Commonwealth Of Independent States Research Articles

CIS Cross-Border Libraries: Updating the Concept Paper to Strengthen Co-Operation

The experience of the Russian State Library in cooperation with the libraries of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) member states in developing a document regulating cross-border co-operation is presented. It shows the stages of updating the “Concept of Information and Library Space Formation on the Basis of Cross-border Libraries of the CIS Member States” (2009) within the framework of the long-term interstate project of the Eurasia Library Assembly on creation of the normative and conceptual basis of interlibrary cooperation in the CIS. The “Concept...” is harmonised with the universally recognised principles and norms of international law. It reflects the process of inclusion of libraries of border regions of CIS member states in co-operation with libraries of neighbouring countries. Specialists of CIS libraries took an active part in the development of the document. The Concept of Development of Library and Information Space on the Basis of Cross-Border Libraries of CIS Member States (2023) clarifies the purpose and some basic concepts related to the activities of libraries in cross-border cooperation. The definition of “library and information space on the basis of cross-border libraries of the CIS member states” was developed, which is considered as a system of interacting subjects — libraries, library networks, library associations, library staff. The aim of library and information space development is to provide conditions for strengthening interregional and cross-border co-operation. Libraries create and promote various information resources, organise library and information services for the multinational population of border areas to enhance intercultural and professional communication. In the document 2023 the possibilities of subjects of interlibrary cooperation are expanded at the expense of interregional cooperation. The following are defined as subjects of the library and information space: publicly accessible border libraries of the CIS member states, central universal libraries of the border regions, national libraries of the CIS member states. The updated “Concept...” shows the tasks and principles of development, mechanisms and expected results of its implementation. The role of the CIS coordinating bodies in the formation of legislative and regulatory framework for the libraries of the CIS member states is important. Prospects for improving this base lie in the regulation of interregional and cross-border co-operation. To strengthen cooperation it is necessary to reveal the intercultural potential of the CIS member states, to provide scientific and methodological support to cross-border libraries, etc.

CIS Cross-Border Libraries: Updating the Concept Paper to Strengthen Co-Operation

The experience of the Russian State Library in cooperation with the libraries of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) member states in developing a document regulating cross-border co-operation is presented. It shows the stages of updating the “Concept of Information and Library Space Formation on the Basis of Cross-border Libraries of the CIS Member States” (2009) within the framework of the long-term interstate project of the Eurasia Library Assembly on creation of the normative and conceptual basis of interlibrary cooperation in the CIS. The “Concept...” is harmonised with the universally recognised principles and norms of international law. It reflects the process of inclusion of libraries of border regions of CIS member states in co-operation with libraries of neighbouring countries. Specialists of CIS libraries took an active part in the development of the document. The Concept of Development of Library and Information Space on the Basis of Cross-Border Libraries of CIS Member States (2023) clarifies the purpose and some basic concepts related to the activities of libraries in cross-border cooperation. The definition of “library and information space on the basis of cross-border libraries of the CIS member states” was developed, which is considered as a system of interacting subjects — libraries, library networks, library associations, library staff. The aim of library and information space development is to provide conditions for strengthening interregional and cross-border co-operation. Libraries create and promote various information resources, organise library and information services for the multinational population of border areas to enhance intercultural and professional communication. In the document 2023 the possibilities of subjects of interlibrary cooperation are expanded at the expense of interregional cooperation. The following are defined as subjects of the library and information space: publicly accessible border libraries of the CIS member states, central universal libraries of the border regions, national libraries of the CIS member states. The updated “Concept...” shows the tasks and principles of development, mechanisms and expected results of its implementation. The role of the CIS coordinating bodies in the formation of legislative and regulatory framework for the libraries of the CIS member states is important. Prospects for improving this base lie in the regulation of interregional and cross-border co-operation. To strengthen cooperation it is necessary to reveal the intercultural potential of the CIS member states, to provide scientific and methodological support to cross-border libraries, etc.

Attitudes of Labor Migrants from Central Asia to International Integration Organizations in the Post-Soviet Space

The article presents the results of a sociological empirical study that was conducted from May to August in 2023. Its purpose was to study the attitudes of labor migrants in Russia towards various international integration processes in the post-Soviet space. The objects of the study were workers from Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan, working in Moscow and the Moscow region. The choice of these countries is not accidental, as they are the main migration donors to the Russian Federation in Central Asia. The uniqueness of the research results lies in the fact that despite the certain “popularity” of such an empirical object as “labor migrants.” The analyzed subject has not yet been sufficiently developed theoretically and empirically. Particular attention is paid to the political preferences and migration attitudes of labor migrants. The issue of awareness of foreign workers of the activities of international integration and military-political associations, such as the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU), the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO), European Union (EU), the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) and also the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) is examined. The paper also presents the respondents’ assessment of the role of these associations in the development of international processes. Separately, the article examines the relationship between Russia and migrant-sending countries. Based on the results of the study, the authors conclude that respondents have a positive attitude towards integration associations in which Russia plays a key role. Moreover, the socio-political attitudes of foreign workers are characterized by a high degree of loyalty to the foreign policy of the Russian Federation. Migrants overwhelmingly support international cooperation between their countries and Russia and share the foreign policy position of the Russian Federation. In conclusion, labor migrants from Central Asia can be considered as a resource and capital of the influence of Russian “soft power.”

Employment, labor productivity and environmental sustainability: Firm‐level evidence from transition economies

AbstractThis article investigates the impact of investment in environmentally sustainable practices on employment and labor productivity growth in transition economies. It explores the influence of labor skill composition and geographical variations on sustainability dynamics. Utilizing data from the World Bank's Enterprise Survey 2019 across 24 transition economies, an environmental sustainability index is constructed using Principal Components Analysis. To address endogeneity concerns, a combination of fixed effects and instrumental variables is employed. The findings highlight the significance of environmental sustainability for both employment and labor productivity growth. However, the observed relationships diminish in significance when comprehensively addressing endogeneity, suggesting a more nuanced and time‐dependent connection between environmentally sustainable practices and job growth. Notably, high‐skill firms experience a deceleration in job creation following sustainability investments, while low‐skill firms benefit from improved labor productivity. Geographically, Central Europe exhibits more pronounced impacts on labor productivity, potentially attributed to higher levels of development and sustainability awareness compared to Southeast Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States.

Противодействие антироссийским экономическим санкциям 2022–2023 гг.

The article provides an analysis of measures designed to counter anti-Russian sanctions. Countering sanctions is considered in the context of ensuring economic security. The article reveals decision making in the field of countering economic sanctions. It identifies the main directions of measures introduced to help the economy to adjust to the restrictions and to counter the threats posed by the new sanctions. Ensuring economic security in the context of sanctions is carried out at two levels: national and subnational. The framework and main directions of the respective policy are determined at the national level. The president of Russia determines the guidelines of the internal and foreign policies of the state, issues decrees and orders defining the particularities of a policy. The Government and the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation implement policies determined by the president and generally influence economic security of the country. Thus, when the new sanctions were imposed, the president issued several orders designed to support certain sectors of the economy and strengthen the economic sovereignty and also defined new priorities for foreign economic cooperation – The Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), Asia, Africa and Latin America. At the subnational level, regional authorities determine more specific policies within the framework formed at the national level. The common directions of measures designed to counter the sanctions at the regional level were the following: import substitution, stimulation of export activity, formation of new logistics chains, enhancement of cooperation between Russian regions, development of some other directions for foreign trade, formation of a more attractive investment climate. However, the set of tools and resources regional authorities used more actively in the context of countering the new sanctions differs from region to region.

Is the Green Total Factor of Energy Efficiency Rising or Falling? Evidence from the Belt and Road Initiative Countries

“The Belt and Road Initiative” (BRI) seeks to attain high‐quality development and sustainability. This study examines the green total factor energy efficiency (GTFEE) of 58 BRI countries from 2005 to 2019 and its influence factors using the Super slacked‐based measurement and Tobit models. The findings indicate that: 1) Singapore and the other seven countries have GTFEEs above 0.9, which is better than other countries; seven out of 58 countries have GTFEEs below 0.5. 2) Due to regional disparities, Southeast Asia, Central, and Eastern Europe have the greatest GTFEE, followed by South Asia, West Asia, and the Commonwealth of Independent States, and the lowest is in Central Asia, China, and Mongolia. 3) Compared to developing economies, developed economies have a higher GTFEE. 4) Between 2005 and 2019, the overall BRI energy efficiency dropped from 0.75 to 0.56. 5) According to Tobit results, for every 1% increase in economic development and energy structure, GTFEE increases by 0.08% and 0.31% points, respectively, and for every 1% increase in trade and land area, GTFEE decreases by 0.04 and 0.05, respectively. Therefore, BRI countries should strengthen international cooperation, develop advanced technologies, and increase the proportion of renewable energy utilization.

Azoximer bromide and hydroxyapatite: promising immune adjuvants in cancer.

Immune adjuvants are immune modulators that have been developed in the context of infectious vaccinations. There is currently a growing interest in immune adjuvants due to the development of immunotherapy against cancers. Immune adjuvant mechanisms of action are focused on the initiation and amplification of the inflammatory response leading to the innate immune response, followed by the adaptive immune response. The main activity lies in the support of antigen presentation and the maturation and functions of dendritic cells. Most immune adjuvants are associated with a vaccine or incorporated into the new generation of mRNA vaccines. Few immune adjuvants are used as drugs. Hydroxyapatite (HA) ceramics and azoximer bromide (AZB) are overlooked molecules that were used in early clinical trials, which demonstrated clinical efficacy and excellent tolerance profiles. HA combined in an autologous vaccine was previously developed in the veterinary field for use in canine spontaneous lymphomas. AZB, an original immune modulator derived from a class of heterochain aliphatic polyamines that is licensed in Russia, the Commonwealth of Independent States, and Slovakia for infectious and inflammatory diseases, is and now being developed for use in cancer with promising results. These two immune adjuvants can be combined in various immunotherapy strategies.

Retrospective analysis of exporting agricultural processing industry products

The Russian exports of processed food products analysis since 2014 has revealed a stable growth in this area, corresponding to the general dynamics of domestic agricultural products sales in the world market. At the same time, the share of processed food products in the total volume of domestic exports from 2014 to 2021 increased from 1.7 to 3.1%, which is a favorable factor in reducing the mineral-raw materials orientation of Russia’s foreign trade. The increase in processed products exports contributes to the export-oriented nature of the domestic food industry, which grew from 6.5 to 11.6 % over the period. This is also due to the fact that import substitution programs development and competitive imports limitation after the counter-sanctions introduction in 2014-2015 had a favorable impact on the food industry and allowed to maintain and increase a number of export directions. Over the past few years, the key areas of sales in the global market have been the products of the oil and fat and sugar beet industries. Along with the sale of finished products, the food industry wastes export, which are raw materials for fodder production, is also considered important. With the overall positive dynamics of processed food sales, the only direction showing a decrease in exports is tobacco and tobacco products. The reduction in tobacco products exports is explained by the change in the transnational corporations policy who own the Russian cigarette business, which, in addition to the Russian market, until 2014 also partially filled the markets of the Commonwealth of Indepen dent States and Eastern Europe countries.

Commonwealth of Independent States Transformation: Moving from Stagnation to Semi-Periphery

This study examines the post-Soviet states, emphasizing the divergent developments in the Baltic states and the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), with a specific focus on Uzbekistan. It highlights the central role of regional cooperation and integration as key drivers of economic growth. The success of the Baltic states is attributed to strong regional cooperation, consistent economic policies, and cultural similarities, while CIS members struggle with challenges related to political instability and security risks. The study challenges the conventional assumption that full market liberalization is the sole catalyst for economic growth and emphasizes the significance of active state involvement in promoting regional integration. The findings suggest the need for a nuanced approach to managing political instability, promoting regional cooperation, and balancing market liberalization and state control to enhance economic performance. Recent developments in Uzbekistan, including the eradication of black markets, bolstering regional connections, and attracting more foreign investment, indicate the potential for substantial economic growth.

International Cooperation of Member Nations of the CIS on Counteracting Cybercrime

Cybercrime is the threat to national and international informational security. The objects of cyberthreats are economics security, critical information structure, information state sovereignty. All states admit necessity to take effective measures for anti-cybercrime in this time. Such organizations, as Commonwealth of Independent States, Collective Security Treaty Organization, Shanghai Cooperation Organization are to take active measures on counteracting cybercrime.Aim . The aim of this article is to define principal directions on effective counteracting cybercrime, including creation of law base on national, regional and international levels, measures for prevention cybercrime and development of international collaboration.Tasks. There are following tasks in this article: to define “cybercrime”, categories of cybercrime and measures for prevention cybercrime, to analyze experience of member nations of the CIS and world law mechanism for cybercrime control.Methods. There is necessity to define terminology in accordance with the international standards for cybercrime control.Results . Member nations of the CIS are giving important attention to creation the law base for national and international security, and also Criminal Law about responsibility for cybercrime.The Model Law “On counteracting cybercrime” was adopted by Interparliamentary Assembly of the CIS on 14 Aprile 2023, which is the base of development of national legislation in sphere of cybercrime control.On 30 July 2021 Russia was carry in General Assembly of the United Nations the Project of Convention United Nations Countering the use of information and communications technologies for criminal purposes for creation of international law mechanism for anti-cybercrime.In the result of this research author is defined cybercrime and it’s variety in accordance with international standards, and also principal directions of counteracting cybercrime in contemporary period.Conclusion. Implementation by member nations of the CIS of Model Law “On counteracting cybercrime” will allow unify national legislation and assist strengthening and extension international cooperation between these states on combating cybercrime.There is necessity to adopt such complex Federal Law “On counteracting cybercrime” and the Strategy on cybersecurity in Russia.

Russian preservation syndrome

Russia has been planning to annex Ukraine since the collapse of the USSR in 1991. For thirty years, proposals to Ukraine to join various Russian unification projects aimed at creating international organisations hastily “glued together” from the members of the former Soviet Union have been floated in the political space. Among these structures, Russia, with the active participation of Ukraine and Belarus, created the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) on 8 December 1991, the Customs Union in 1995, which grew into the Eurasian Economic Community in 2001, and the Common Economic Space in 2001. The security issue...

Discourse to the Factors of Decision-making of Students in Choosing a University Major

The purpose of this paper to investigate the factors that influence students' choice of major, by conducting a literature review and identifying research gaps. There was adopted a methodical approach PRISMA that included a systematic literature review based on the Scopus database. The results of this study indicate a noteworthy trend in the literature related to major choice within the Scopus Database. The number of papers on this topic has exhibited consistent growth since 2008, reaching a peak in 2021, albeit with an annual publication count not exceeding 12 articles. Prominent authors have primarily contributed to discussions surrounding major choice, with a focus on the medical and engineering fields, while engagement with business-related disciplines, such as marketing, management, remains limited. Notably, most retrieved documents were articles (85%), with a minority being reviews (15%), some of which did not directly align with the research question. The affiliations of these documents were predominantly associated with research centers and universities in the United States, underscoring a gap in contextualizing major choice within the Kazakhstani and broader Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) region. In summary, this study underscores a growing interest in major choice research since 2008, predominantly concentrated in specific disciplines and geographic regions, with notable disparities in representation among academic fields. Key factors that play a pivotal role in shaping students' decisions regarding their majors were identified. This paper emphasizes the foundation for the empirical research related to customers in roles of students and stakeholders in higher education institutions based on CIS countries.

MODEL LEGISLATION OF THE CIS MEMBER STATES ON JURY TRIALS

The article considers the issue of inter-parliamentary cooperation of the member states of theCommonwealth of Independent States (CIS), formed in 1991. The main form of inter-parliamentarycooperation of the member states of the Commonwealth of Independent States is model lawmaking. As aresult of a comparative legal study, it was concluded that the model legislation of the Commonwealth ofIndependent States and the national legislation of the CIS member states, in particular the legislation ontrial with the participation of jurors, are interrelated and mutually influenced. The subject of the study wasthe norms of the “Model Criminal Procedure Code for the CIS Member States” in 1996 and the norms ofthe “Model Code on the Judicial System and the Status of Judges for the CIS Member States” in 2011. Thegeneral tendency to improve the judicial systems of the Russian Federation, the Republic of Kazakhstan, theKyrgyz Republic was revealed — the legislative consolidation of the possibility of considering criminal casesby a court with the participation of jurors. In the Russian Federation and the Republic of Kazakhstan, thecourt with the participation of jurors is successfully functioning, in the Kyrgyz Republic it will be introducedin January 2025.

An evaluation of the efficiency of Turkic cooperation in the United Nations General Assembly

This study investigates the dynamics of voting cohesion in the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) by conducting a comparative analysis of the European Union (EU), the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), and the Organization of Turkic States (OTS). The research aims to assess the external voting cohesion of OTS member states in relation to the EU and CIS, utilizing the benchmark of collective voting in the UNGA as an indicator. The historical context underscores the significance of regional organizations in fostering collaboration among member countries, particularly in the realms of economics, security, and socioeconomic growth. The focus of this study on the OTS arises from the unique geopolitical and historical circumstances of Turkic-speaking nations dispersed globally. The methodology employs a comprehensive analysis of UNGA roll-call votes, utilizing data spanning from 1992 to 2019. The study employs the voting cohesion measurement proposed by Hosli et al. (2010), incorporating a scoring system to quantify cohesion. Results indicate that, compared to the CIS, the OTS demonstrates slightly higher voting cohesion, with a discernible increasing trend over the years. The EU, exhibiting the highest level of cohesion, provides a reference point for potential advancements in the OTS's institutional structures and collaborative efforts. The findings suggest that the OTS has the potential to achieve EU-level cohesion with continued improvements in institutional frameworks and enhanced cooperation among member states. In conclusion, this study contributes to the understanding of international cooperation dynamics, emphasizing the evolving role of regional organizations in shaping voting behaviour at the global stage. The findings underscore the potential for increased cohesion within the OTS, positioning it as a significant player in international diplomacy.

International mechanisms for the protection of children’s rights and family rights in the context of the transformation of interstate cooperation

In this article, the author analyzes modern mechanisms for protecting the rights of the child in the context of a regulated transformation of international cooperation between states. On a regular basis, a medical institution appears in the Russian Federation and the development of institutions for the protection and protection of human rights as a universal mechanism for the protection of human rights. This approach is based on the so-called European model of human rights protection, but the adoption of politicized decisions of international bodies for the protection of human rights. The authors presented sustainable changes that have affected Russian citizens in the exercise of their rights to international protection in the context of a global crisis between states. The methodology is conditioned by the goal of the research and includes, first of all, general and general scientific methods of research: systemic, unified, functional, historical. As a result of the study, the author concludes that it is necessary to create alternative instruments for the protection and promotion of human rights, the platform for which can be the Commonwealth of Independent States or the community of friendly states. The scientific and practical significance of the presented conclusions is due to a comprehensive analysis of the existing international mechanisms for the protection of the rights of the child in conditions that may affect their modification — the crisis of international cooperation.

Demographic Dynamics and Social Transformation in the EAEU

The paper studies demographic changes characterizing new trends in population reproduction in the countries of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU), which differ significantly in the level and rate of population aging. The purpose of the research is to develop proposals for improving social institutions aimed at the development of the EAEU in the context of changes in the age structure of the population. The Eurasian Economic Union is a relatively new but rapidly developing regional integration organization, in a certain sense forming the core of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). At the same time, the transition to subsequent integration stages is impossible without the development of social institutions of the EAEU. Currently, the development of social programs and norms for the formation of common social values is not included in the tasks of regional unions in the post-Soviet space or is considered only in passing. Nevertheless, for further integration it becomes essential to take into account demographic trends as factors in the development of the EAEU. The article shows that over the past six years (2017–2022) in the field of natural reproduction, demographic trends in the member countries of the Union had different directions. The greatest impact on the demographic development of the EAEU is exerted by changes in the population of the Russian Federation, although in recent years there has been a slight decrease in the share of Russia in the total population of the Union. The population of the EAEU countries has significant differences in age structure, however, all five member countries of the Union are affected by the process of demographic aging. The article presents a number of proposals aimed at including demographic changes as a factor in the development of the EAEU. These include the preparation of a comprehensive program of interaction on general humanitarian issues, primarily in the field of education and the preservation of cultural values as the basis for the connection between generations.

Assessing privatization efficiency in CIS countries: financial, non-financial, and GDP-linked indicators

This study investigates the impact of privatization on the relationship between gross capital accumulation, employment, labor resources, government spending, and gross domestic product (GDP) in Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) countries. Employing econometric analysis and cointegration evaluation, the study reveals that privatization has had a mixed impact on CIS economies. While privatization has contributed to increased capital accumulation and employment in some countries, it has also led to reduced labor resources and government spending in others. The study also finds that government spending is an indirect indicator of privatization efficiency that significantly influences GDP in Armenia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Russia, Uzbekistan, and Tajikistan.

VALUATION OF CONTRACT DEMAND VOLUME OF NEW GENERATION PRODUCT (NGP) CAVITY FILTER CIGARETTE PROJECT USING INCOME APPROACH IN CIGARETTE FILTER COMPANY (PT CFC)

PT CFC, a cigarette filter manufacturer, sells the latest patent productcapsule cavity sensation filter to MNC Korea's cigarette factory. MNC delivered latestview forecast demand contract, of 356.75 million cigarette filters in totals, periodJanuary 2023 to July 2024, which to be marketed in Asia and the Commonwealth ofIndependent State (CIS) countries. Hence, to decide the feasibility of the project,requires research and analysis whether the project is profitable or detrimental.Objective of this research are to assist PT CFC in taking decision of those aboveproject, by using 2 approach methods, 1). Project Management, aiming to get an initialoutlay . 2). Financial Valuation through income approaches (Initial Outlay, cash flow,terminal cash flow, working capital, PP, IRR and NPV). From the research study, theInitial Outlay it cost GBP 1,552,410 which generating from project managementthrough LM (logic Model), WBS (work Breakdown Structure) and AP (ActivityPlan)). Annual cash flow will be minus at the 1year of project started, by GBP 185K, but in the 2nd year positive of GBP 832K, overall project during contractdemand period will positive of GBP 647K and terminal cash flow at the end of theproject delivered GBP 1.471K. By using CAPM method PT CFC required return18.01%, contribute from risk free return 3,509%, beta coefficient 1.27, and anannualized return 15%. Capital structure, planned and decided to using 100% equity,which resulting of WACC 18.01%. According to above data, financial valuation couldbe define, the Payback Period achieved 1.2 years. Internal Rate of Return counted350% higher compare to WACC 18.01%. Net present value positive of GBP 1.739K.Hence refers to valuation parameter above concluded that, the project investment wasfeasible and can be continued into project execution.

THE ISSUES OF ATTRACTING FOREIGN INVESTMENTS IN THE NATIONAL ECONOMY

This article analyzes foreign direct investments, investments in sectors and branches of the national economy, and existing problems in the Commonwealth of Independent States and Central Asian countries. Proposals and recommendations were also developed to improve the investment environment in Uzbekistan and increase the efficiency of attracting foreign direct investments. KEYWORDS: investment, investment environment, investment projects, stagnation, political conflicts, economy driver, socio-economic efficiency.

ИНФОРМАЦИОННЫЕ ТЕХНОЛОГИИ В ИНДУСТРИИ ГОСТЕПРИИМСТВА

The article discusses one of the dynamically developing areas of tourism -the hospitality industry. Over the past decades, the hotel industry in the Commonwealth of Independent States has shown annual growth. Competition provides an incentive to constantly improve the quality of services and create unique offers for their guests. The process of modernizing hotel services has captured every new hotel or hostel today. The main indicator of the choice of this hotel by a tourist and the annual increase in profits is the high quality of customer service. Information technology has made a real breakthrough in the hospitality industry. The rapid development of the hotel business in Kyrgyzstan came at a time when the influx of tourists to the country began to grow every year. Today, Kyrgyzstan in international tourism is taken seriously as a tourist country.