation for the cultural values and local wisdom of the Dani community. (9) Pilamo which means a place to limit women's movement. This was a house that only men could enter to ensure that they and the war equipment were free from the dirty blood of women. (10) Sali which means wife indexer. (11) Silimo which means a family residence consisting of honai, ebeai, and pilamo, the three of which are far from each other in a certain area. Furthermore, the linguistic forms in the form of phrases are (1) Chewing greedily which means eating food in an unethique way. (2) Tribal war which means the implementation of a war caused by a member of the Dani community was being killed. (3) Polygamous marriage which means the family of the prospective wife. (4) Cutting a child's finger which means a meaningful representation of emotional pain which is important for the process of grieving the death of the child's parents. It is a symbol of grief at the loss of a family member. (5) The cry of mourning which means that family members have to cry for a long time as hard as possible to mark the mourning of being left dead by a member of a communal system 6) Cremation, or the burning of a corpse which means an attempt to take the white ashes of the corpse. (7) Relative-exchange marriage which means marry to the wife's sister in order to get a replacement from the pig keeper, the caretaker of his children and himself. Finally, the forms of clauses/sentences indicating Dani culture are: (1) Keeping the younger sister away from her twin means avoiding bad things. The younger sister in the twins is believed to be the daughter of the devil, so she must be exiled, otherwise a disaster will come that will harm the family. (2) Leaving sali on the rocks in Fugima which means the owner has died as a form of surrendering to the problems of life that surrounds her so that in a very tragic way her life is ended.

Extent of Community Stakeholders’ Involvement and Outcomes in Communal Water Supply Systems in Malawi

It is argued that community participation in development interventions result in positive outcomes and sustainability, unlike where it is absent. This article assesses the extent of community involvement in communal water interventions in Malawi. This came against a backdrop of witnessing high failure rate, that is, about 30%. The study, therefore, sought to assess the extent of community stakeholders’ involvement, and whether this can explain the outcomes in these interventions. A mixed methods approach was followed, and primary data was collected through a survey and key informant interviews. Key documents were also reviewed. The study findings show that the very idea to bring a communal water point into the community is largely exogenous, and that there are significant levels of exclusion of community-based stakeholders in first three phases of water projects, with the exception of maintenance phase as it is essentially fate accompli. When functional and non-functional water points are compared in areas where there is evidence of community involvement, the former shows significant degrees of community involvement unlike the latter. This is one key aspect explaining positive outcomes and sustainability. All this, arguably, entails serious shortcomings in water sector in Malawi, demonstrated by failure of policy and enforcement of standards.

Происхождение первых запретов в обществах первобытного типа: социально-философские аспекты

The purpose of the study is to analyze the mechanism of the emergence and consolidation of the first legal norms within the primitive communal system, where many parameters of the way of life were strictly regulated by the most primitive forms of beliefs. The scientific novelty of the article lies in the identification of the general structure between the first legal norms within the primitive communal system and modern ones. Modern everyday culture has largely modified the mentioned norms in accordance with the spirit of the time, but at the same time their original nature remains mostly the same. As a result, the author is interested not only in the main reasons for their appearance and acceptance by the individual, but also in the specifics of their influence both on the primitive communal system and on the information society through a comparative socio-philosophical and cultural-anthropological analysis. The author revealed that modern legal norms have indeed retained the imprint of the former way of life in their structure, but at the same time their shell has changed in proportion to the concept of the state and its structure.

SOCIO-ECONOMIC FACTORS AND CROP PRODUCTION EFFICIENCY IN CHINA AND ETHIOPIA: A REVIEW

The main challenge of agriculture is to ensure food security in line with yield increases and minimize environmental costs due to complex interactions between social, economic, and ecological factors. Here we review to identify the impacts of socio-economic factors on crop production efficiency between China and Ethiopia. To set the economic reform and improve the grain yields in rural China, a series of policies on land reforms from communal systems to tax cancelation and subsidies have been implemented. Similar to China, Ethiopia has also experienced different types of land reform from landlord and peasant structure to land as the common property of nations, nationalities, and peoples of Ethiopia. The Gross Domestic Products per capita trends which represent the mean standard of leaving of residents in a country show almost similar growth in the 1980s while later significant variation was achieved between the two countries. It is suggested that to meet food security and increase agricultural efficiency in Ethiopia better infrastructure development that meets socio-economic demands should be prioritized while in China policies to reduce fertilizer inputs are highly recommended to minimize the environmental costs due to high agricultural inputs for sustainable agriculture growth.

ФОРМИРОВАНИЕ СТРАТЕГИИ РАЗВИТИЯ СИСТЕМЫ ЖИЛИЩНО-КОММУНАЛЬНОГО ХОЗЯЙСТВА

The purpose of the work is to analyze the features of the formation of a strategy for the development of the housing and communal services system on the example of the draft strategy for the development of housing and communal services of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2035. The main problems of functioning of the sphere of development of housing and communal services (housing and communal services) at the present stage are considered, the characteristic of the housing and communal services strategy is given. The analysis of internal and external factors influencing the formation of this strategy in Russia is carried out. The main stages of strategy formation are considered on the example of the draft strategy for the development of the housing and communal services of the Russian Federation until 2035. The main problems of the industry and the most effective solution to its modernization are identified. The results of the study can be used for further development of the strategic management of housing and communal services of the Russian Federation.

Management process of the communal police of the City of Zajecar

Communal systems, as organizational units within local self-governments, are important factors in the organizational and executive structure of modern administration. Management has an important role with its supporting structures (finance and human resources) in every economy and business of the organization. Managing communal police is a difficult and demanding job, which requires a lot of knowledge, skills, understanding and experience in working with people. In practice as well as scientific research on work, it has been shown that joint work is always more efficient and effective than individual work. Numerous management theories have contributed, each in its own way, to improving the understanding of the factors that affect the efficiency of the organization as well as the motivation and satisfaction of employees on whom business efficiency directly depends. Since the work of communal police officers is work in pairs or in groups, the important role of the manager is to organize communal police officers and focus on solving the set tasks. As far as the authors know, there is no research regarding management process of the communal police in Serbia, therefore, the main goal of the paper is to present the management process of the communal police of the City of Zaječar.

How the Peruvian Agrarian Reform Affected the Human Rights of Peasants

The colonial land tenure in Perú affected the previously existing communal system of land tenure in several ways. This new system of ownership and forced agricultural labor changed over time. However, the semi-slave condition of the indigenous peasants of Perú remained the same until the late 1960s. The Agrarian Reform started in 1969 and had an unprecedented impact on the living conditions of peasants. This article claims that the life of peasants in latifundia before the Reform had been extremely precarious due to an inexistent set of fundamental human rights. Based on an analysis of articles, interviews, testimonies, and case studies this research explores the socio-economic and political circumstances under which the Peruvian Agrarian Reform was started. Moreover, it provides instances of the positive repercussions that the Agrarian Reform has had in Perú in the realm of human rights practice.

Didacticism and Philosophical Tenets in Ọbasa’s Poetry

Projection and promotion of Yoruba cultural ideology and philosophy are motifs in D.A. Ọbasa’s poetry. As an ingenious poet, Obasa adroitly blends the tropes of didacticism and philosophical tenets in his poetry. Existing works on his poetry have explored the thematic preoccupations of his poems, as well as their forms and stylistic features. However, little attention has been paid to the correlation between didacticism and philosophy in his poetry. Tis essay, therefore, identifies the basic tenets of philosophy in the form of ethical, metaphysical, and epistemological aspects of Yoruba philosophy in Obasa’a poetry with a view to establishing the way Yoruba philosophy is used to teach morals in the poems. Ọbasa’s philosophical inclination is anchored on Yoruba philosophy. Some of the philosophical tenets identified are ethical issues, like obedience, truth, hospitality and being respectful. Virtues are extolled, while vices, like jealousy, pride, disobedience and deceit are condemned. The metaphysical beliefs of the Yoruba in death, destiny, and life after death, as well as the belief in the Supreme Being (Olodumare) are also discussed. The epistemological values of Yoruba communal system and ìwà, and ọmọlúàbí concept are also entrenched in Ọbasa’s poetry. It is also revealed that satirical elements, especially humor are used to project Yoruba philosophical belief in order to imbue the reader with moral rectitude. There is a close link between Ọbasa’s poetry and the Yoruba sociocultural milieu. The essence of didacticism and philosophical tenet in his poems is to advance the social development of the Yoruba society and the larger Nigerian society.

Истоки становления начертательной геометрии

The translation "Descriptive geometry" is not entirely accurate. In fact, the phrase should be translated as "Narrative geometry". Based on this translation, it can be confidently stated that the science under consideration serves not only as a theoretical basis for orthogonal projections, a special case of which are ordinary drawings, but also for any images – in this the author of the article fully agrees with such authorities as N.A. Rynin, N.F. Chetverukhin, V.O. Gordon, S.A. Frolov, N.A. Sobolev and many others.
 The paper considers the origins of one of the directions of geometry – descriptive geometry. The hypothesis is put forward that in reality descriptive geometry, or rather, its elements, was originally involved in ancient times, during the primitive communal system when making drawings on the walls of caves and rocks. Orthogonal projections were used in the ancient world and in the Middle Ages, and Gaspard Monge at the end of the XVIII century systematized all the existing disconnected developments on descriptive geometry, adding his own research.
 Most likely, geometry in general was the very first science that originated when our ancestors who lived in caves faced the problem of increasing the living area due to population growth. And descriptive geometry began to develop from the moment when the first artist depicted scenes from life on the cave wall: hunting, fishing, tribal wars, events that shocked people, etc. Ancient artists existed on all continents of the globe, except perhaps Antarctica, since rock carvings were found on all other continents. And the earliest was performed somewhere 25-30 thousand years ago. Thus, the hypothesis that the elements of descriptive geometry originated in the primitive communal system can be considered proven.

Facilitating factors for community-managed wastewater systems in the Kanata metropolitan region, Bolivia

Provision of safe sanitation services is a major challenge in low and middle-income countries where adequate wastewater management is almost entirely lacking or insufficient. Community-managed wastewater systems are increasingly seen as part of the solution to this challenge. There is, however, a lack of in-depth understanding regarding how these communal systems are affected by external factors. Through a qualitative case study of the wastewater sector of the Kanata metropolitan region, Bolivia, this paper aims to contribute to filling this knowledge gap. A variety of data collection and analysis procedures resulted in two main outcomes. First, a shared common vision regarding the development of the wastewater sector and the role of community actors was highlighted as crucial for strengthening communal wastewater management. Secondly, facilitating factors that promote community-managed wastewater services were identified, i.e. financing possibilities, technical support, legal support, formal and informal networks, continuous dialogue, trust, compatibililty with local institutions, control of territory and availability of contractors and builders. The results provide guidance for both policymakers and development practitioners that aim to strengthen community-managed wastewater systems, as well as contribute to increased theoretical understanding.

Modification of Septic Tank for Sedimentation Optimization in the Public Toilet (Case Study at Wisdom Park UGM)

Septic tank with sedimentation and anaerobic processes in the same tank is commonly used as a domestic wastewater treatment technology in individual households and communal systems. Although simple to construct, such a system has some problems, such as effluent not meeting the quality requirement and blocking by trash and suspended solid before the second treatment chamber. This research aims to develop a new septic tank design that is simpler to construct and improve performance. The new design uses HDPE material, which is easier to build and standardized compared to the conventional concrete structure. The performance of the new design was compared to the conventional septic tank. The start-up process was monitored for flowrate, COD, TSS, NH3N, PO4-P parameters and evaluated against effluent standards. The study was conducted at public toilet facilities at Wisdom Park UGM and Sunday Morning Market. Results from the study show that the new design effectively improves effluent quality and overcomes the trash problem.

City Communal Aspiration System — City Without Chimneys

Gas emissions are produced by each economic entity individually — whether they are a large industrial enterprise, a boiler-house or a household (dwelling house). At that, in addition to visible chimneys there are a lot of hidden (unrecorded) sources of emissions in form of ventilation branch pipes. Communal systems for removal and reprocessing of wastes of two types: liquid (municipal sewage lines) and solid (collection and removal of wastes) are operated in populated localities. For the third type of waste — gaseous — a similarly municipal structure does not exist. For the time being there is no possibility for full system control and neutralization of dust and gas wastes because there is no system in the physical form which would enable comprehensive receipt of exit gases from all the city sources for further processing thereof. It is for the first time when a principally new holistic approach to cleaning/treatment of all city dust and gas emissions (wastes) is proposed which consists in creation of a City Communal Aspiration System (Municipal Aspiration System) containing a city communal aspiration network (gas outlets) for receipt/transportation of exhaust (flue) gases and a plant for utilization of such wastes connected to such network. In other words, it is proposed to organize a “City without Chimneys”. The proposed solution permits to remove mass unsystematic and uncontrolled emissions of environmentally harmful gas wastes in cities, reduce climate risks and make the transition to a new level of organization of environmental planning and management and, therefore, eliminates or principally simplifies many ecological difficulties and restrictions in urban planning (inseparably related to ecology) in sanitary rules and standards.