Common Part Research Articles

Study of Fiber Yielding Plants of Devchuli Municipality Ward no.13, Nawalparasi

Ethnobotany deals with the study of the use of plants by humans and the relation between humans and vegetations. The indigenous people around the world have established their own local knowledge on plant utility, management and conservation since time immemorial. It has attracted much attention in recent years. In Devchuli-13 (Daldale) area, local people depend on fiber yielding plants in their daily life because most of them do farming and rearing animals. These plants are mostly used while collecting fodder and dried tree branches from the near forest or pasture lands. The total of 52 fiber yielding plants species belonging to 45 genera and 24 families has been documented among them. Poaceae family with 17 species is largest. Large number of plant species found are herbs (about 39%) are herbs followed by trees, shrubs and climbers. Among these plant 21 species are mostly used by the local people. Most of these plants are used for making ropes baskets, mats followed by making brooms. The most common parts used are whole plant of herbs, stem/bark of trees (xylem, phloem, cortical fibers) while roots are very rarely used. Large number of highly valuable plants are reported which can improve the economic condition of people or creating the scope for small businesses. Documentation of ethnobotanical knowledge of traditional practices is gradually going to disappear from the elder to younger generations. So, proper documentation of fiber yielding plants with their economic value is very important. Addressing these set of skill is very important to eradicate the immerging problem of unemployment.

Three-Electrode Coin Cell with Gold Micro-Reference Electrode

As the demand for Li-ion batteries continues to grow, accelerating their development is crucial. An essential aspect of enhancing battery performance involves obtaining a deeper understanding of fundamental electrochemical processes. This understanding can be achieved by applying advanced measurement techniques such as electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), a promising method for investigating batteries, providing insights into reactions, material properties, and interphases.1 However, when EIS is conducted on a full cell, the resulting spectra combine information from both electrodes, limiting the characterization of each electrode.2 To deconvolute the influence of the electrodes, a three-electrode setup can be used. This setup introduces a reference electrode (RE) which allows deconvolution of the full cell impedance into the impedance of the separate electrodes.The choice and placement of the RE significantly impact impedance spectra.3 Ideally, the RE should maintain a stable potential, allow ion flow, and not obstruct any part of the other electrodes.4 Micro-REs are often favored for EIS due to these considerations. Additionally, the RE placement can distort impedance spectra if positioned in a geometrically or electrically asymmetric region of the cell.3 Several cell designs have been proposed for three-electrode configurations.4 An innovative approach incorporates a gold micro-RE into a Swagelok T-cell setup.5 This work involves a 50 µm thick insulated gold wire sandwiched between two separators which could be lithiated to form a gold-Li alloy at its tip. This lithiated tip shows a stable potential for extended periods, resulting in reliable impedance spectra of the electrodes. While the proposed setup has been instrumental in facilitating valuable research, the cell format has room for improvement. Even though effective, Swagelok T-cells come with high costs and require intricate assembly. Furthermore, disassembly, cleaning, and drying of cell components for re-use substantially prolong the preparation time. Other studies have explored the coin cell format for the three-electrode setup4, offering several advantages, including simplified and rapid assembly procedures. Moreover, the disposable nature of this cell format significantly reduces unit costs and shortens preparation times. Consequently, some researchers have sought to leverage these benefits by incorporating the RE through a coaxial configuration within a hole in the electrodes.4 However, these adaptations often necessitate substantial modifications to cell components and electrodes and are not well-suited for reliable impedance measurements. In some other approaches that involve placing the RE between separators and electrodes4, achieving consistent cell assembly appears to be a persistent challenge, and cell sealing issues may arise in these setups as well.In this work, we have devised a reliable, cost-efficient approach for three-electrode coin cell construction that employs common coin cell parts. Our approach eliminates the need for specialized tools, relying instead on conventional laboratory-scale equipment and accessible commercial materials. In this configuration, as depicted in the inset of Fig.1, the assembly process is carefully adapted so that the micro-RE wire remains straight and lies as flat as possible throughout the cell, positioned between the electrodes and separators. The sealing in our setup is ensured with a special resin compatible with the micro-RE and the components inside the cell, effectively preventing the penetration of moisture and/or air into the cell. We have validated the effectiveness of this sealing method by electrochemical tests that are sensitive to the water and oxygen content within the cell (see Fig. 1). Here, we present comprehensive details about the assembly modifications and custom-designed cell holder. This study also includes examples of measurement results, especially impedance spectra. The proposed setup holds significant promise for various applications in research laboratories and industrial settings, enabling fast, reliable, and cost-efficient setup for impedance characterization tests.

Acute abdomen in pediatric radiology.

Imaging is a common part of the workup for acute abdomen in childhood and adolescence. Rapid diagnosis is crucial for adequate therapy, especially in young children. This review is intended to provide an overview of the typical causes of acute abdomen in children and adolescents and is specifically aimed at radiologists who do not regularly work in pediatric radiology. Age-specific peculiarities make a division into three age groups useful: Newborns, infants and toddlers, and schoolchildren. Possible causes of acute abdomen in children range from congenital lesions, particularly in newborns, to entities well known in adult radiology, more commonly in school-aged children. Since younger children have a higher sensitivity to radiation and often a limited ability to cooperate, sonography and conventional X-ray are the primary imaging modalities used. Decisive advantages of sonography, especially in younger children, include its widespread availability, the lack of need for sedation, and the possibility of bedside examination. Supplementary cross-sectional imaging, usually MRI, is reserved for special clinical questions. Close interdisciplinary cooperation between attending clinicians and radiologists is essential for efficient diagnostics in this patient group. · Age-specific features must be observed. · Sonography and radiography are the most important modalities. · Both congenital and acquired pathologies play a role. · Good interdisciplinary cooperation is essential in this patient group. · Lochbühler N, Bölle P, Müller-Abt P. Acute abdomen in pediatric radiology. Fortschr Röntgenstr 2024; 196: 451 - 462.

Simultaneous Sizing of a Rocket Family with Embedded Trajectory Optimization

This paper presents a sizing procedure for a rocket family capable of fulfilling multiple missions, considering the commonalities between the vehicles. The procedure aims to take full advantage of sharing a common part across multiple rockets whose payload capability differs entirely, ultimately leading to cost savings in designing a rocket family. As the foundation of the proposed rocket family design method, an integrated sizing method with trajectory optimization for a single rocket is first formulated as a single optimal control problem. This formulation can find the optimal sizing along with trajectory results in a tractable manner. Building upon this formulation, the proposed rocket family design method is developed to 1) determine the feasible design space of the rocket family design problem (i.e., commonality check), and 2) if a feasible design space is determined to exist, minimize the cost function within that feasible space by solving an optimization problem in which the optimal control problem is embedded as a subproblem. A case study is carried out on a rocket family composed of expendable and reusable launchers to demonstrate the novelty of the proposed procedure.

A Methodological Approach to the Simulation of a Ship’s Electric Power System

Modern ships are complex energy systems containing a large number of different elements. Each of these elements is simulated separately. Since all these models form a single system (ship), they are interdependent. The operating modes of some systems influence others, but at the same time, the work of all the systems should be aimed at fulfilling the basic functions of the ship. The work proposes a methodological approach to combining various systems of ships into a single complex model. This model allows combining models of ship systems of various levels (microlevel, macrolevel, metalevel, megalevel). The work provides examples of models of such multi-level energy systems. These are energy systems composed of an electric generator, a diesel engine, a propeller shaft, and algorithms used for operating the common parts of the ship’s electric power system and a piston wear process. Analytical, structural, numerical, and object-oriented models were made for these objects. Each of these particular models describes a limited class of problems, has characteristic properties, and a mathematical structure. The work shows how particular models can be interconnected using a set-theoretic description. Particular models are combined into macrolevel models, whose output parameters are quantities that are by no means related. The macrolevel models are interrelated using control models. Control models belong to the metalevel and allow for assigning settings and response thresholds to algorithms used in automation systems. Such a model (megalevel model) allows, ultimately, investigating the dynamics of the entire system as a whole and managing it.

Wilhelm Stenhammar

Wilhelm Stenhammar’s contributions to Swedish musical life around 1900 are widely acknowledged. But his activities stretched well beyond the Swedish borders. The present article approaches Stenhammar from a transnational perspective, placing him in the broader context of European musical modernism around 1900. Following a clarification of the use of the terms ‘modernity’ and ‘modernism’ in the light of recent research on modernism in music, Stenhammar’s identity as a European modernist is discussed with special focus on Copenhagen and Berlin. Stenhammar’s compositional strategies in the finale of his String Quartet no. 3 op. 18 in F major are then analysed in terms of musical self-reflection, offering a new perspective on his compositional agency with a wealth of musical traditions at his disposal. At a time when travelling across borders by steam train had become a common part of modern life, transcultural interconnectedness seems to be a common framework for musicians to identify as modern composers. Keywords: Wilhelm Stenhammar, Henrik Hennings, Louis Glass, modernism, modernity, music analysis, self-reflection, European music historiography.

Microglia as a Game Changer in Epilepsy Comorbid Depression.

As one of the most common neurological diseases, epilepsy is often accompanied by psychiatric disorders. Depression is the most universal comorbidity of epilepsy, especially in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). Therefore, it is urgently needed to figure out potential mechanisms and the optimization of therapeutic strategies. Microglia play a pivotal role in the coexistent relationship between epilepsy and depression. Activated microglia released cytokines like IL-6 and IL-1β, orchestrating neuroinflammation especially in the hippocampus, worsening both depression and epilepsy. The decrease of intracellular K+ is a common part in various molecular changes. The P2X7-NLRP3-IL-1β is a major inflammatory pathway that disrupts brain network. Extra ATP and CX3CL1 also lead to neuronal excitotoxicity and blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption. Regulating neuroinflammation aiming at microglia-related molecules is capable of suspending the vicious mutual aggravating circle of epilepsy and depression. Other overlaps between epilepsy and depression lie in transcriptomic, neuroimaging, diagnosis and treatment. Hippocampal sclerosis (HS) and amygdala enlargement (AE) may be the underlying macroscopic pathological changes according to current studies. Extant evidence shows that cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and antidepressants like selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are safe, but the effect is limited. Improvement in depression is likely to reduce the frequency of seizure. More comprehensive experiments are warranted to better understand the relationship between them.

Photonic distributed compressive sampling of multi-node wideband sparse radio frequency signals.

A photonic distributed compressive sampling (PDCS) approach for identifying the spectra of multi-node wideband sparse signals is proposed. The scheme utilizes wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) technology to transmit multi-node signals to a central station, where distributed compressive sampling (DCS) based on the random demodulator (RD) model is employed to simultaneously identify the signal spectrum. By exploiting signal correlations among nodes, DCS achieves a higher compression ratio of the sampling rate than single-node compressive sampling (CS). In a semi-physical simulation experiment, we demonstrate the feasibility of the approach by recovering the spectra of two wideband sparse signals from nodes located 20 km and 10 km away. The spectra of two signals with a mixed support-set sparsity of 2 and 4 are recovered with a compression ratio of 8 and 4, respectively. We further investigate the impact of common parts and the number of nodes on PDCS performance through numerical simulation. The proposed system takes advantage of the ultra-high bandwidth of photonic technology and the low loss of optical fiber transmission, making it suitable for long-distance, multi-node, and large-coverage electromagnetic spectrum identification.

Precoding-Based Downlink OAM-MIMO Communications With Rate Splitting

Orbital angular momentum (OAM) and rate splitting (RS) are the potential key techniques for the future wireless communications. As a new orthogonal resource, OAM can achieve the multifold increase of spectrum efficiency to relieve the scarcity of the spectrum resource, but how to enhance the privacy performance imposes crucial challenge for OAM communications. RS technique divides the information into private and common parts, which can guarantee the privacies for all users. In this paper, we integrate the RS technique into downlink OAM-MIMO communications, and study the precoding optimization to maximize the sum capacity. First, the concentric uniform circular arrays (UCAs) are utilized to construct the downlink transmission framework of OAM-MIMO communications with RS. Particularly, users in the same user pair utilize RS technique to obtain the information and different user pairs use different OAM modes. Then, we derive the OAM-MIMO channel model, and formulate the sum capacity maximization problem. Finally, based on the fractional programming, the optimal precoding matrix is obtained to maximize the sum capacity by using quadratic transformation. Extensive simulation results show that by using the proposed precoding optimization algorithm, OAM-MIMO communications with RS can achieve higher sum capacity than the traditional communication schemes.

Seed treatment with clothianidin induces changes in plant metabolism and alters pollinator foraging preferences

Neonicotinoids, systemic insecticides that are distributed into all plant tissues and protect against pests, have become a common part of crop production, but can unintentionally also affect non-target organisms, including pollinators. Such effects can be direct effects from insecticide exposure, but neonicotinoids can affect plant physiology, and effects could therefore also be indirectly mediated by changes in plant phenology, attractiveness and nutritional value. Under controlled greenhouse conditions, we tested if seed treatment with the neonicotinoid clothianidin affected oilseed rape’s production of flower resources for bees and the content of the secondary plant products glucosinolates that provide defense against herbivores. Additionally, we tested if seed treatment affected the attractiveness of oilseed rape to flower visiting bumblebees, using outdoor mesocosms. Flowers and leaves of clothianidin-treated plants had different profiles of glucosinolates compared with untreated plants. Bumblebees in mesocosms foraged slightly more on untreated plants. Neither flower timing, flower size nor the production of pollen and nectar differed between treatments, and therefore cannot explain any preference for untreated oilseed rape. We instead propose that this small but significant preference for untreated plants was related to the altered glucosinolate profile caused by clothianidin. Thereby, this study contributes to the understanding of the complex relationships between neonicotinoid-treated crops and pollinator foraging choices, by suggesting a potential mechanistic link by which insecticide treatment can affect insect behavior.

Morphable thick-panel origami

Beyond being a traditional art form, origami can be applied to create complex deployable systems. Origami structures with one degree of freedom (DOF) are easy to actuate and have high stiffness but lack the ability to achieve different tasks. Previous multiple DOF origami structures are the opposite, having good task generalizability but low stiffness. In this paper, we design morphable origami structures with multiple one-DOF motion branches by using reconfigurable linkages. However, the kinematic models of previous thick-panel techniques are spherical linkages and overconstrained linkages, which limit the ability of structure morphing. This paper first proposes an approach to create reconfigurable linkages by connecting two one-DOF linkages and removing common parts. The new linkages have two motion branches corresponding to the two original linkages, and each motion branch is one-DOF. Then, we use the relationships between these reconfigurable linkages and thick-panel origami structures to construct morphable thick-panel origami structures. Furthermore, we also analyze their kinematics and motion branches. The concept of this paper, using reconfigurable linkages to design thick-panel origami structures, will improve the potential of origami techniques for different tasks.

College Students' Day-to-Day Maladaptive Drinking Responses to Stress Severity and Stressor-Related Guilt and Anger.

Stress is a common part of college students' daily lives that may influence their physical activity (PA) and alcohol use. Understanding features of daily stress processes that predict health behaviors could help identify targets for just-in-time interventions. This study used intensive longitudinal data to examine whether prior day stress processes predict current day PA or alcohol use. Participants (N=58, Mage=20.5, 59% women, 70% White) were 18-to-25-year-old students who engaged in binge drinking at least twice monthly and used cannabis or tobacco in the past year. They wore activity (activPAL4) and alcohol (Secure Continuous Remote Alcohol Monitor) monitors for 11 days to assess daily PA (e.g., step counts) and alcohol use (e.g., drinking day), and completed daily surveys about yesterday's stress, including number of stressors (i.e., frequency), stressor intensity (i.e., severity), and frequency of affective states (e.g., guilt). Multilevel models examined prior day stress predicting current day PA or alcohol use. Participants had higher odds of current day drinking (odds ratio=1.21) and greater area under the curve (B=0.08) when they experienced greater than usual stress severity the prior day. Participants had higher current day peak transdermal alcohol concentration (B=0.12) and area under the curve (B=0.11) when they more frequently experienced guilt due to stressors the prior day. College students' unhealthy response of increasing alcohol use due to stress could adversely impact health outcomes. There is a critical need for interventions addressing students' ability to effectively manage and respond to the stress-inducing, daily demands of student life.

Median and Ulnar Nerve Repair Using Sural Nerve Graft: A Case Report

Abstract: Most peripheral nerve injuries (PNI) are caused by trauma. Upper extrimities are most likely to get injured, and the radial nerve is the most common part in upper extrimites to be affected. There are different surgical options available to repair PNI. We reported a 48-years-old male consulted to the Neurosurgery Department for right upper limb weakness and numbness. He had history of laceration due to iron sheeting in the right arm. There was an irregular scar, weakness on right lower arm with hypesthesia, but no neurovascular distal (NVD) abnormalities were found. Further examination showed claw hand. EMG examination revealed total lesion of the right median and ulnar nerve, partial lesion of the right radial nerve with the lesion at wrist level, possibly neurotmesis according to Seddon Classification. Initial debridement, suturing, and repairing of radial artery and flexor carpi ulnar tendon were performed. The patient was then diagnosed as total lesion of the right median and ulnar nerve, partial lesion of the right radial nerve, post repair right ulnar and radial artery and flexor carpi ulnar tendon repair with the planning of nerve graft with no complication under monitoring. The patient was scheduled for sural nerve graft procedure. Early nerve repair or reconstruction is needed even though it only results in incomplete recovery for months to years. The sural nerve is great either in diameter or length which can be a huge source for the grafting of nerve and revealed good outcomes. Recent study showed incomplete recovery especially seen when the patient could not fully clench his hand and his thumb did not move properly during the movement. In conclusion, sural nerve graft is an appropriate choice for peripheral nerve injuries with more benefits included. Prognosis depends on how early the treatment performed and how severe the lesion is. Keywords: median nerve; sural nerve; peripheral nerve injury; nerve repair; nerve grafting

Distributed Representation for Assembly Code

In recent years, the number of similar software products with many common parts has been increasing due to the reuse and plagiarism of source code in the software development process. Pattern matching, which is an existing method for detecting similarity, cannot detect the similarities between these software products and other programs. It is necessary, for example, to detect similarities based on commonalities in both functionality and control structures. At the same time, detailed software analysis requires manual reverse engineering. Therefore, technologies that automatically identify similarities among the arge amounts of code present in software products in advance can reduce these oads. In this paper, we propose a representation earning model to extract feature expressions from assembly code obtained by statically analyzing such code to determine the similarity between software products. We use assembly code to eliminate the dependence on the existence of source code or differences in development anguage. The proposed approach makes use of Asm2Vec, an existing method, that is capable of generating a vector representation that captures the semantics of assembly code. The proposed method also incorporates information on the program control structure. The control structure can be represented by graph data. Thus, we use graph embedding, a graph vector representation method, to generate a representation vector that reflects both the semantics and the control structure of the assembly code. In our experiments, we generated expression vectors from multiple programs and used clustering to verify the accuracy of the approach in classifying similar programs into the same cluster. The proposed method outperforms existing methods that only consider semantics in both accuracy and execution time.

Abnormal record of coastal horseshoe crab (Tachypleus gigas Müller, 1785) in Subang, West Java, Indonesia

The xiphosurids are a typical chelicerae group with massive morphological, anatomical, biochemical, and ecological documentation. Despite this study, information about extant horseshoe crab abnormalities is underexplored, especially in the Indonesian region. Thus, this study aims to investigate the abnormal horseshoe crab in Subang, West Java. This research was conducted from January until February 2020 in Legon Wetan, Subang, West Java. Here, we only documented abnormalities of extant xiphosurids namely Tachypleus gigas. During the study, we greatly found extant abnormal xiphosurids by identifying 45 specimens with a wide range of abnormalities on the cephalothorax (prosoma), thoracetron (opisthosoma), telson, and appendages. The abnormal coastal horseshoe crab found also included adults (male and female) and juveniles ranging from 11.6 cm to 21 cm of carapace width. We note that the most common abnormal body parts are the cephalothorax and the thoracetron. Although the original cause may be unknown, the three main causes of the abnormality-inducing which are injuries such as self-injuries or fishing net injuries, physiologic developmental abnormalities or teratologies, and pathologies.

Complementary Parts Contrastive Learning for Fine-Grained Weakly Supervised Object Co-Localization

The aim of weakly supervised object co-localization is to locate different objects of the same superclass in a dataset. Recent methods achieve impressive co-localization performance by multiple instance learning and self-supervised learning. However, these methods ignore the common part information shared by fine-grained objects and the influence of the complementary parts on the co-localization of the fine-grained objects. To solve these issues, we propose a complementary parts contrastive learning method for fine-grained weakly supervised object co-localization. The proposed method follows such an assumption that fine-grained object parts with the same/different semantic meaning should have similar/dissimilar feature representations in the feature space. The proposed method tackles two critical issues in this task: <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">i</i> ) how to spread the model’s attention and suppress the complex background noise, and <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">ii</i> ) how to leverage the cross-category common parts information to mitigate the context co-occurrence problem. To address <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">i</i> ), we attempt to integrate local and context cues via three types of attention including self-supervised attention, channel, and spatial attention to spread the model’s attention toward automatically identifying and localizing most discriminative parts of objects in the fine-grained images. To solve <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">ii</i> ), we propose a cross-category object complementarity part contrastive learning module to identify the extracted part regions with different semantic information by pulling the same part features closer and pushing different part features away, which can mitigate the confounding bias caused by the co-occurrence surroundings within specific classes. Extensive qualitative and quantitative evaluations demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method on four fine-grained co-localization datasets: CUB-200-2011, Stanford Cars, FGVC-Aircraft, and Stanford Dogs. Code and models are available at https://github.com/Zhao-fan/CPCL.

Kyber, Saber, and SK-MLWR Lattice-Based Key Encapsulation Mechanisms Model Checking with Maude

Facing the potential threat raised by quantum computing, a great deal of research from many groups and industrial giants has gone into building public-key post-quantum cryptographic primitives that are resistant to the quantum attackers. Among them, there is a large number of post-quantum key encapsulation mechanisms (KEMs), whose purpose is to provide a secure key exchange, which is a very crucial component in public-key cryptography. This paper presents a formal security analysis of three lattice-based KEMs including Kyber, Saber, and SK-MLWR. We use Maude, a specification language supporting equational and rewriting logic and a high-performance tool equipped with many advanced features, such as a reachability analyzer that can be used as a model checker for invariant properties, to model the three KEMs as state machines. Because they all belong to the class of lattice-based KEMs, they share many common parts in their designs, such as polynomials, vectors, and message exchange patterns. We first model these common parts and combine them into a specification, called base specification. After that, for each of the three KEMs, by extending the base specification, we just need to model some additional parts and the mechanism execution. Once completing the three specifications, we conduct invariant model checkings with the Maude search command, pointing out a similar man-in-the-middle attack. The occurrence of this attack is due to the fact that authentication is not part of the KEMs, and therefore an active attacker can modify all communication between two honest parties.

Reasons for extracting children's teeth at the department of pediatric dentistry, RSGM Baiturrahmah

Background : Extraction of primary teeth is a relatively common part of pediatric dentistry practice, often included as part of treatment based on caries, trauma, and orthodontic considerations. Object: The samples were 30 children who had their teeth extracted at RSGM Baiturrahmah. Research Methods: Research by filling out informed consent Research by interview was asked directly to the mother and child during the anamnesis before the child had a tooth extraction in the room. Results: The results of the study were based on a sample of 30 children who had their teeth extracted at the Baiturrahmah Hospital, the highest number was the extraction of the incisors as many as 14 children on the grounds that the teeth were loose or the teeth were persistent, 8 children extracted the 1st molars because the teeth had been lost. rocking and cavities. 7 children had their 2nd molars extracted and 1 child had their canines extracted due to loose teeth and cavities. Conclusion: Based on the reasons why children do tooth extraction, that is because dental caries is the most common cause, followed by mobility and persistence.

Investigating mental representations of psychoactive substance use and other potentially addictive behaviors using a data driven network-based clustering method.

The aim of the present study was to examine the mental representations of the use of different substances and other potentially addictive behaviors in order to explore meaningful similarities and differences that may contribute to a better understanding of behavioral addictions' representations and diagnostic criteria. The authors mapped the mental and emotional representations of 661 participants (70.5% women; Mage = 35.2 years, SD = 11.7) to the concept "your most disturbing excessive activity" using free-word associations combined with a network-based clustering method. The network analyses identified four distinct mental representations, three implicating dominantly negative (Guilt/Shame/Relief, Addiction/Health, and Procrastination/Boredom) and one dominantly positive emotion (Stress/Relaxation). The distribution of Addiction/Health and Procrastination/Boredom representations were different across substance use and problem behaviors, indicating meaningful differences in the underlying cognitive evaluation processes. The Addiction/Health representation was more frequent for substances, while for other addictive behaviors, the Procrastination/Boredom representation was more frequent, and its frequency increased with the self-reported intensity of the behavior. Guilt/Shame/Relief was equally common for both substances and behaviors, but importantly, for substances its' likelihood increased with the intensity of use. The common part of representations for substance use and other potentially addictive behaviors supports the scientific viewpoint, that real addictions can exist even in the absence of psychoactive drugs. Based on the results, a novel proposition is posited, that a more appropriate indicator of tolerance for problem behaviors might be the perceived amount of time wasted on the activity rather than the actual time spent.

Elucidating the effect of circular and tailing laser beam shapes on keyhole necking and porosity formation during laser beam welding of aluminum 1060 using a multiphysics computational fluid dynamics approach

In the attempt to produce lighter battery packs at a lower cost, replacing common copper parts with aluminum components has been a popular approach in recent years. With regard to joining technologies, there is a growing interest in applying laser beam welding in battery pack manufacturing due to several advantages such as single-sided and noncontact access while maintaining a narrow heat-affected zone. Motivated by the need to control and reduce weld porosity in AA1060 battery busbar welding with the ultimate goal to enhance durability and reduce electrical resistance, this paper has been developed with the aim to studying the effect of laser beam shaping on porosity formation and, hence, generate knowledge about the underlying physics of the welding process itself. First, a multiphysics computational fluid dynamics model has been developed and calibrated to experimental data; then, the model has been deployed to study the effect of both circular and tailing beam shapes on melt pool dynamics and the evolution of porosity due to the instability of the keyhole. The study elucidated the importance of the keyhole’s necking on porosity formation. Findings showed that the tail beam shapes, compared to the circular spot, have a pronounced effect on the reduction of the necking effect of the keyhole—this helps to reduce number of collapsing events of the keyhole itself, thereby leading to the reduction of porosity formation.