Common Type Of Anemia Research Articles

Exploitation of a Newly Characterized Metabolic-Cytoskeletal Axis for Effective Combination Therapy of Iron Restricted Anemia

The erythroid iron restriction response suppresses erythropoiesis in a lineage-selective manner. This response underlies two common types of anemia: anemia of chronic disease and inflammation (ACDI) and iron deficiency anemia (IDA). These anemias confer a major global disease burden, with no optimal therapies available for ACDI. An early step in this cellular response consists of inactivation of the iron-dependent aconitase enzymes. Supplying cells with the downstream product isocitrate abrogates the erythropoietic blockade caused by iron restriction. In several rodent anemia models isocitrate treatment has shown promise, but high intraperitoneal doses were needed, and benefits were transient. A critical aspect of the erythroid iron restriction response comprises progenitor resistance to erythropoietin (Epo), clinically reflected in poor patient responses to Epo treatment. Mechanistically, we have shown that iron deprivation decreases cell surface delivery of the Epo receptor (EpoR) and associated chaperones (Scribble and TfR2), in a manner reversible by isocitrate. To assess vesicular trafficking defects in erythroid iron restriction, primary human progenitors cultured in iron replete or restricted erythroid media underwent analysis of Golgi structure. Immunofluorescence microscopy (IF) for the markers Golgin97 and Giantin revealed Golgi dispersion in iron-restricted erythroid but not granulocytic cells, a defect reversed by isocitrate treatment. Supporting clinical relevance, Giantin immunostaining of human marrow samples identified erythroid Golgi disruption (>50% of cells) in 9/10 cases of ACDI versus 1/5 of non-anemic controls (P < 0.05 by Fisher's exact two-tailed test). The microtubule cytoskeleton, a key determinant of Golgi integrity, next was characterized in our culture system. IF for beta-tubulin showed extensive microtubule disassembly occurring within the first 16 hours of iron restriction, prior to changes in proliferation, differentiation and viability. Isocitrate treatment did not prevent the initial collapse at 16 hours but induced microtubule recovery between 24 and 48 hours of iron restriction. For clinical corroboration, red cells (RBC) from patients with IDA and non-anemic controls underwent IF for remnant microtubule fragments that have been identified in human erythrocytes. IDA RBC displayed loss of microtubule remnants in most cells (81% vs 19% of controls, P < 0.005, Student t), recapitulating changes described in human RBC treated with nocodazole, a microtubule disruptor. Microtubule stability is determined by the balance of stabilizing vs destabilizing microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs). Interrogation of human erythroid proteomic datasets highlighted selective deficiency in annotated stabilizing factors. Studies >25 yrs ago described isolation from chicken RBC of a microtubule-bundling factor syncolin, subsequently identified as ferritin heavy chain (FTH1). We thus assessed FTH1 as a potential iron-regulated stabilizing MAP. In our culture system, iron restriction rapidly suppressed, and isocitrate treatment fully restored, FTH1 protein levels. IF revealed co-localization of FTH1 with microtubules (Pearson R > 0.9). Lentiviral shRNA knockdowns of FTH1 in iron-replete progenitors recapitulated the phenotype of the erythroid iron restriction response eliciting impairments in growth, differentiation and microtubule integrity. FTH1 has numerous regulatory inputs, including multiple induction pathways for the metabolite fumarate. We examined the potential for synergy between isocitrate and fumarate in blocking the erythroid iron restriction response. In iron restricted progenitor cultures, weakly effective isocitrate doses clearly cooperated with ineffective fumarate doses to rescue differentiation (P < 0.05), FTH1 expression (P < 0.01), and microtubule integrity (P < 0.005). A prior roadblock with isocitrate treatment of anemia was poor oral efficacy. We thus tested oral efficacy of combined isocitrate and fumarate using a clinically feasible dosing regimen in murine ACDI associated with chronic injection of killed Brucella abortus. The metabolites in combination, but not separately, induced a complete and sustained correction in anemia (P < 0.005 in 2/2 trials). Thus, combined metabolite targeting of a novel FTH1-microtubule axis offers a new and effective therapy for iron restricted anemia. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

Study of anemia in hospitalised infants with special reference to its risk factors

Background: Anemia is a major nutritional problem in India. Anemia in infancy and early childhood affects growth and development and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence, severity and types of anemia and study the risk factors for anemia in hospitalised infants. Methods: A prospective study was conducted at a tertiary care hospital in Western India from July 2016 to December 2017. Complete hemogram of all hospitalised infants between 6-12 months of age was done and those with haemoglobin levels<11g/dl were considered anemic. Results: Out of 206 hospitalised infants,131(63.6%) had anemia. Male: female ratio was1.3:1. The most common illness for which they were admitted was respiratory tract infections.35.1% of the anemic infants had low birth weight, 19.1% were born prematurely and 59.5% had a history of maternal anemia. Only 42% were exclusively breast fed till 6 months of age and improper complementary feeding practices was observed in 61.8% of infants. Mild, moderate and severe anemia was seen in 41.2%, 50.4% and 8.4% infants respectively. The most common type of anemia was microcytic hypochromic anemia (67.2%). Conclusion: Anemia is a major problem in infants with a high prevalence. Most infants have mild to moderate anemia and the most common type is microcytic hypochromic anemia most likely due to iron deficiency. Preterm gestation, absence of exclusive breastfeeding, consumption of cow’s milk, improper complementary feeding practices and presence of maternal anemia were the risk factors found to be associated with development of anemia in the present study.

Anemia, hematinic deficiencies, hyperhomocysteinemia, and gastric parietal cell antibody positivity in atrophic glossitis patients with vitamin B12 deficiency

Our previous study found that 56 of 1064 atrophic glossitis (AG) patients have vitamin B12 deficiency. This study assessed whether the AG patients with vitamin B12 deficiency (B12D/AG patients) had significantly higher frequencies of anemia, hematinic deficiencies, hyperhomocysteinemia, and serum gastric parietal cell antibody (GPCA) positivity than healthy control subjects. The blood hemoglobin (Hb) and serum iron, vitamin B12, folic acid, homocysteine, and GPCA levels in 56 B12D/AG patients and 532 healthy control subjects were measured and compared. We found that 56 B12D/AG patients had significantly lower mean blood Hb and serum iron levels as well as significantly higher mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and mean serum homocysteine level than healthy control subjects (all P-values<0.05). Moreover, 56 B12D/AG patients had significantly higher frequencies of macrocytosis (53.6%), blood Hb (64.3%), iron (26.8%), and folic acid (3.6%) deficiencies, hyperhomocysteinemia (89.3%), and serum GPCA positivity (55.4%) than 532 healthy control subjects (all P-values<0.005). In addition, of 36 anemic B12D/AG patients, 22 (61.1%) had pernicious anemia (PA), 6 (16.7%) had macrocytic anemia other than PA, 4 (11.1%) had normocytic anemia, 3 (8.3%) had iron deficiency anemia (IDA), and one (2.8%) had microcytic anemia other than IDA and thalassemia trait-induced anemia. We conclude that B12D/AG patients have significantly higher frequencies of macrocytosis, blood Hb, iron, and folic acid deficiencies, hyperhomocysteinemia, and serum GPCA positivity than healthy control subjects. PA is the most common type of anemia in our B12D/AG patients.

Anemia, hematinic deficiencies, hyperhomocysteinemia, and gastric parietal cell antibody positivity in atrophic glossitis patients with iron deficiency

Our previous study found that 180 of 1064 atrophic glossitis (AG) patients have iron deficiency. This study assessed whether all AG patients with iron deficiency (so-called ID/AG patients) had iron deficiency anemia (IDA) and evaluated whether the ID/AG patients had significantly higher frequencies of anemia, hematinic deficiencies, hyperhomocysteinemia, and serum gastric parietal cell antibody (GPCA) positivity than healthy control subjects. The blood hemoglobin (Hb) and serum iron, vitamin B12, folic acid, homocysteine, and GPCA levels in 180 ID/AG patients and 532 healthy control subjects were measured and compared. We found that 180 ID/AG patients had significantly lower mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and lower mean blood Hb and serum iron levels as well as significantly higher mean serum homocysteine level than healthy control subjects (all P-values<0.001). Moreover, 180 ID/AG patients had significantly higher frequencies of blood Hb (46.1%), serum iron (100.0%), vitamin B12 (8.3%), and folic acid (4.4%) deficiencies, hyperhomocysteinemia (16.1%), and serum GPCA positivity (31.1%) than 532 healthy control subjects (all P-values<0.001). In addition, of 83 anemic ID/AG patients, 9 (10.8%) had pernicious anemia, 40 (48.2%) had normocytic anemia, 30 (36.2%) had IDA, and 4 (4.8%) had thalassemia trait-induced anemia. We conclude that ID/AG patients had significantly higher frequencies of blood Hb, serum iron, vitamin B12, and folic acid deficiencies, hyperhomocysteinemia, and serum GPCA positivity than 532 healthy control subjects. Normocytic anemia is the most common type of anemia in ID/AG patients, followed by IDA, pernicious anemia, and thalassemia trait-induced anemia.

Upaya Penurunan Anemia pada Remaja Putri dengan Deteksi Dini dan Suplementasi Zat Besi pada Siswi Sekolah Menengah Kejuruan (SMK)

Iron deficiency anemia is the most common type of Anemia in Indonesia . The iron needs of adolescent girls aged 13-29 years are much higher than boys of the same age. Women iron intake is not only used to support growth, but is also used to replace the iron that is lost through the blood when menstruation every month. Therefore women are at risk for anemia. Anemia in adolescents will have a long impact on himself and the baby who will be born later. This activity is an effort to reduce the incidence of anemia in adolescents. In addition to knowing hemoglobin levels, this activity was also given information about anemia in adolescents and the consumption of iron supplements. The results of examination of hemoglobin levels in 16 female students (11.2%) out of a total of 142 female students were detected as having anemia. The results of this activity also showed an increase in the average hemoglobin level for these students from 10, 9 gr / dl to 11.7 gr / dl. In addition, the results of the examination after the intervention also showed that 8 female students who had anemia at the beginning then within one month had normal Hemoglobin levels (&gt; 12 gr / dl).Keyword: adolescent anemia, early detection, iron supplementation

Various scenarios for billing and remuneration of preoperative management of iron deficiency anemia in the German healthcare system

More than 30% of all patients undergoing surgery suffer from preoperative anemia. Iron deficiency anemia is the most common type of anemia. The diagnostics and treatment of iron deficiency anemia can be carried out before patients undergo surgery as an alternative to blood transfusion and is an interdisciplinary task. This article gives an overview of various billing modalities and payment arrangements for management of preoperative anemia in the German healthcare system.

A study on influence of iron deficiency anaemia over HbA1c levels

Background: Haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) is a glycated form of haemoglobin reflects average plasma glucose over the previous 8 to 12 weeks. HbA1c can be affected by multiple non-glycaemic parameters. Iron deficiency anaemia (IDA) is one among them which is the most common type of anaemia in India. However, reports on the effects of iron deficiency anaemia on HbA1c levels are inconsistent. Hence we conducted a study to find out the influence of iron deficiency anaemia over HbA1c levels. Methods: 120 patients confirmed to have iron deficiency anaemia were enrolled in this study. HbA1c levels were measured at baseline and 3 months after treatment, and these values were compared with those in the control population.Results: The mean baseline HbA1c level in anaemic patients (4.62%) was significantly lower than that in the control group (5.45%, P&lt;0.001). A significant increase was observed in the patients HbA1c levels at 3 months after treatment (5.82%, P&lt;0.001). There was a significant correlation observed between haemoglobin and HbA1c level (Coefficient of correlation=0.26, P&lt;0.01) in the study group before correction.Conclusions: In contrast to the observations of previous studies, ours showed that HbA1c levels increased with treatment of iron deficiency anaemia. This could be attributable to nutritional deficiency, racial-ethnic variations and/or certain unknown variables. Further studies are warranted.

Prevalence of anemia in school children in the age group of 8 to 14 years in Thiruvarur, Tamilnadu, India

Background: Iron deficiency is responsible for most of the nutritional anemia. Hemoglobin concentration is a reliable indicator of anemia at the population level, as opposed to clinical measures which are subjective and therefore have more room for error. Measuring Hemoglobin concentration is relatively easy and inexpensive, and this measurement is frequently used as a proxy indicator of iron deficiency. To study the association of certain risk factors with the prevalence of anemia in school children in the age group of 8-14 years.Methods: The study was conducted from April 2017 to March 2018 in Department of Paediatrics, Government Thiruvarur Medical College, Thiruvarur. The study population consisted of school children in the age group of 8 to 14 years fulfilling the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The sample size was 250. Complete hematological investigations was done to each child for differential diagnosis of anemia.Results: Majority of the children studied had a normal BMI 38.4% (n=96), 16.8% (n=42) were classified as overweight, 9.2% (n=23) were classified as obese. 22.8% (n=57) were classified as having thinness. 12.8% (n=32) were classified as having severe thinness. Of the 132 children with anemia, majority had mild anemia 64.39% (n=85) followed by moderate 28.03% (n=37) and severe anemia 7.58% (n=10). Of the 132 children with anemia, majority had mild anemia 64.39% (n=85) followed by moderate 28.03% (n=37) and severe anemia 7.58% (n=10).Conclusions: The prevalence of anemia was significantly higher in female children (64.91%) compared to male children (42.65%). The prevalence of anemia is highest in children with severe thinness (78.13%) followed by children with obesity (73.91%). The most common type of anemia in our study was iron deficiency anemia. Majority of the children were suffering from anemia of mild severity. There was no statistically significant correlation between the prevalence of anemia in children and age and socioeconomic status.

A Review on Iron-Refractory Iron-Deficiency Anemia

Anemia is a common and predominant blood disorder globally, in which the level of hemoglobin or healthy red blood cells are abnormally lower. The most common type of anemia is iron-deficiency anemia (IDA), and the treatment is iron supplementation to the individuals. In some conditions, the iron supplementation does not alter the hemoglobin range, which means the iron given is not taken up by the body of the individual. This condition is found to be iron-refractory IDA (IRIDA). It is the genetic condition, in which the hepcidin, an iron regulatory hormone expression is altered. IRIDA is a rare genetic disorder, which is autosomal recessive in inheritance pattern. Hepcidin alteration blocks the iron absorption, which in turn causes anemic condition. The transmembrane protease serine 6 (TMPRSS6) gene is involved in negative regulation of hepcidin along with the encoding of matriptase-2 enzyme, which is crucial for iron balance in the human body. Matriptase-2 regulates the iron homeostasis by balancing the hepcidin hormone. The genetic polymorphisms in the TMPRSS6 gene result in this a rare type of anemic condition. Therefore, this review particularly focuses on the IRIDA and TMPRSS6 gene, hepcidin, and matriptase-2 enzyme. The review on IRIDA is being found to be important since the clear metabolism of hepcidin and matriptase-2 in iron metabolism are still unclear.

The prevalence and determinants of anaemia in Jordan.

Anaemia is a global public health problem particularly in low- and middle-income countries and may be associated with serious health consequences. Limited studies, if any, have examined the prevalence and risk factors of anaemia in Jordan at the national level. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of anaemia in Jordan for both sexes at the national level and to identify high-risk population subgroups. A national population-based household sample was selected from the 12 governorates of Jordan in 2017. A total of 1125 males and 2797 females aged between 18 and 90 years were included. The prevalence of anaemia, overall and among subgroups of the population was estimated using Hb level as per WHO definition. Results showed prevalence of anaemia to be 4.9% in males, 19.3% in non-pregnant females, and 27.4% in pregnant females. The age standardized prevalence rates were 4.9% in males and 19.3% in females. The age standardized prevalence rates were 4.9% in males and 19.3% in females. Anaemia was predominantly mild (males: 81%, non-pregnant females: 57%, and pregnant females: 65.2%). Sex, age, region, marital status, and education were significantly associated with anaemia. Iron deficiency anaemia (IDA) accounted for 68% of anaemic females and 38% of anaemic males. The prevalence of anaemia in Jordan is lower than previously reported by WHO and the majority of anaemia was mild. Iron deficiency anaemia was the the most common type of anaemia, particularly in females. Flour fortification with iron and folic acid could have accounted for the decline of anaemia in Jordan.

Molecular perspective of iron uptake, related diseases, and treatments.

Iron deficiency anemia and anemia of chronic disorders are the most common types of anemia. Disorders of iron metabolism lead to different clinical scenarios such as iron deficiency anemia, iron overload, iron overload with cataract and neurocognitive disorders. Regulation of iron in the body is a complex process and different regulatory proteins are involved in iron absorption and release from macrophages into hematopoietic tissues. Mutation in these regulatory genes is the most important cause of iron refractory iron deficiency anemia (IRIDA). This review provides a glance into the iron regulation process, diseases related to iron metabolism, and appropriate treatments at the molecular level.

Association of Zinc Deficiency with Iron Deficiency Anemia and its Symptoms: Results from a Case-control Study.

Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is the most common type of anemia. Impaired iron absorption can be caused by a decrease in trace elements as zinc, which is found in the structure of enzymes that coordinate or catalyst iron metabolism. The aim of this study is to detect if zinc deficiency is associated with IDA and to determine the effect of associated zinc deficiency on symptoms of IDA in adult IDA patients. This case-control study included 30 IDA patients with matched healthy control group (n = 30) for age and sex. For each subject, the parameters were evaluated: hemoglobin (Hb); mean corpuscular volume (MCV), total iron binding capacity (TIBC), serum iron, serum ferritin (SF). Serum zinc levels were measured by atomic absorption method with the PerkinElmer Analyst. Symptoms attributed to iron deficiency or depletion, defined as fatigue, cardiopulmonary symptoms, mental manifestations, epithelial manifestations, and neuromuscular symptoms were recorded. Serum zinc levels were lower in IDA patients (43.4 ± 7.9 mg/dL) than in the control subjects (94.7 ± 16.75 mg/dL; p < 0.0001). Zinc deficiency was associated with worse cardiovascular symptoms (p = 0.04), epithelial symptoms (p = 0.027), and restless leg syndrome (p < 0.001) in patients with IDA. Measurement of zinc levels should be considered for IDA patients. With the help of our study, iron and zinc supplementation instead of only iron replacement may be considered in cases of iron deficiency particularly, in patients with severe epithelial dysfunctions. Further studies are still needed to evaluate the benefit of zinc and iron supplementation in IDA patients.

Prevalence of anemia in Brazilian adults and elderly.

To verify the prevalence of anemia in Brazilian adults and elderly. This is a cross-sectional study consisted of 8,060 subjects aged over 18 years old in all Brazilian states. We used data from laboratory tests of the Brazilian National Health Survey (Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde - PNS). The following indicators obtained by erythrogram were used: hemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), and red cell distribution width (RDW). Reference values of the World Health Organization (WHO) were used to determine anemia, which considers hemoglobin levels below 13.0 g/dL for men and less than 12.0 g/dL for women. Sociodemographic information was obtained by interview. The prevalence of anemia among Brazilian adults and elderly was 9.9%. Higher prevalence of anemia and more severe cases were found among women, elderly, people with low schooling, black skin color and residents of the North and Northeast regions. Normocytic normochromic anemia was the most common type of anemia (56.0%). The anemia prevalence found in the study was in agreement with the literature. It must be stressed that higher anemia prevalence was found in disadvantaged and older population. Considering the increase of the population over 60 years of age, interventions to prevent and treat anemia among adults and elderly is imperative in the health service network.

Comparative study of total dose infusion of iron and intramuscular iron administration in treatment of severe iron deficiency anemia during pregnancy

Background: Iron deficiency anemia is the most common type of anemia among pregnant women, especially in developing countries. Indeed, a majority of women in the reproductive age group in the developing countries are anemic even before conception; pregnancy only tends to intensify it further. Objective: to compare the effectiveness and safety of intramuscular and intravenous iron therapy in pregnant women with severe iron deficiency anemia. Patients and Methods: This study is an interventional randomized study, comparing the effect of intravenous and intramuscular iron therapy on pregnant women with severe anemia. Allocation of patients in either group (I.V & I.M) was sealed and enveloped. The study was conducted at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of General Helwan Hospital. Results: The results of our study proved that the intravenous iron, showed high effectiveness in the treatment of iron deficiency anemia during pregnancy. Nearly no side effects were detected and thus, it can be considered as a useful and alternative formulation for the treatment of iron deficiency. Conclusion: The present study proved that the severity of iron deficiency anemia affects the maternal outcome by increasing the risk of postpartum hemorrhage and also affects the fetal outcome by increasing the risk of preterm delivery and low birth weight.

Prevalence of anemia among 1st year MBBS students

Background: Nutritional anemia is the most common type of anemia in the world. Iron deficiency anemia is very common in India. Medical students may to suffer from anemia due to irregular eating habits due to the hectic study schedule. They also come from the different socioeconomic background. Aim and Objectives: The aim of the study was (1) to find out the presence or absence of anemia among male and female students of 1st year MBBS; (2) to determine the degree of anemia among male and female students; and (3) to study the presence of anemia among students of different nutritional status. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out among 150 1st year medical students aged between 18 and 25 years from October 1 to November 30 2013. Ethical approval was obtained from the ethical committee of the institution. The data were collected using case record form including general information, sign and symptoms of anemia, dietary habits, body mass index, general, and systemic examination. Hemoglobin was estimated by Sahli’s method. ESR was estimated by Westergren’s method. Red blood cell (RBC) count and blood indices, namely mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), and MCH concentration were also determined. All investigations were carried out at central lab Sree Balaji Medical College and Hospital, Chennai. Results: Hemoglobin was significantly decreased in males compared to females thus showing a greater prevalence of anemia among males compared to females. Furthermore, the presence of anemia was more among overweight students compared to those underweight. There may be a correlation between hemoglobin, ESR, RBC count, and blood indices indicating the presence or absence of anemia. Conclusion: There is a need for increased awareness among students on adopting healthy eating habits. Deworming also has to be carried out to prevent the occurrence of iron deficiency anemia. Treatment of anemia could significantly improve memory and academic performance of students.

A Study of Correlation Between Blood Groups and Anemia in Young Adults

Anaemia is a global nutritional problem common in developing countries. Most common type of anaemia is iron deficiency anaemia. Anaemia can be corrected by giving iron supplements and vitamins, but it has its own side effects when given on long term. So, this study aims to know whether there is any relation between blood group and occurrence of anaemia, so that preventive measures can be taken to combat anaemia in individuals who are more prone to it. Methodology The study is conducted on 198 MBBS students (males and females) who are in the age group of 18–25 years in Bidar institute of medical sciences, Bidar. Blood sample is taken using finger prick, under aseptic conditions and blood group is determined using glass slide method using antisera A, B and D. Hemoglobin concentration is estimated using Sahli's method. Results In our study we found that students with blood group B (24%)are more prone for anemia, followed by O (16%), AB (10%) and blood group A (8%). Blood group A almost resistant to anemia. Conclusion We can conclude that regular intake of iron and vitamin supplements could be suggested to the individuals who are more susceptible to anemia based on their blood groups.

Anemia, hematinic deficiencies, and hyperhomocysteinemia in gastric parietal cell antibody-positive and -negative atrophic glossitis patients

Approximately 27% of atrophic glossitis (AG) patients have the serum gastric parietal cell antibody (GPCA) positivity. This study assessed whether the serum GPCA or AG itself was a significant factor causing anemia, hematinic deficiencies, and hyperhomocysteinemia in GPCA-positive AG (GPCA+AG) and GPCA-negative AG (GPCA-AG) patients. The mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and mean blood hemoglobin (Hb), iron, vitamin B12, folic acid, and homocysteine levels were measured and compared between any two of three groups of 284 GPCA+AG, 780 GPCA-AG patients, and 532 healthy control subjects. Both 284 GPCA+AG and 780 GPCA-AG patients had significantly higher frequencies of microcytosis, macrocytosis, blood Hb, iron, vitamin B12, and folic acid deficiencies, and hyperhomocysteinemia than 532 healthy control subjects. Moreover, 284 GPCA+AG patients had significantly higher frequencies of macrocytosis, vitamin B12 deficiency, and hyperhomocysteinemia than 780 GPCA-AG patients. Sixty-three (22.2%) of 284 GPCA+AG patients and 139 (17.8%) of 780 GPCA-AG patients had anemia. The normocytic anemia (42.9%), pernicious anemia (34.9%), and iron deficiency anemia (15.9%) were the three most common types of anemia in the 63 anemic GPCA+AG patients. Moreover, the normocytic anemia (64.8%), iron deficiency anemia (14.4%), and thalassemia trait-induced anemia (13.7%) were the three most common types of anemia in 139 anemic GPCA-AG patients. The disease of AG itself is a significant factor causing anemia, hematinic deficiencies, and hyperhomocysteinemia in both GPCA+AG and GPCA-AG patients. The serum GPCA also plays a significant role in causing macrocytosis, vitamin B12 deficiency, and hyperhomocysteinemia in GPCA+AG patients.

Consequences and prevalence of iron deficiency anemia in adult women of Sultanpur district

Anemia is a decrease in the total amount of red blood cells (RBCs) or hemoglobin in the blood, or a lowered ability of the blood to carry oxygen. When anemia comes on slowly, the symptoms are often vague and may include feeling tired, weakness, shortness of breath or a poor ability to exercise. Anemia that comes on quickly often has greater symptoms, which may include confusion, feeling like one is going to pass out, loss of consciousness, or increased thirst. Anemia must be significant before a person becomes noticeably pale. Additional symptoms may occur depending on the underlying cause.Anemia is a condition characterized by a reduction in the total circulating haemoglobin. There are different types of anemia, which are classified according to the causes of the anemia: a default in the production of red blood cells may be attributable to an iron, vitamin B12 or folate deficiency. Excessive destruction of red blood cells because of chronic diseases of nutritional, infective, metabolic or genetic origin leads to anaemia. Iron deficiency anaemia (IDA) is the commonest type of anemia. Among women, IDA is common during childbearing years and particularly during pregnancy due increased demand of iron and folic acid. This leads to maternal and infant morbidity and mortality. IDA causes pallor, weakness and tiredness. This disorder has a negative impact on immune status and physical work capacity. It can impair cognitive performance in all individuals. The main risk factors of IDA are: inadequate iron intake (due to an iron-deficient diet or in adequate absorption), increased iron requirements and blood loss. Indeed, the daily diet must include sufficient amounts of high bio available iron. This study was performed to determine the consequences and prevalence of iron deficiency anemia in adults women in Sultanpur city. The research survey method was used for the collection of data. Result showed thatmaximum 65 per cent of respondents were know about anemia while minimum 35 per cent respondents were not know about anemia.

Clinical profile of severe anemia in adolescents from a hilly terrain tertiary care hospital in north India

Introduction: Adolescence is a vulnerable period for development of anemia. Anemia in adolescence has serious implications for a wide range of outcomes. It causes reduced resistance to infection, impaired physical growth and mental development, reduced physical fitness, work capacity and school performance. Objectives: The aim of the present study was to study the clinical profile of the adolescents (10-18 years) admitted with severe anemia. Methods: A hospital based retrospective study was conducted in the Department of Pediatrics, Dr Rajendra Prasad Government Medical College Kangra, a tertiary care institute in North India, during the period from January 2015 to December 2016. The participants in our study were the adolescent patients (10-18 years) admitted with primary diagnosis of severe anemia (Hemoglobin <7gm %). The diagnosis of type of anemia was based on hematological indices and red cell morphology on peripheral smear. Results: There were 39 patients admitted with severe anemia. This constituted 1.90% of all the admissions during the study period. The mean age of the patients was 14.97 (± 1.86) years and the mean hemoglobin was 4.66 (± 1.28) gm%. There was a female preponderance with 66.67% females as against 33.33% males. Megaloblastic anemia was the most common type of anemia (52.28%) followed by iron deficiency anemia (30.77%) and dimorphic anemia (15.38%). All of the patients belonged to poor socioeconomic status and most of them (89.74%) were vegetarian. Conclusion: Although iron deficiency anemia is the most common type of anemia in India, yet in adolescents megaloblastic and dimorphic anemia should be looked for whenever the adolescents present with severe anemia especially in the setting of malnutrition and dietary inadequacy.

Frequency, types, and treatment of anemia in Turkish patients with inflammatory bowel disease.

AIMTo specify the type and prevalence of anemia along with a treatment approach for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).METHODSWe conducted a retrospective study on 465 patients who were diagnosed with IBD and followed up at our hospital from June 2015 to June 2016 [male: 254, female: 211; average age: 47 ± 14.4; Crohn’s disease (CD): 257, Ulcerative Colitis (UC): 208]. Epidemiological and clinical data, such as sex, age, age of diagnosis, type of IBD, disease extension, disease behavior and duration, treatments for IBD and anemia, and surgical history were obtained for each patient. Per World Health Organization guidelines, anemia was diagnosed for males if hemoglobin values were less than 13 g/dL and for females if hemoglobin values were less than 12 g/dL.RESULTSWe determined that 51.6% of the patients had anemia, which was more frequent in women then men (64% vs 41.3%, P < 0.001). Anemia frequency was higher in CD cases (57.6%) than in UC cases (44.2%) (P = 0.004). CD involvements were as follows: 48.2% in ileal involvement, 19% in colonic involvement, and 32.8% in ileocolonic involvement. Furthermore, 27.5% of UC patients had proctitis (E1) involvement, 41% of them had involvement in left colitis (E2), and 31.5% had pancolitis involvement. There was no significant relationship between anemia frequency and duration of disease (P = 0.55). Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) was the most common type of anemia in this cohort. Moreover, because anemia parameters have not been evaluated during follow-up of 15.3% of patients, the etiology of anemia has not been clarified. Fifty percent of patients with anemia received treatment. Twenty-three percent of IDA patients had oral iron intake and forty-one percent of IDA patients had parenteral iron treatment. Fifty-three percent of patients who were suffering from megaloblastic anemia received B12/folic acid treatment.CONCLUSIONWe found out that almost half of all IBD patients (51.6%) had anemia, the most frequent of which was IDA. Almost half of these patients received treatment. We should increase the treatment rate in our IBD patients that have anemia.