Common Reservoir Research Articles

The Efficacy of a Trivalent Inactivated Salmonella Vaccine Combined with the Live S. Gallinarum 9R Vaccine in Young Layers after Experimental Infections with S. Enteritidis, S. Typhimurium, and S. Infantis.

Worldwide, poultry infections by Salmonella are the cause of significant economic losses, not only due to reduced production (due to fowl typhoid disease), but also considering the efforts and control measures that must be constantly applied, especially due to zoonotic serovars. Poultry is a common reservoir of Salmonella and its transmission into the food chain is a risk for humans. The vaccination of layers plays an important role in the overall efforts to prevent Salmonella infections. An inactivated trivalent vaccine was prepared with S. Enteritidis, S. Typhimurium, and S. Infantis strains. Infection trials were performed to evaluate the efficacy of three vaccination schedules using inactivated and live S. Gallinarum 9R vaccines. For this purpose, at week 5 of life, one subcutaneous dose of live S. Gallinarum 9R vaccine (1–5 × 107 CFU) was given to Groups 1 and 2. At weeks 8 and 11 of life, chickens were also vaccinated with one (Group 1) or two (Groups 2 and 3) intramuscular doses of the inactivated oil-adjuvant trivalent vaccine (1 × 108 CFU/dose of each antigen). Group 4 consisted of chickens that remained unvaccinated (control). At week 14 of life, the efficacy of the vaccination plans was evaluated in three separate inoculation trials with S. Enteritidis, S. Typhimurium, or S. Infantis. After vaccination with the inactivated vaccine, homologous antibody production was observed, and after challenge, a significant reduction in the faecal shedding, invasion, and colonization of S. Typhimurium and S. Infantis was achieved by all vaccination schedules, while the vaccination with at least one dose of the live S. Gallinarum 9R vaccine was necessary to obtain such a significant protection against S. Enteritidis infection.

The combined impact of trimethyloctadecylammonium chloride and sodium fluoride on cycle life and energy efficiency of soluble lead-acid flow battery

The development and commercialization of SLRFB is obstructed due to its limited cycle life. The cycle life is prevented due to the formation of Pb dendrites, sluggish kinetics of Pb+2/PbO2 redox species, partial reversibility of PbO2, and O2 evolution during charging. SLRFB has common electrolyte reservoir, therefore, it is desirable to add both anode and cathode benefitting additives together in the electrolyte. But, such kind of study is very limited in the literature. By considering this, first time, the present work demonstrates the combined effect of trimethyloctadecylammonium chloride and NaF/LiF as electrolyte additives on the electrochemical performance and cycle life of SLRFB. Compared with the pristine electrolyte, the kinetics and reversibility of Pb2+/PbO2 redox couple are improved in the presence of additives. Both Pb and PbO2 electrodeposits are smooth, compact and uniform in the presence of additives. The lifespan of SLRFB without any additive is limited to 45 charge/discharge cycles due to shorting of the electrodes. The CE has been decreased from 93 % to 74 % in 46th cycles at a charging current density of 20 mA cm2. However, in the presence of additives, the cell has been successfully cycled for over 500 cycles with an average CE, VE and EE of 94 %, 78 % and 74 % respectively. The cell also showed the maximum specific capacity 50 mAh cm−2 over 100 cycles when cycled at 50 mA cm2 current density for 1 h, such high current density operation is very scarce in the literature.

Two-Stage Differential Hydrocarbon Enrichment Mode of Maokou Formation in Southeastern Sichuan Basin, Southwestern China

Abstract Sichuan Basin is one of the most potential areas for natural gas exploration and development in China. The Maokou Formation in the basin is one of the important gas-bearing layers in southeastern Sichuan. In recent years, several exploration wells have obtained industrial gas flow in the first member of the Middle Permian Maokou Formation (hereinafter referred to as the Permian Mao-1 member of Maokou Formation), revealing that it may become a new field of oil and gas exploration in Sichuan Basin. Drilling and field survey results show that the shale of Maokou Formation in southeastern Sichuan contains eyeball-shaped limestone. Early studies suggest that the Permian Mao-1 member of Maokou Formation in Sichuan Basin is a set of high-quality carbonate source rocks, but ignoring its oil and gas exploration potential as an unconventional shale reservoir similar to the shale. The enrichment regularity of unconventional natural gas has not been studied from the perspective of source-internal accumulation. And there is a lack of analysis of oil and gas enrichment mode. In this study, we took the Permian Mao-1 member of Maokou Formation in southeastern Sichuan as the target layer. Through macroscopic outcrop observation and geochemical analysis and based on unconventional oil and gas enrichment theory, we carried out a study on natural gas enrichment mode of eyeball-shaped limestone of the Permian Mao-1 member of Maokou Formation in Sichuan Basin. The results show that the hydrocarbon enrichment pattern of the Maokou Formation in southeastern Sichuan is different from the accumulation and occurrence process of common unconventional shale gas reservoirs and conventional carbonate reservoirs. It is a special new hydrocarbon accumulation mode between the above two. According to the difference in the charging time of the hydrocarbon, the background of the reservoiring dynamics, and the occurrence state of oil and gas, we divide the two-stage differential enrichment mode of oil and gas, that is, “early intralayer near-source enrichment” and “late interlayer pressure relief adjustment.”

Epidemiological Manifestation of Combined Natural Foci of Tularemia, Leptospirosis and Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome: Mixed Infections

Epidemiological Manifestation of Combined Natural Foci of Tularemia, Leptospirosis and Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome: Mixed Infections

Using the Flowing Material Balance Model to Determine Which Wells Out of a Group of Wells belong to the Same Common Pool

Summary In order to properly conduct material balance calculations, the wells must be producing from the same reservoir. Identification and grouping of wells in a common reservoir can be a challenging task. Based on the flowing material balance (FMB), a methodology was developed that utilizes a well’s flow rate and flowing pressure history to identify which wells belong in the same reservoir, and which do not. This methodology, called the FMB model, continuously converts the flowing pressures and rates of each well into the average reservoir pressure. If these average reservoir pressure trends overlap, it indicates that the wells are in the same reservoir. If any of the trends are different, then those wells belong to different reservoirs. The average reservoir pressure is determined in two ways. The first is from the productivity index (PI) and the flowing rates and pressures of that well. The second is from the material balance equation for the total production of the group of wells. These two average reservoir pressure trends will track over time if the well grouping is properly defined (i.e., all the wells in that grouping belong to the same reservoir), and if the correct hydrocarbon in place is used. The FMB model can additionally be used to history match the flowing pressure of each well (using the flow rate as a control) or to match the flow rate of each well (using the flowing pressure as a control). These visual history matches increase our confidence in the interpretation of the FMB and can be used to investigate the sensitivity of magnitude of the hydrocarbons in place. One field study consisting of three adjacent gas wells, coming on production at different times, and some of the wells not having a reliable initial pressure, illustrates clearly which wells are in the same reservoir and which ones are not, and yields the correct values of original gas in place.

Work costs and operating regimes for different manners of system-reservoir interactions via collision model

In this work, we study effects of different types of system-reservoir interactions on work costs and operating regimes of thermal machines by considering a quantum system consisting of two subsystems embedded in both independent and common reservoirs. The model allows us to make a contrast between three configurations of system-reservoir interactions, namely, the three-body one, the two-body one with and without intrasystem interaction between two subsystems. After establishing general formulations of thermodynamics quantities, we derive specific forms of heat and work with respect to these three configurations based on a model with two coupled qubits. It is shown that both the amount and sign of work are closely related to ways of system-reservoir interactions, by which six types of operating regimes of machines are constructed for a given setting. We find that different modes of system-reservoir interactions lead to different numbers of operating regimes of machines on the one hand, and on the other hand machines of the same kinds can appear in different scenarios of system-reservoir interactions, but which one is superior over others relies on intervals of parameters. A possible implementation of the setup based on the platform of circuit quantum electrodynamics is discussed briefly. We then generalize the bipartite model to multipartite case and derive the corresponding formulations of thermodynamics quantities. Our results indicate that interacting manners of system-reservoir play an important role in modifying thermodynamics process and can thus be utilized in designing quantum thermal machines with requisite functions.

NTH2 1271_1272delTA Gene Disruption Results in Salt Tolerance in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Trehalose is a common energy reservoir, and its accumulation results in osmotic protection. This sugar can accumulate through its synthesis or slow degradation of the reservoir by trehalase enzymes. Saccharomyces cerevisiae contains two neutral trehalases, NTH1 and NTH2, responsible for 75% and 25% of the enzymatic metabolism. We were interested in the loss-of-function of both enzymes with CRISPR/Cas9. The later NTH2 was of great importance since it is responsible for minor metabolic degradation of this sugar. It was believed that losing its functionality results in limited osmotic protection. We constructed an osmotolerant superior yeast capable of growing in 0.85 M NaCl after independent nth21271_1272delTA mutation by CRISPR/Cas9 technology, compared with nth1 893_894insT and wild type. We suggest that this yeast model could give clues to breeding commercial yeast resulting in non-GMO salinity-tolerant strains.

Streptococcus suis in Pigs and Environs: A Cross-sectional Study

Streptococcus suis has been reported as the most causative agent of streptococcal infection of pigs and humans among the pig farmers in Nigeria, although the common reservoir of this infection is not really specified. This study was carried out to x-ray the cross-sectional study of S. suis among pigs and environs. A total of 430 samples were drawn from different sources (nasal swab, pork, pig droppings, pig feeds, bioaerosol), and screened for the presence of Streptococcus suis using standard microbiological techniques. The isolates obtained were characterized using their morphological and biochemical characteristics. The study revealed the presence of Streptococcus suis Q, Streptococcus suis R, Streptococcus suis S and Streptococcus suis Y, of which the isolates were significantly (α˂0.05) seen most in nasal swab samples whereas the isolates were seen least in pig feed samples. Streptococcus suis Q was most significantly (α˂0.05) seen among the samples whereas S. suis R was seen least. From the study, S. suis was seen in the studied samples and it was harbored most in nasal samples, and S. suis Q was seen most in the studied samples.

Sulfur isotope systematics of granitoids from the Yilgarn Craton sheds new light on the fluid reservoirs of Neoarchean orogenic gold deposits

The identification of the fluid reservoirs of Neoarchean orogenic gold deposits is crucial for understanding the sulfur cycle through the lithosphere and improving exploration strategies to spark new discoveries. Recently, the analysis of Mass-Independent Fractionated Sulfur (MIF-S) isotope signatures of sulfides from gold-bearing assemblages has revealed that (i) at least some of the sulfur in the mineralizing fluids had previously interacted with the Archean oxygen-free atmosphere, and (ii) such fluids were commonly sourced from homogeneous reservoirs at depth. However, the nature and spatial distribution of such reservoirs has so far remained elusive as the lithological and compositional variation of the deep Archean lithosphere remains poorly constrained.In this study, we focused on the sulfur isotope composition of granitoids, which can represent a proxy for constraining the signature of lower crustal sulfur reservoirs. We analyzed granitoids distributed throughout the Archean Yilgarn Craton of Western Australia, demonstrating that most of them carry MIF-S signatures. In view of recent studies on the genesis of granitoids advocating for magma formation through infra-crustal melting at mid- to lower-crustal regions, MIF-S signatures in granitoids indicate the presence of supracrustal sulfur transported to deep crustal levels and incorporated into the bulk melt sources. Furthermore, the spatial distribution of MIF-S signatures in the granitoids mimics that of Nd and Hf radiogenic isotopes and identifies homogeneous domains that coincide with the current terrane subdivision of the Yilgarn Craton and reflect the cratonic crustal evolution and lithospheric architecture. Because this spatial distribution in MIF-S signatures is also reflected in Neoarchean orogenic gold deposits, it implies a common sulfur reservoir. Therefore, we suggest that the mineralizing fluids exsolved from melts originated through the reworking of deep crustal regions, possibly with the contribution of portions of metasomatized mantle lithosphere.

Exact Time Evolution of Genuine Multipartite Correlations for N-Qubit Systems in a Common Thermal Reservoir

We investigate the dynamical evolution of genuine multipartite correlations for N-qubits in a common reservoir considering a non-dissipative qubits-reservoir model. We derive an exact expression for the time-evolved density matrix by modeling the reservoir as a set of infinite harmonic oscillators with a bilinear form of interaction Hamiltonian. Interestingly, we find that the choice of two-level systems corresponding to an initially correlated multipartite state plays a significant role in potential robustness against environmental decoherence. In particular, the generalized W-class Werner state shows robustness against the decoherence for an equivalent set of qubits, whereas a certain generalized GHZ-class Werner state shows robustness for inequivalent sets of qubits. It is shown that the genuine multipartite concurrence (GMC), a measure of multipartite entanglement of an initially correlated multipartite state, experiences an irreversible decay of correlations in the presence of a thermal reservoir. For the GHZ-class Werner state, the region of mixing parameters for which there exists GMC, shrinks with time and with increase in the temperature of the thermal reservoir. Furthermore, we study the dynamical evolution of the relative entropy of coherence and von-Neumann entropy for the W-class Werner state.

The effects of common reservoirs on the performance of an autonomous three-level quantum refrigerator

We study the effects of common reservoirs on the performance of an autonomous three-level quantum refrigerator. We show that the common reservoirs can result not only in additional transitions but also different types of interferences between them. For the case that the sole object to be cooled is a cold reservoir, it turns out that the cooling power can be greatly enhanced by the common reservoirs as well as by the induced interference. For the configuration that the refrigerator acts on both the cold reservoir and a qubit, we find that though the common reservoirs can improve the cooling power, which instead is detrimental to the cooling of the qubit. The interference also manifests different effects on the cooling of the cold reservoir and the qubit. Our results provide an evidence of possibility on applying the common reservoirs to enhance the performance of the refrigerator.

Low occurrence of multi-antimicrobial and heavy metal resistance in Salmonella enterica from wild birds in the United States.

Wild birds are common reservoirs of Salmonella enterica. Wild birds carrying resistant S. enterica may pose a risk to public health as they can spread the resistant bacteria across large spatial scales within a short time. Here, we whole-genome sequenced 375 S. enterica strains from wild birds collected in 41 U.S. states during 1978-2019 to examine bacterial resistance to antibiotics and heavy metals. We found that Typhimurium was the dominant S. enterica serovar, accounting for 68.3% (256/375) of the bird isolates. Furthermore, the proportions of the isolates identified as multi-antimicrobial resistant (multi-AMR: resistant to at least three antimicrobial classes) or multi-heavy metal resistant (multi-HMR: resistant to at least three heavy metals) were both 1.87% (7/375). Interestingly, all the multi-resistant S. enterica (n= 12) were isolated from water birds or raptors; none of them was isolated from songbirds. Plasmid profiling demonstrated that 75% (9/12) of the multi-resistant strains carried resistance plasmids. Our study indicates that wild birds do not serve as important reservoirs of multi-resistant S. enterica strains. Nonetheless, continuous surveillance for bacterial resistance in wild birds is necessary because the multi-resistant isolates identified in this study also showed close genetic relatedness with those from humans and domestic animals.

Reservoir crowding in a totally asymmetric simple exclusion process with Langmuir kinetics

We study a totally asymmetric simple exclusion process equipped with Langmuir kinetics with boundaries connected to a common reservoir. The total number of particles in the system is conserved and controlled by filling factor μ. Additionally, crowding of reservoir is taken into account which regulates the entry and exit of particles from both boundary as well as bulk. In the framework of mean-field approximation, we express the density profiles in terms of Lambert-W functions and obtain phase diagrams in α−β parameter space. Further, we elucidate the variation of phase diagram with respect to filling factor and Langmuir kinetics. In particular, the topology of the phase diagram is found to change in the vicinity of μ=1. Moreover, the interplay between reservoir crowding and Langmuir kinetics develops a novel feature in the form of back-and-forth transition. The theoretical phase boundaries and density profiles are validated through extensive Monte Carlo simulations.

Entropy squeezing for a generalized amplitude damping model

We study the evolution of the squeezing quantified by entropy squeezing in an amplitude damping model consisting of N noninteracting qubits coupled to a common reservoir. We demonstrate that even in the Markovian regime the squeezing of considered qubit system can be effectively protected by selecting the number of qubits in reservoir. Especially, the steady squeezing of a qubit system can be obtained for the Markivan and non-Markovian regimes. The corresponding physical mechanism for enhancing the squeezing is also given. We also compare the differences between the considered amplitude damping model and other two types of amplitude damping models for the conditions of squeezing-protection, and find that although one use different methods to improve the squeezing they can be explained by a unified physical mechanism.

Speckle tracking assessment of the atrial function in patients with systemic sclerosis

Abstract Background Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by small vessel vasculopathy, autoantibodies production and exaggerated extracellular matrix deposition, leading to extensive tissue fibrosis. Cardiac involvement in SSc, albeit often asymptomatic, is frequent and represents a negative prognostic factor. Speckle tracking global longitudinal strain (GLS) has proved itself to be an effective tool to identify the presence and the progression of subclinical SSc-related cardiomyopathy. The aim of our study was to assess whether SSc-related cardiomyopathy affects not only the ventricles but also the right (RA) and left atria (LA) in patients with SSc and no overt cardiac disease nor pulmonary hypertension. Materials and methods Observational prospective study enrolling all consecutive patients with SSc age- and gender-matched 1:1 to healthy controls. Patients with structural heart disease, heart failure, atrial fibrillation and pulmonary hypertension were excluded. For every patient, standard echocardiographic parameters and speckle-tracking derived variables were registered. The reservoir function (from the end of ventricular contraction to mitral valve opening), conduit function (from mitral valve opening through the onset of atrium contraction) and contraction function (from the onset of atrium contraction to the end of ventricular diastole) were assessed via GLS. Zero strain reference was set at left ventricular end diastole. Results Fifty-two SSc patients and 52 matched controls were consecutively enrolled. Left ventricular ejection fraction (66.5%±7.4% vs. 66.1%±5.9%; p=ns) right fractional area change (49.4%±9.6% vs. 49.2%±9.2%; p=ns) and mean sPAP (29.0%±5.3% vs. 24.4%±4.1%; p=ns) were well within the normal range and similar between SSc patients and controls. Right atrial reservoir function (35.0%±7.3% vs. 42.3%±8.5%; p=.024) and contraction function (14.8%±4.3% vs. 18.5%±4.1%; p=.034) were significantly lower in SSc patients when compared to matched controls. No difference was seen in right atrial conduit function or left atrial strain. In patients with SSc, RA reservoir (r=.194; p=.033) and conduit function (r=.174; p=.036) were directly associated to right ventricular GLS. LA reservoir (r=.260; p=.008) and conduit function (r=.271; p=.006) were directly associated with left ventricular GLS. No association was observed between contraction function and GLS in both left and right chambers. Moreover, RA and LA reservoir (r=.358; p=.02), conduit (r=.525; p=.004) and contraction functions (r=.30; p=.0.18) were directly correlated. Conclusions While no significant difference was seen between cases and controls in terms of common echocardiographic parameters, RA reservoir and contraction function assessed through GLS were significantly impaired in patients with SSc. The correlation between impaired atrial and ventricular GLS in SSc may represent another indirect evidence of SSc-related heart global involvement. Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding sources: None.

Implementation and design of customized ex vivo machine perfusion. Analysis of its first results.

The lack of organs available for transplantation is a global problem. The high mortality rates on the waiting list and the high number of discarded livers are reasons to develop new tools in the preservation and transplantation process. New tools should also be available for low-income countries. This article reports the development of customized normothermic machine perfusion (NMP). An ex vivo dual perfusion machine was designed, composed of a common reservoir organ box (CRO), a centrifugal pump (portal system, low pressure), and a roller pump (arterial system, high pressure). Porcine livers (n=5) were perfused with an oxygenated normothermic (37℃) strategy for 3hours. Hemodynamic variables, metabolic parameters, and bile production during preservation were analyzed. Arterial and portal flow remain stable during perfusion. Total bilirubin production was 11.25mL (4-14.5) at 180minutes. The median pH value reached 7.32 (7.25-7.4) at 180minutes. Lactate values decreased progressively to normalization at 120minutes. This perfusion setup was stable and able to maintain the metabolic activity of a liver graft in a porcine animal model. Design and initial results from this customized NMP are promising for a future clinical application in low-income countries.

Geochemical and Isotope Characterisation of Thermo-Mineral Springs of Corsica Island: From Geological Complexity to Groundwater Singularity

Understanding hydrogeological processes at the origin of thermal and mineral groundwater are necessary to ensure their sustainable management. However, many processes are involved in their genesis and often only one or two processes are investigated at the same time. Here, we propose to use an innovative combination of geochemical, isotopic (34S, 14C, 18O, 2H) and geothermometry tools to identify, for the first time in a multi-composite geological context, all processes at the origin of diversified thermo-mineral waters. 19 springs covering a wide range of temperature and chemical composition emerging on a restricted area of Corsica Island (France) were selected. Geochemical results highlight five geochemical provinces, suggesting a common origin for some of them. Geothermometry tools show the unexpected involvement of a common deep groundwater reservoir within this non-active zone. Water stable isotopes highlight a contrasted altitude in recharge areas supplying lowland springs. This suggests that different flow patterns have to be involved to explain the wide geochemical diversity observed and to allow the design of a very first conceptual groundwater-flow model. This paper demonstrates the efficiency of the combination of the selected tools as tracers of water–rock interaction, independently of flow depth, intrinsic water properties, geological conditions and interaction time disparities.

The reflectance spectra of CV–CK carbonaceous chondrites from the near-infrared to the visible

ABSTRACT Carbonaceous chondrite meteorites are so far the only available samples representing carbon-rich asteroids and in order to allow future comparison with samples returned by missions such as Hayabusa 2 and OSIRIS-Rex, it is important to understand their physical properties. Future characterization of asteroid primitive classes, some of them targeted by sample-return missions, requires a better understanding of their mineralogy, the consequences of the exposure to space weathering, and how both affect the reflectance behaviour of these objects. In this paper, the reflectance spectra of two chemically related carbonaceous chondrites groups, precisely the Vigrano (CVs) and Karoonda (CKs), are measured and compared. The available sample suite includes polished sections exhibiting different petrologic types: from 3 (very low degree of thermal metamorphism) to 5 (high degree of thermal metamorphism). We found that the reflective properties and the comparison with the Cg asteroid reflectance class point towards a common chondritic reservoir from which the CV–CK asteroids collisionally evolved. In that scenario, the CV and CK chondrites could be originated from 221 Eos asteroid family, but because of its collisional disruption, both chondrite groups evolved separately, experiencing different stages of thermal metamorphism, annealing, and space weathering.

Molecular identification of Hymenolepis spp. in diarrheal patients using RFLP/PCR technique for 18SS ribosomal RNA gene

Hymenolepis nana and Hymenolepis diminuta are worldwide zoonotic helminthes. Rats and mice are the common reservoir host of these tape worms, because of the less studies of the hymenolepidid genus in Iraqi peoples, this study was aimed to demonstrate the prevalence and genetic differentiation of H. nana and H. diminuta in diarrheal patients. A total 654 fecal samples were collected from patients severing from gastrointestinal symptoms. All the samples were examined by microscopy using wet mount methods to investigate the worms' eggs and the result shows 126/654 (19.2%) were positive for Hymenolepis spp.Also genetic analysis by RFLP/PCR using the common restriction enzymes Bg1I and BanII to differentiate between Hymenolepis nana and Hymenolepis diminuta, all the positive microscopically samples (126) were gave a band in 980 bp in their 18SS rRNA genes while “the two species of genus Hymenolepis se recognized in their 18SS rRNA genes dissolve with Bg1I and BanII restriction endonucleases”. It's understandable showed that Bg/I and Ban/II restriction enzymes may be used as an enzymes markers for Hymenolepis nana and Hymenolepis diminuta when the enzymes exceptionally fragmented the 18SS rRNA gene. Aim of the studyThis study was aimed to demonstrate the prevalence and genetic differentiation of H. nana and H. diminuta in diarrheal patients from Iraqi peoples.

Is Man the New Prospective Amplifying Host? Evolving Faces of SARS-CoV Dynamics and the Epidemiological Challenges

Introduction: The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has wreaked havoc across the globe. Health systems are grappling with an unprecedented pressure, as the highly virulent SARS-CoV-2 strain is spreading unhinged, under a yet to be understood selection pressure. To understand the underlying causes, and the rapidly evolving disease epidemiology, we need to look closely and comprehend the evolutionary dynamics of the Human Coronaviruses or the HCoV. Methods: The research about this narrative review was conducted using digital platforms like PubMed/Medline, Semantic Scholar, medXiriv, Google Scholars, NIH, EMBL repository, John Hopkins CSSE COVID-19 Data, ResearchGate, and all the mentioned published work, peer-reviewed research articles, and data, have been accessed using the same. Results: The global rise in COVID-19 incidence and the declining trend witnessed in CFR clearly indicates rapid adaptability of the virus across a widespread population encompassing varied genetic make-up, race, diversity, and others. The last two decades have witnessed two HCoV related epidemics viz. the highly pathogenic Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus or SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. While both instances reflect the suspected role of bats as the common reservoir host, the differing intermediate hosts and subsequent spill over to humans is alarming. Conclusions: Through this review, we hypothesise that large-scale pandemics such as this, with alarming instances of differential case incidence patterns in widely varied climatic and geographical conditions put forth the rapid genetic adaptability of coronaviruses. This raises further concerns of a prospective “amplifying-host” in man keeping in mind the widely prevalent asymptomatic silent carriers of COVID-19 currently present across the globe.